MGT 3320 Ch.13
Which of the following reinforcement schedules targets behavior on the basis of how many times the conduct occurs? a. Interval b. Ratio c. Rational d. Bounded rational e. Instrumentality
B
Which of the levels in Maslow's hierarchy of needs states that a safe environment is a motivational factor? a. Physiological b. Security c. Self-actualization d. Esteem e. Belongingness
B
________ proposed the well-known theory of motivation which specifies five levels of needs that are capable of motivating behavior. a. Skinner b. Pearls c. Jung d. Watson e. Maslow
E
________ theories are motivation theories that focus on how people become motivated and what they are motivated to do rather than on what motivates them. a. Needs b. Goal c. Intrinsic d. Agency e. Process
E
Scenario 13.1 John Davis, a human resource manager for a medium-size chain of hotels, is trying to motivate the company's employees with an updated compensation plan. There are two groups of operating employees. Line employees are responsible for dealing directly with customers, and their performance objectives are related to providing high-quality customer service. To do this, line personnel must undergo regular training to update their customer service skills. Operating managers are responsible for monitoring the activities of the line personnel and providing instructional/developmental support when needed. Currently, the line personnel are paid on an hourly basis, while the operating managers are paid salaries. If employees earn adequate performance appraisals, they can receive generous bonuses and pay raises. However, when performance evaluations are unacceptable, employees do not receive any rewards. John believes that his new plan to give employees shares of profit and stock on the basis of the results of performance evaluations will further motivate employees and managers. 31. Refer to Scenario 13.1. John knows that the last time the compensation plan was updated, an incentive plan was proposed. However, the incentive pay for all of the chain's employees was much greater than anticipated and so the incentives were never paid. On the basis of ____ theory, when individuals did not receive the promised incentive pay, their motivation was reduced. a. agency b. expectancy c. equity d. performance e. outcome-based 32. Refer to Scenario 13.1. The profit and stock awards are considered to be a. self-actualization. b. extinction. c. dissonance. d. positive reinforcement. e. punishment. 33. Refer to Scenario 13.1. ____ occurs when performance evaluation results are not acceptable. a. Self-actualization b. Extinction c. Dissonance d. Positive reinforcement e. Punishment 34. Refer to Scenario 13.1. The different pay structures used for line and managerial employees could create a perception of injustice on the basis of ____ theory. a. goal b. expectancy c. equity d. need e. merit 35. Refer to Scenario 13.1. Agency theory predicts that profit and stock awards will increase the efforts of employees directed toward increasing firm profitability, because the a. stock options align the interests of all employees and stakeholders. b. stock options increase compensation, especially when the firm's stock price is low. c. stock options make the employees into owners, who will work harder in their self-interest. d. employees know that stock options can be very valuable and they work harder when they know the firm values their efforts. e. employees perceive greater equity with employees who receive stock options at other firms.
31. B 32. D 33. B 34. C 35. C
According to expectancy theory, when will employees experience greater motivation to perform? a. When they feel that increased performance will lead to desired rewards b. When they feel that motivation is related to increased rewards c. When they feel they are not properly trained d. When they feel a job is too difficult e. When goals are set too low
A
Dual factor theory was proposed by ________. a. Herzberg b. Skinner c. Watson d. Hawthorne e. Maslow
A
Of the following statements, which is NOT true? a. Goal and agency theories are process theories. b. Dual-factor and Maslow's hierarchy of needs are needs theories. c. Equity and reinforcement theories are process theories d. Reinforcement and expectancy theories are process theories e. Expectancy and equity theories are process theories.
A
Which of the following reinforcement schedules targets behavior on the basis of a constant amount of time that must transpire? a. Fixed interval b. Variable interval c. Fixed ratio d. Variable ratio e. Continuous ratio
A
Which of the following reinforcement schedules targets behavior on the basis of the passage of time? a. Interval b. Ratio c. Rational d. Bounded rational e. Instrumentality
A
Which of the levels in Maslow's hierarchy of needs states that food, water, and shelter are motivational factors? a. Physiological b. Security c. Self-actualization d. Esteem e. Belongingness
A
________ is the motivation to do work because it is interesting, engaging, or possibly challenging rather than because someone is rewarding us to do the work. a. Intrinsic motivation b. Extrinsic motivation c. Partial motivation d. Negative motivation e. Behavior motivation
A
According to Maslow's theory, ________ needs are those specific needs that are capable of motivating behavior at any given point in time. a. belongingness b. prepotent c. security d. self-actualization e. physiological
B
Dave is concerned with rising to the top of his organization and has dreams to become a CEO. In his mind, being a CEO would earn him the respect of others and permit him to gain status within the organization. Dave is concerned with Maslow's level of ________ needs. a. self-actualization b. esteem c. physiological d. belongingness e. security
B
Sally, a supermarket courtesy clerk, values the extra money she receives from her employer based on the customer service awards and bonuses she has received over the last year. This is an example of: a. Dissonance b. Valence c. Expectancy d. Instrumentality e. VIE
B
What is the basis of reinforcement theory? a. Fundamental differences exist between managers' and employees' needs. b. Behavior is a function of its consequences. c. Ability to perform translates into positive performance. d. Rewards are based on motivation. e. Employees will shirk if they are not monitored.
B
Which component of expectancy theory covers the relative value of rewards and other consequences? a. Dissonance b. Valence c. Expectancy d. Instrumentality e. VIE
B
Which of the following reinforcement schedules targets behavior on the basis of a varying amount of time that must transpire? a. Fixed interval b. Variable interval c. Fixed ratio d. Variable ratio e. Continuous ratio
B
Alderfer substituted three levels of needs for Maslow's five: existence, relatedness, and ________. a. respect b. belonging c. growth d. poise e. confidence
C
How many levels appear in Alderfer's ERG theory? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 e. 5
C
Reinforcement theory has three components: stimulus, response, and ________. a. needs b. behaviors c. outcomes d. afterthought e. feelings
C
Roseanne works at a plastics factory where she is paid $0.75 for every completed box of plastic forks she produces. This is an example of a(n) ________ schedule. a. variable ratio b. expectancy c. fixed ratio d. variable interval e. fixed interval
C
Under her employer's incentive pay system, Vicky's team sells the most real estate and wins a trip to Hawaii. Based on reinforcement theory, what is the trip? a. Stimulus b. Response c. Outcome d. Dissonance e. Self-actualization
C
Which of the following is NOT a level of needs as specified by Maslow? a. Self-actualization b. Esteem c. Confidence d. Belongingness e. Security
C
Which of the following reinforcement schedules targets behavior on the basis of a constant number of times that conduct must occur? a. Fixed interval b. Variable interval c. Fixed ratio d. Variable ratio e. Continuous ratio
C
Which of the levels in Maslow's hierarchy of needs states that realizing one's full potential is a motivational factor? a. Physiological b. Security c. Self-actualization d. Esteem e. Belongingness
C
________ means rewarding a behavior only part of the time rather than all the time. a. Punishment b. Extinction c. Partial reinforcement d. Negative reinforcement e. Behavior modification
C
________ refers to the situation in which a behavior is followed by a positive consequence and thus is likely to be repeated. a. Punishment b. Extinction c. Positive reinforcement d. Negative reinforcement e. Behavior modification
C
________ proposed that all behavior is a function of its consequence. a. Maslow b. Watson c. Thorne d. Locke e. Skinner
E
According to agency theory, which of the following is NOT a fundamental difference between owners and managers? a. Owners are more focused on minimizing costs than are managers. b. Owners are more inclined to accept risk than are managers. c. Owners focus more on short-run profitability than do managers. d. Managers are more inclined than owners to spend resources on activities that are not essential to organizational profitability. e. Managers serve as agents who represent owners' interests.
D
Benjamin sees no reason to put forth extra effort to help his employer reach monthly production targets. After all, Benjamin has put forth effort in the past and did not get any reward. Benjamin's behavior can be explained by a. expectancy theory. b. reinforcement theory. c. agency theory. d. expectancy theory and reinforcement theory. e. expectancy theory, reinforcement theory, and agency theory.
D
Don believed that if he satisfied his customers based on the methods covered in his company's sales training seminar, his tips would increase. Don's employer was successful at building what component of motivation? a. Dissonance b. Valence c. Expectancy d. Instrumentality e. VIE
D
Goal setting theory was first proposed by: a. Tate b. Herzberg c. Maslow d. Locke e. Vroom
D
Some managed health-care plans keep costs low by paying incentive compensation to doctors to limit the number of high-cost treatments they provide to patients. What is the incentive compensation called based on behavioral modification? a. Self-actualization b. Extinction c. Dissonance d. Positive reinforcement e. Punishment
D
When an employee's input-outcome ratio is less favorable than that of a comparison other, ____ has occurred. a. instrumentality b. valence c. equity d. underpayment inequity e. overpayment inequity
D
Which component of expectancy theory covers the performance-to-outcomes expectancy? a. Dissonance b. Valence c. Expectancy d. Instrumentality e. VIE
D
Which of the following is NOT a determinant of performance in an organization? a. Employees' ability to perform b. Environment in which performance takes place c. Support factors such as machinery and materials d. Demand for the organization's products or services e. Employees' motivation to perform
D
Which of the following reinforcement schedules targets behavior on the basis of a varying number of times that conduct must occur? a. Fixed interval b. Variable interval c. Fixed ratio d. Variable ratio e. Continuous ratio
D
Which of the levels in Maslow's hierarchy of needs states that having a positive view of one's self is a motivational factor? a. Physiological b. Security c. Self-actualization d. Esteem e. Belongingness
D
________ needs refer to the need to reach one's full potential, according to Maslow. a. Belongingness b. Esteem c. Security d. Self-actualization e. Physiological
D
________ proposed a variation on Maslow's theory called ERG theory. a. Ford b. Watson c. Hawthorne d. Alderfer e. Skinner
D
________ refers to the situation in which a behavior is followed by no consequences and eventually disappears. a. Negative reinforcement b. Behavior modification c. Positive reinforcement d. Extinction e. Punishment
D
________ theory is a fairly simple model of motivation based on the premise that people with goals work harder than people without goals. a. Agency b. Dual-factor c. Equity d. Goal e. Expectancy
D
________ theory is concerned with a person's perceived inputs to a (work) setting and the outcomes received from that setting. The theory suggests that everyone calculate the ratio of inputs to outcomes, similar to considering a return on any investment. a. Rewards b. Goal c. Reinforcement d. Equity e. Expectancy
D
Equity theory discusses individuals' perceptions about the relationship between ____ and ____. a. instrumentality, valence b. financial incentives, nonfinancial rewards c. equity, reinforcement d. rewards, punishments e. inputs, outcomes
E
Every time Theodore decides to take an extra-long, three-hour lunch, his boss makes him stay late to make up the missed work. Eventually, Theodore quits taking long lunches. Theodore's boss is using ____ theory to help Theodore change his behavior. a. expectancy b. agency c. compensation d. reward e. reinforcement
E
In Herzberg's two-factor theory of motivation, what element can be used to satisfy individual needs? a. Merit b. Motivators c. Hygiene factors d. All of these e. Both motivators and hygiene factors
E
Jessie is paid every two weeks as long as she continues to do her job. This is an example of a(n) ________ schedule. a. variable ratio b. expectancy c. fixed ratio d. variable interval e. fixed interval
E
The concept that people who have goals work harder than those persons who do not have goals is covered in a. the goal measurement approach. b. the goal relation principle. c. equity theory. d. reinforcement theory. e. goal theory.
E
When a manager applies a negative consequence to reduce an employee's undesirable behavior, what is this process called? a. Self-actualization b. Extinction c. Dissonance d. Positive reinforcement e. Punishment
E
When an employee's input-outcome ratio is more favorable than that of a comparison other, ____ has occurred. a. instrumentality b. valence c. equity d. underpayment inequity e. overpayment inequity
E
Extrinsic motivation occurs when the work is interesting, engaging, and challenging.
F
Maslow's hierarchy of needs model specifies six levels of needs that are capable of motivating behavior.
F
Punishment is the only way to get a behavior to disappear.
F
Reinforcement theory is a need-based theory of motivation.
F
Reinforcement theory was developed by Abraham Maslow.
F
Research shows that general goals are much more effective at increasing employee performance than are specific goals.
F
The ERG theory contains 2 levels, which are known as belongingness and relatedness.
F
The ERG theory of motivation was proposed by Maslow.
F
The lowest level of needs, according to Abraham Maslow, are called security needs.
F
There are human resource managers who do a perfect job of recruiting, selecting, and training.
F
A base salary is an example of a physiological need.
T
According to Abraham Maslow's model, only one level of need is capable of motivating behavior at any given time.
T
Creative behavior involves doing things at work that are innovative and generate value for the company.
T
Creative behavior involves doing things at work that are innovative and provide some value for the organization.
T
Expectancy theory is sometimes referred to as VIE theory.
T
Goal theory has been used as a basis for performance appraisal systems and performance management approaches.
T
In reinforcement theory, the response is the behavior that the person exhibits when she or he encounters the stimulus.
T
Physiological needs are the lowest level in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.
T
Self-actualization needs are the highest level in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.
T
