Micro Final Homework

True

True or False Reoviruses are unique in that they replicate their genome within the capsid

True

True or False The majority of new genes (viewed from an evolutionary perspective) appear to arise from existing genes

False

True or False Viruses are known to infect Bacteria, but no virus has yet been found that infects Archaea

False

True or False When considering Eukaryotic genomes, one only needs to consider chromosomal DNA

True

True or False With modern molecular techniques, it is now possible to completely assemble a genome from a single cell

False

True or Fasle A bacteriophage that lacks its proteinaceous capsid structure is also called a viroid

Examine whether the virus had an RNA or a DNA genome Examine whether the genome was single stranded or double stranded Examine whether enzymes such as RNA replicase or reverse transcriptase were present

Ways to determine the Baltimore classification of a virus

True

True or False Horizonal gene transfer encompasses a number of mechanisms by which DNA from one organism can be transferred into another organism

True

True or False If you know the sequence of a nucleic acid, you can assay for its presence in a sample

Metabolome

A listing of the types and amounts of sugars, amino acids, nucleotide precursors, and other small molecules found in a cell would be considered its

All of the above

A modern cloning vector contains.... an antibiotic resistance gene multiple restriction sites a selectable marker all of the above

RNA replicase is used to replicate the RNA genome. The RNA genome may be transcribed directly. Polyproteins are cut by proteases to form functional products

A new virus with a similar genetic makeup to the Zika virus is found. Although the introductory passage does not describe the Zika virus life cycle in detail, it describes information about other viruses in the same Baltimore class. Based on your knowledge of other viral life cycles and the information provided in the introductory passage, which of the following do you think describes the Zika virus life cycle?

How do complex transposons differ from simple transposons?

Complex transposons code for additional genetic elements, such as antibiotic resistance genes; simple transposons only code for the transposase gene essential for the transposon itself

True

True or False In prokaryotes, the number of genes and genome size is tightly correlated

May contain more unidentified genes than

Just by knowing that a particular organism is an archaean, it is possible to predict that its genome ___________________________ those of most Bacteria

Genome, transcriptome, proteome, metabolome

Arrange the following genetic components in the correct order Metabolome, proteome, genome, transcriptome

The new DNA molecules would contain only radioactive nucleotides; the old DNA strand used as a template would have no radioactive nucleotides, but its complementary strand would now be radioactive

For living cells and for some viruses, genome replication is semiconservative. However, some viruses use rolling circle replication to generate new copies of their genomes. If replication occurs in the presence of radioactive nucleotides, you can distinguish the old strands (not radioactive) from the new strands (radioactive). Which pattern would you expect to see after several rounds of DNA genome replication using rolling circle replication?

The duplicated gene can be mutated, possibly leading to a useful new gene function or product, while the original copy can still perform its original (and possibly essential) genetic function

Gene duplication is thought to have had a significant influence on the evolution of microbes because...

Present in one or more strains of the same species

The pan genome of a species is the genomic content that is....

Replicative transposition results in the transposon being copied to a new location; in cut-and-paste transposition, the entire transposon move to the new location

How does replicative transposition differ from cut-and-paste transposition?

If the Tn5 transposon integrated into the host genome, the cells would show resistance to the antibiotic kanamycin.

How would you be able to determine if the Tn5 transposon you put into a bacterium integrated into the host genome?

Metaproteomics

If a researcher wanted to compare the enzymatic capacity to degrade compounds in a water column at various depths under a specific set of conditions, which would be the most useful approach?

Focus their attention on metabolic genes

If a researcher wanted to understand whether a particular species of nonpathogenic bacteria had obtained genes via horizontal gene transfer, which of the following would be true?

The insertion sequence would lose its ability to effect its own movement

If the gene that codes for transposase is mutated so that it no longer produces the fully functional enzyme, how will the insertion sequence be affected?

All of the above are required before a section of DNA is classified as an ORF

In bioinformatics, ORFs are comprised of.... a coding sequence an in frame start/stop codon a ribosome binding site all of the above

A sequence of nucleotides identical to the inverted repeat sequence found on the insertion sequence itself

Insertion sequences target which areas on a target DNA sequence

A recombinant cell

Is a cell that receives DNA from an outside source and incorporates it into its own

Is smaller than

Just by knowing that N. equitans is a parasite, it is possible to predict that its genome ____ ________ ____ those of most other hyperthermophiles

Large than

Just by knowing that a bacterium is an autotroph, it is possible to predict that its genome ________ _______ those of average heterotrophs

True

Metagenomic analysis allows for the sequencing of more than one species simultaniously

Both

RNA sequence analysis allows you to measure... which genes are being transcribed how many copies of mRNA are being made both neither

True

True or False In the case of M. tuberculosis, protein interactome is being used to predict potential new drug targets

True

True or False It is now possible to sequence the genome of a single cell

True

True or False Expressing a human gene in a bacterium can be done, but it is complicated by the presence of introns in the gene

Much Greater

The genetic diversity of viruses (taken as a whole) is _________ _______ than the diversity of Bacteria

True

The interactome details the interactions among different proteins present in a cell

True

True or False Prions are infectious proteins that lack either DNA or RNA

Metabolomics

The study of all intermediate and small molecules produced by reactions within an organism

Transcriptomics

The study of all of the RNA produced by an organism

Metagenomics

The study of all of the genetic material of all organisms in a particular habitat

Proteomics

The study of all of the proteins produced by an organism

Genomics

The study of the entire genetic makeup of an organism

True

True or False Recent research has suggested that there is a viral link to the development of Alzheimer's disease

it analyzes RNA, thus it reveals which genes are expressed under different conditions.

Transcriptome analysis is useful in relation to genome analysis because...

False

True or False All bacteria within the species E. coli have the same genome

True

True or False All retroviruses also appear to contain gag, pol, and env genes

True

True or False Comparative genomics helps us to understand evolutionary relationships between organisms

Transfer of DNA between organisms of the same generation

What is the hallmark of all horizontal gen transfers?

They are capable of effecting their own movement from one location to another on DNA

What makes an insertion sequence different from other DNA sequences found in a cell?

Mass spectrometry

Which method is most commonly used in metabolomics?

Proteins

Which of the following in NOT included in the genome? genes that encode RNAs noncoding regions of DNA coding regions of DNA proteins

Transduction, conjugation, and transformation

Which of the following is an example of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria? Transduction Conjugation and transformation Conjugation Transformation Transduction, conjugation, and transformation

Both simple and complex transposons

Which type of transposon would contain a gene for transposase? Simplex Complex Both Neither; transposase enzyme is coded independently by the cell

It is often a gene that confers a survival advantage to the host, such as antibiotic resistance

Why does a complex transposon often contain an extra piece of DNA between the two insertion elements

The CRISPR system

recognizes foreign DNA sequences that have previously entered the cell and directs the Cas proteins to destroy them.