Microbiology Epidemiology (Chapter 14)

8) An antiphagocytic factor is one that permits pathogens to avoid attack by macrophages.

A

The CDC is located in

Atlanta, GA.

7) Infection from a mosquito bite is an example of the parenteral route of transmission.

T

Why are invasive procedures likely to increase the risk of nosocomial infections?

These procedures allow microbes from the skin to enter the bloodstream of the patient.

Nosocomial infections are those acquired at a hospital. True False

True

Which of the following diseases is NOT spread by droplet infection?

botulism

Which of the following definitions is INCORRECT?

epidemic: a disease that is endemic across the world

The science that deals with when diseases occur and how they are transmitted is called

epidemiology.

A needlestick is an example of

fomite

If a prodromal period exists for a certain disease, it should occur prior to

illness

Biological transmission differs from mechanical transmission in that biological transmission

involves specific diseases.

Another name for childbed fever is S. aureus intoxication. toxic shock syndrome. Klein's disease. puerperal fever.

puerperal fever.

Which of the following is NOT a communicable diseases?

tetanus

Expected prevalence of a disease is

the expected occurrence of a disease based on past observations.

Large respiratory droplets typically travel no farther from point of release than 3 meters. 5 meters. 1 meter. 20 meters.

1 meter

According to the animation, surgical infections account for what percentage of nosocomial infections?

20%

Approximately what percentage of hospitalized patients may develop a nosocomial infection? 0% 5% 20% 70%

5%

13) Which of the following is an example of an exotoxin? A) neurotoxins B) coagulase C) lipid A D) streptokinase E) collagenase

A

17) Which of the following is considered a mechanical vector transmission? A) cockroach transmission of Shigella B) mosquito transmission of Plasmodium C) flea transmission of Yersinia D) tsetse fly transmission of Trypanosoma E) louse transmission of Rickettsia

A

2) Mutualism is a relationship A) that sometimes provides benefits for both members such that one or both parties cannot live without the other. B) where only one member derives benefit from the other. C) where one member of the relationship may kill the other. D) where one member of the relationship benefits without hurting the other. E) where it is hard to prove the benefits or disadvantages one member of the relationship may provide for the other.

A

2) Normal microbiota may cause disease if they are introduced into an unusual site in the body.

A

20) Diseases that are induced by modern medical procedures are referred to as A) iatrogenic infections. B) exogenous infections. C) opportunistic infections. D) endogenous infections. E) subacute infections.

A

23) In early spring 2009, the CDC reported several dozen cases of novel H1N1 influenza ("swine flu") in the United States. By the summer, the number of confirmed cases was reported as over 40,000. The pattern of novel H1N1 cases in the United States represents a(n) __________ disease. A) epidemic B) endemic C) sporadic D) pandemic E) opportunistic

A

25) The index case is the first case of a disease A) identified in a given area or population. B) in a given area or population resulting in patient death. C) in a given area or population in which the patient recovers. D) transmitted to another individual in a given area or population. E) to be successfully treated in a given area or population.

A

27) Which of the following types of epidemiology applies Koch's postulates to study a disease? A) experimental epidemiology B) descriptive epidemiology C) analytical epidemiology D) systemic epidemiology E) retrospective epidemiology

A

28) Aerosols may be involved in __________ transmission of pathogens. A) droplet B) direct C) vector D) fecal-oral E) waterborne

A

3) A syndrome is a group of symptoms and signs that collectively characterize a particular disease.

A

33) Which of the following is NOT considered a type of vehicle transmission of a pathogen? A) via animals B) via air C) via drinking water D) via food E) via body fluid

A

34) Clostridium difficile is the causative agent of A) pseudomembranous colitis. B) botulism. C) tetanus. D) cholera. E) bed sores.

A

39) Organisms that are resident microbiota are best described as A) microorganisms that remain with the person throughout life. B) any microorganisms that cause disease. C) organisms that remain in the body for a short time. D) microorganisms that may cause a disease under certain circumstances. E) microorganisms that never cause disease.

A

45) A reservoir is A) a source of microbial contamination. B) an environment that is free of microbes. C) any microorganism that causes disease. D) a condition in which organisms remain in the body for a short time. E) a source of microbes for laboratory testing.

A

6) Symptoms are A) subjective characteristics of a disease that only the patient can feel. B) objective manifestations of a disease that can be measured. C) objective manifestations of a disease that can be observed by others. D) characteristics of a disease, such as sweating. E) laboratory tests used to diagnose a disease.

A

Which of the following would be considered a vector?

A fly carrying disease from fecal matter to food

Which of the following would be an example of disease transmission via INDIRECT contact?

A student sneezes on her test booklet. The instructor grades it and catches her cold.

Which of the following can contribute to postoperative infections?

All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following contributes to nosocomial disease? susceptible population hospital environment other patients patient's own normal flora All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following may be associated with nosocomial disease? Enterococcus species. Escherichia coli. Pseudomonas species. Staphylococcus aureus. All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following would be considered a fomite?

An infected toy

How might a patient who is not being treated with an antibiotic still be exposed to an antibiotic?

Antibiotics can be used in aerosols, thereby entering the environment.

During his research on West Nile virus, Bill learned that this virus is placed within a functional grouping known as arboviruses. What is meant by the term arbovirus?

Arboviruses get their name because they are typically arthropod-borne viruses that remain in nature because of biological transmission between susceptible hosts by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes.

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

At least one member must benefit in a symbiotic relationship.

1) In commensalism, one member of the relationship harms the other.

B

10) An infection always leads to disease.

B

21) Which of the following is a major source of disease transmission in the world? A) contaminated fomites B) fecal-oral infection C) waterborne transmission D) foodborne transmission E) bodily fluid transmission

B

29) Fomites are A) insects that transmit pathogens from an infected host to a noninfected host. B) inanimate objects involved in the indirect contact transmission of pathogens. C) fecal material from infected hosts. D) animal sources for human pathogens. E) silent carriers of infectious diseases.

B

3) A protozoan and its resident bacteria invade the body of a worm. The bacteria release toxins and exoenzymes that immobilize and digest the worm, and the protozoan and bacteria absorb the nutrients produced. The relationship between the protozoan and the bacteria would best be described as A) commensalism. B) mutualism. C) parasitism. D) both commensalism and parasitism. E) a nonsymbiotic relationship.

B

35) Which of the following combinations of pathogen and virulence factor is correct? A) Neisseria gonorrhoeae and endotoxin B) Streptococcus pyogenes and protein M C) Staphylococcus aureus and neurotoxin D) Gram-positive bacteria and lipid A E) Escherichia coli and cytotoxin

B

36) A pathogen is best described as A) a microorganism that remains with the person throughout life. B) any microorganism that causes disease. C) an organism that remains in the body for a short time. D) a microorganism that may cause a disease under certain circumstances. E) a source of microbial contamination.

B

4) All diseases go through the stages known as incubation period, prodromal period, and illness.

B

41) Commensalism is best described as A) an unsuccessful microbial invasion due to the presence of preexisting microbes. B) a relationship between two organisms where only one member benefits and the other is unharmed. C) a relationship between two organisms where both members benefit. D) a relationship in which a microorganism causes disease. E) a source of contamination.

B

43) An axenic environment is one A) in which microorganisms remain with the person throughout life. B) that is free of microbes. C) that is a source of contamination. D) in which microorganisms remain present only for a short time. E) contaminated by microbial toxins.

B

5) Chagas' disease is transmitted by a bug with mouthparts that penetrate blood vessels. Which type of exposure does this represent? A) mucous membrane portal B) parenteral route C) skin portal D) contact E) fomite

B

5) Fomites cause disease by direct contact.

B

6) A common cold is an example of a chronic disease.

B

8) In which of the following do the mucous membranes serve as a portal of entry for disease? A) A pathogen crosses from the mother to the fetus by way of the placenta. B) A pathogen is introduced into the body when the person rubs the eye with contaminated fingers and the pathogen is washed into the nasal cavity by way of tears. C) A person is bitten by a mosquito that carries the malaria parasite. D) Fungi digest the outer layer of the skin. E) A person receives an injection with a contaminated needle.

B

9) Koch's postulates can be applied to every infectious disease to identify its causative pathogen.

B

What type of nosocomial infection is likely to arise from intravenous catheterizations?

Bacteremia

10) Which of the following situations is NOT a way in which a baby acquires normal microbiota? A) The baby acquires the residential microbiota in the colon after the first meal. B) Staphylococcus epidermidis is transferred from the hospital staff to the newborn after delivery. C) Microbes cross the placenta during pregnancy. D) Microorganisms grow in the respiratory tract after the baby's first breath. E) Microbes enter the nose and mouth when the baby is in the birth canal.

C

11) Which of the following situations might cause normal microbiota to become opportunistic pathogens? A) growth of microbes on the surface of intact skin B) growth of microorganisms on the excreted cellular wastes and dead cells in the large intestine C) treatment of a cancer patient with radiation D) growth of Lactobacillus on the surface of teeth E) presence of Entamoeba in the lumen of the sigmoid colon

C

15) Which of the following stages of an infectious disease is the most severe? A) the incubation period B) the prodromal period C) the illness period D) the decline period E) the convalescence period

C

18) Which of the following is a sign of disease? A) headache B) dizziness C) fever D) nausea E) cramps

C

24) The incidence of tuberculosis in the year 2000 in the United States was 12.43/100,000 cases. This means A) 12.43 in every 100,000 people in the United States had tuberculosis in the year 2000. B) 12.43 of every 100,000 people died of tuberculosis in the U.S. in the year 2000. C) there were 12.43 new cases of tuberculosis for every 100,000 people in the United States in the year 2000. D) there were 12.43 tubercle bacilli per 100,000 microbes in the United States in the year 2000. E) 12.43 of every 100,000 cases of tuberculosis were treated in the United States in the year 2000.

C

31) Which of the following is NOT an example of a zoonosis? A) typhus B) rabies C) typhoid fever D) salmonellosis E) anthrax

C

37) Microbes known as transient microbiota are A) microorganisms that remain with the person throughout life. B) microorganisms that may cause a disease under certain circumstances. C) organisms that remain in the body for a short time. D) unsuccessful microbial invaders because of the presence of preexisting microbes. E) sources of microbial contamination.

C

40) The condition known as mutualism is A) a relationship between two organisms where only one member benefits and the other is unharmed. B) a relationship between two organisms where one member harms the other. C) a relationship between two organisms where both members benefit. D) an environment that is free of microbes. E) a relationship in which two organisms coexist only for a short time.

C

Which of the following is considered a major category of transmission of disease?

Contact, vehicle, and vector transmission

During a six-month period, 239 cases of pneumonia occurred in a town of 300 people. A clinical case was defined as fever 39°C lasting >2 days with three or more symptoms (i.e., chills, sweats, severe headache, cough, aching muscles/joints, fatigue, or feeling ill). A laboratory-confirmed case was defined as a positive result for antibodies against Coxiella burnetii. Before the outbreak, 2000 sheep were kept northwest of the town. Of the 20 sheep tested from the flock, 15 were positive for C. burnetii antibodies. Wind blew from the northwest, and rainfall was 0.5 cm compared with 7 to 10 cm during each of the previous three years. The etiologic agent of the disease in the situation is

Coxiella burnetii.

14) Among the virulence factors produced by Staphylococcus aureus are hemolysin, coagulase, hyaluronidase, and enterotoxin. Which of these factors contribute(s) to the ability of S. aureus to invade the body? A) coagulase B) enterotoxin C) hemolysin D) hyaluronidase E) coagulase and hemolysin

D

16) Which of the following is transmitted by the parenteral route? A) ringworm B) warts C) gonorrhea D) yellow fever E) cutaneous anthrax

D

19) A nosocomial disease is a disease acquired A) by being bitten by an infected insect. B) by eating contaminated food. C) by using a contaminated needle. D) in a health care facility. E) by having unprotected sexual intercourse

D

22) Acne is an example of a A) contagious disease. B) subacute disease. C) chronic disease. D) noncommunicable disease. E) latent disease.

D

26) In the wake of the cyclone that hit Myanmar (Southeast Asia) in 2008, there were widespread reports of typhoid fever. Which of the following was the most likely mode of transmission? A) mosquitoes B) aerosols C) contact D) contaminated water E) flies

D

32) Which of the following is the correct sequence of a disease process? A) convalescence, incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline B) prodromal period, convalescence, incubation, illness, decline C) incubation, convalescence, prodromal period, illness, decline D) incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline, convalescence E) illness, convalescence, incubation, prodromal period, decline

D

38) Opportunistic microorganisms are A) a source of microbial contamination. B) organisms that remain in the body for a short time. C) any microorganism that causes disease. D) microorganisms that may cause a disease under certain circumstances. E) organisms that remain in the body for a short time and cause disease.

D

44) The condition known as microbial antagonism may be defined as A) microorganisms that remain with a person throughout life. B) a relationship between two organisms where one member harms the other. C) a relationship between two organisms where only one member benefits. D) an unsuccessful microbial invasion due to the presence of preexisting microbes. E) a relationship between two organisms where both members benefit.

D

7) Axenic systems of the body include A) the nasal cavity. B) the mouth. C) the urethra. D) the kidneys. E) the conjunctiva of the eye.

D

1) Which of the following is NOT an example of symbiosis? A) bacteria in the human colon B) tapeworm in the human intestine C) tuberculosis in the human lung D) protozoa in termites E) microbes passing across the placenta to the fetus

E

12) Which of the following is considered part of the indigenous microbiota of the female reproductive system? A) Candida B) Lactobacillus C) E. coli D) Bacteroides E) both Candida and Lactobacillus

E

30) Which of the following pairings of microbe and disease was DISPROVEN using Koch's postulates? A) HIV and AIDS B) Mycobacterium leprae and leprosy C) Hepatitis B and D and liver cancer D) Varicella-zoster virus and chickenpox E) Haemophilus influenzae and the flu

E

4) The fungus Pneumocystis jiroveci is found in the lungs of most people in low numbers, but in immunocompromised people it overgrows, resulting in severe respiratory problems. The fungus is best described as A) a parasite. B) resident microbiota. C) a mutualist symbiotic partner. D) transient microbiota. E) both resident microbiota and opportunistic pathogen.

E

42) The condition called parasitism is characterized as A) a relationship between two organisms where only one member benefits and the other is unharmed. B) a relationship between two organisms where both members benefit. C) a nonsymbiotic relationship. D) an unsuccessful microbial invasion due to the presence of preexisting microbes. E) a relationship between two organisms where one member harms the other.

E

9) Which of the following statements regarding the demonstration of the etiology of disease is FALSE? A) The suspect agent must be present in all cases of disease. B) The suspect agent must cause the disease under investigation when introduced into a susceptible host organism. C) The suspect agent must be isolated and cultured in the laboratory. D) It must be possible to reisolate the suspect agent from the infected experimental host. E) The suspect agent must be the only potential pathogen present in disease cases.

E

Which of the following is an example of the symbiotic relationship known as mutualism?

E. coli within the large intestine

What features of West Nile virus make it an emerging disease of special concern?

Emerging infectious diseases are defined as ones that are new or changing, have increased in incidence in the recent past, or show a potential to increase in the near future. Given the increase in number of cases of West Nile virus encephalitis and avian death since it appeared in New York City in 1999, this virus meets the definition of an emerging infectious disease. Over half of known emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic, mainly of viral origin, and are likely to be vector-borne. West Nile virus is all of these things, and infections with this virus must be reported to the CDC for tracking. The CDC works along with the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the World Health Organization (WHO) to address issues related to emerging infectious diseases. Together, these agencies have set goals for investigating, monitoring, and controlling emerging infectious diseases worldwide.

The brain tissue of the birds indicated the possibility of encephalitis. What is encephalitis, and why should this type of infection cause concern among health care professionals?

Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain tissue. It is a concern to health care professionals because an infection in the brain means the virus has breached protective measures.

A gradual rise in numbers during an epidemic indicates a common source epidemic. True False

False

Cross-sectional surveys are very useful in establishing cause of a disease. True False

False

Generally, the smaller the infective dose, the lower the chance of disease. True False

False

In a double-blind test the treating physician knows who is getting the actual treatment. True False

False

The portal of entry typically has little effect on the course of a disease. True False

False

Which of the following statements is true regarding hand washing?

Frequent and proper hand washing should be routinely done by patients and by healthcare workers, both prior to and after interaction.

Which of the following statements about biological transmission is FALSE?

Houseflies are an important vector.

Which of the following is the best mode of controlling the spread of West Nile infections?

Limit exposure to mosquitoes to prevent the transmission of West Nile virus.

The publication of the CDC that reports new cases of reportable infectious diseases is titled Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR). State Health News Letter (SHNL). Federal Report of Infectious Disease (FRID). National Morbidity Weekly.

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR).

Which of the following is NOT a predisposing factor of disease?

None of the answers are correct; all of these are predisposing factors of disease.

Which one of the following is NOT a zoonosis?

None of the answers is correct; all of these are zoonoses.

Which of the following is NOT a reservoir of infection?

None of the answers is correct; all of these can be reservoirs of infection.

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

None of the pairs is mismatched.

Which of the following statements concerning pathology, infection, and disease is true?

Pathology refers to the study of structural and functional changes that occur in the body as a result of a disease.

How can health care workers reduce the occurrence of nosocomial infections?

Practice more stringent aseptic techniques

The doctor responsible for introducing the idea of hand washing before attending patients was Klein. Semmelweis. Koch. Pasteur.

Semmelweis.

Which of the following characteristics of a catheter should be considered, to help minimize the spread of nosocomial infections?

Single-use

Which of the following is NOT a verified exception in the use of Kochs postulates?

Some diseases are noncommunicable.

The guidelines designed for prevention of nosocomial disease during care of all patients is called Universal Disposables. Disinfection Manifesto. Asepsis Preference. Standard Precautions.

Standard Precautions.

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

The M in MRSA stands for mannitol.

In the sixth segment of the animation, why is the disease epidemic in North America?

The disease occurs at a higher rate than what would normally be expected in this region.

Which of the following does NOT contribute to the emergence of infectious diseases?

The emergence of infectious diseases can be attributed to all of these

Koch's postulates established criteria for proving that a specific organism causes a specific disease. Which of the following is NOT one of the criteria given by Koch's postulates?

The pathogen must be isolated from inoculated animals and must be different from the original organism.

Which of the following statements about nosocomial infections is FALSE?

The patient was infected before hospitalization.

Which of the following statements about the development of infectious diseases is correct?

The period of convalescence is the time during which the person regains health and fully recovers (back to the pre-disease state).

Which is an example of vehicle disease transmission?

The presence of Listeria on undercooked chicken served for dinner

If mosquitoes are the mode of transmission for West Nile virus, why did the students in Bill's virology class focus on finding the virus in the dead birds rather than collecting mosquitoes to examine?

The students tried to isolate and identify West Nile virus from birds because they are an amplifying host for the virus, making it more likely that the virus can be isolated from these animals.

Droplet nuclei typically travel no farther from point of release than 3 meters. 5 meters. 1 meter. They are suspended indefinitely.

They are suspended indefinitely.

How can surgeons help to limit nosocomial infections?

They should perform surgeries and invasive procedures only when absolutely necessary.

What is the role of epidemiology?

To learn how to treat and prevent various diseases.

A fly may serve as a mechanical vector. True False

True

A placebo is a mock drug. True False

True

Diseases with long incubation periods are more likely to spread extensively. True False

True

Human population growth and expansion contribute to emergence of diseases. True False

True

The very young and the elderly are more susceptible to infectious disease. True False

True

The World Health Organization (WHO) is part of the Food and Drug Administration. Department of Health and Human Services. Department of Human Resources. United Nations. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

United Nations.

As a health care worker, I am keenly aware of how important it is to avoid harming my patients. I worry about inadvertently transmitting an infectious disease to an already compromised individual. According to the CDC, what is the MOST important thing I can do to avoid this?

Wash my hands before interacting with any patient.

Which of the following best describes why West Nile Virus is considered to be an emerging infectious disease?

West Nile virus outbreaks have increased in number and affected areas since 1937.

Symptoms of disease differ from signs of disease in that symptoms

Which of the following definitions is INCORRECT?

Which of the following is a fomite?

a hypodermic needle

During a six-month period, 239 cases of pneumonia occurred in a town of 300 people. A clinical case was defined as fever 39°C lasting >2 days with three or more symptoms (i.e., chills, sweats, severe headache, cough, aching muscles/joints, fatigue, or feeling ill). A laboratory-confirmed case was defined as a positive result for antibodies against Coxiella burnetii. Before the outbreak, 2000 sheep were kept northwest of the town. Of the 20 sheep tested from the flock, 15 were positive for C. burnetii antibodies. Wind blew from the northwest, and rainfall was 0.5 cm compared with 7 to 10 cm during each of the previous three years. the situation is an example of

a zoonosis.

A nosocomial infection is

acquired during the course of hospitalization.

Transmission-Based Precautions is a course health workers must take. are guidelines from WHO for dealing with emerging diseases. are instructions on the care of all patients. are guidelines to use with patients infected with a highly transmissible or epidemiologically important pathogen.

are guidelines to use with patients infected with a highly transmissible or epidemiologically important pathogen.

Transient microbiota differ from normal microbiota in that transient microbiota

are present for a relatively short time.

Gonorrhea is a disease that may be zoonotic. pandemic. syndemic. asymptomatic.

asymptomatic.

The number of cases of a specific disease per one hundred people exposed is called the attack rate. index rate. mortality rate. obesity rate.

attack rate.

Which of the following is NOT an example of microbial antagonism?

bacteria causing disease

Prevention of patient-to-personnel transmission of disease keys on limiting contact with patients. personnel. administrators. physicians. body fluids.

body fluids.

A new serotype of Vibrio cholerae, V. cholerae 0139, has picked up the ability to produce pili. flagella. capsules. toxin.

capsules.

Apparently healthy people who may transmit a pathogen they harbor are called vectors. fomites. vehicles. carriers.

carriers.

If the number of people who become ill during an epidemic rises and falls rapidly, this is called a(n) propagated epidemic. promulgated epidemic. common source epidemic. index epidemic.

common source epidemic.

Diseases that can be transmitted from one person to another are termed symptomatic. clinical. acute. latent. communicable.

communicable.

When aerosols containing pathogens spread disease from a distance of less than one meter, it is considered

contact transmission.

Schistosomiasis has increased in areas where snails have become a delicacy. crayfish are eaten. dams have been built. swamps have been drained.

dams have been built.

The type of epidemiological study that determines the characteristics of the persons involved and the time and place of the outbreak is called a(n) inspection study. descriptive study. cohortive study. retrospective study.

descriptive study.

The amount of infecting agent received by susceptible individuals is called the exposure. number. dose. level.

dose

An experimental study in which neither the doctor nor the patient knows who is getting the actual treatment is called single-sided. double-sided. double-blind. double-barrier.

double-blind.

Important sources of contamination in crowded locations are blood. droplets of saliva or mucus. restrooms. kitchens.

droplets of saliva or mucus.

The following choices list several types of diseases, along with factors that may contribute to their emergence. Which disease and associated factor do NOT match?

emergence of avian influenza A (H5N1): use of antibiotics

If a disease occurs at a fairly stable rate, it is said to be

endemic

Malaria is an infectious disease caused by infection with a protozoan. In certain tropical regions, malaria is constantly present. We would say that malaria is a(n) _________ disease in these regions.

endemic

Diseases constantly present in a population are called epidemic. chronic. latent. endemic.

endemic.

The graph in the figure shows the incidence of polio in the United States. The period between 1945 and 1955 indicates a(n)

epidemic level.

A dramatic increase in the incidence of a specific disease in a given population is referred to as a(n) pandemic. endemic. epidemic. mortality.

epidemic.

Which of the following is not a mechanical vector? fomite human fly flea fomite AND human

fomite

Which of the following is not a vector? fomite human fly flea fomite AND human

fomite

Inanimate objects capable of transferring infectious disease agents are vectors. fomites. vehicles. reservoirs.

fomites.

The immunity of some black Africans to malaria is probably due to their general health. cultural practices. age. genetic background.

genetic background.

Which of the following is recommended by the Standard Precautions guidelines? glove use hand washing a face shield antibiotic use glove use, hand washing AND a face shield

glove use, hand washing AND a face shield

Which one of the following does NOT contribute to the incidence of nosocomial infections?

gram-negative cell walls

When an infectious disease cannot spread in a population because it lacks a significant number of susceptible hosts, the phenomenon is referred to as protected population. active immunity. passive immunity. herd immunity.

herd immunity.

One effect of washing regularly with antibacterial agents is the removal of normal microbiota. This can result in

increased susceptibility to disease.

In which of the following patterns of disease does the patient experience no signs or symptoms?

incubation and convalescence

The period of time between exposure to an agent and the onset of disease signs and symptoms is called the prodromal phase. decline phase. incubation period. lag phase.

incubation period.

The first identified case in an outbreak is called the starter case. traceable case. primary case. index case.

index case.

A patient acquires an infection by touching a contaminated door handle. Which mode of transmission best describes this scenario?

indirect contact transmission

The member of the hospital staff who surveys the types and numbers of nosocomial infections is called the head nurse. staff control. attending physician. infection control practitioner.

infection control practitioner.

The threat of bioterrorism is due largely to the ease of spread and severity of diseases. is exaggerated in light of the efficiency of our healthcare system. may include rarely seen infectious agents. has prompted WHO to prepare a readiness plan. is due largely to the ease of spread and severity of diseases AND may include rarely seen infectious agents.

is due largely to the ease of spread and severity of diseases AND may include rarely seen infectious agents.

A disease in which the causative agent remains inactive for a time before producing symptoms is referred to as

latent

Focal infections initially start out as

local infections.

A commensal bacterium

may also be an opportunistic pathogen.

The major significance of Robert Koch's work is that

microorganisms cause disease.

The fraction of a population who die from a specific disease is called mortality rate. morbidity rate. attack rate. incidence rate.

mortality rate.

Pseudomonas bacteria colonized the bile duct of a patient following his liver transplant surgery. This is an example of a

nosocomial infection.

An infection acquired during hospitalization is referred to as antibiotic-induced. therapeutic. medication-stimulated. nosocomial.

nosocomial.

A cluster of cases in a specific population occurring in a brief period of time is called a(n) endemic. pandemic. outbreak. attack break.

outbreak.

An epidemic that spreads worldwide is called a(n) epidemical. endemic. pandemic. syndemic.

pandemic.

Which of the following is called a zoonotic disease? measles typhoid common cold plague

plague

WHO has targeted for elimination of polio. dracunculiasis. measles. plague. polio, dracunculiasis AND measles.

polio, dracunculiasis AND measles.

Vertical transmission involves droplet transmission. fomites. pasteurization. pregnant woman to fetus.

pregnant woman to fetus.

If the number of people who become ill during an epidemic rises gradually, this is called a(n) propagated epidemic. promulgated epidemic. common source epidemic. index epidemic.

propagated epidemic.

The natural habitat of a pathogen is referred to as its home. primary inhabitance. infectious site. reservoir.

reservoir.

Which of the following is a fungal zoonosis that can be transmitted by direct contact?

ringworm

Koch observed Bacillus anthracis multiplying in the blood of cattle. What is this condition called?

septicemia

Which of the following is classified as a latent disease?

shingles

The health of the patient

should be the primary concern of the healthcare worker.

So far, the only disease that has been globally eradicated is polio smallpox measles diphtheria

smallpox

The reservoir of infection for botulism and tetanus is humans. soil. water. animals. soil AND water.

soil.

Because of the natural evolution of microorganisms, it is necessary to use techniques that allow distinguishing them at the level of species. genera. family. strain.

strain

The yeast Candida albicans does not normally cause disease because of ______.

the normal microbiota

If a patient notices a healthcare worker not following suggested precautions

they should immediately bring it to the attention of the healthcare worker.

In which of the following diseases can gender be considered a viable predisposing factor?

urinary tract infections

The rise in herd immunity amongst a population can directly attributed to

vaccinations

Plague is transmitted through the bite of an infected flea. Which of the following best describes this mode of transmission?

vector transmission

A cold transmitted by a facial tissue is an example of which form of disease transmission?

vehicle transmission

A dog develops a diarrheal disease after drinking water from a creek during a hike with his owner. Which of the following best describes this method of disease transmission?

vehicle transmission

During a six-month period, 239 cases of pneumonia occurred in a town of 300 people. A clinical case was defined as fever 39°C lasting >2 days with three or more symptoms (i.e., chills, sweats, severe headache, cough, aching muscles/joints, fatigue, or feeling ill). A laboratory-confirmed case was defined as a positive result for antibodies against Coxiella burnetii. Before the outbreak, 2000 sheep were kept northwest of the town. Of the 20 sheep tested from the flock, 15 were positive for C. burnetii antibodies. Wind blew from the northwest, and rainfall was 0.5 cm compared with 7 to 10 cm during each of the previous three years. The method of transmission of the disease in the situation was

vehicle.

Epidemiology is defined as the study of

where and when a disease occurs, and how it is transmitted.

Diseases that primarily exist in animals, but may be transmitted to humans are called parasitic. symbiotic. zoonotic. epidemic.

zoonotic.