Microbiology: Exam 2 Study Module Ch 6, 9, 10

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The ---- test is used to determine the carcinogenic potential of a chemical.

-Ames

Identify the different environments in which some viruses can replicate.

-Animal cells -Human cells -Bacterial cells

Any virus that specifically infects bacteria is called a(n) ------.

-Bacteriophage or Phage

Scientist who proposed term "virus"?

-Beijernick

At minimum, viruses are composed of which of the following?

-Capsid and Nucleic Acid

Which are the criteria used in classifying viruses into families?

-Chemical composition -Genetic makeup -Structure

---- in bacteria refers to horizontal gene transmission via pili.

-Conjugation

A ---- binds to an inactive repressor to make an active repressor.

-Corepressor

Similar to differentiating organisms based on their phenotypes, technology involving analysis of specific sequences of ---- can be used to differentiate between members of the same species.

-DNA

Which best describes the flow of genetic information in a cell?

-DNA encodes RNA which encodes protein

Which type of microscope is usually used to examine viruses?

-Electron

In eukaryotic cells, gene expression is regulated in response to ---- stimuli such as nutrient and toxin levels, and also during growth and ----

-Environmental -Development

Proteins that remove incorrect bases and replace them with correct ones are termed ______ repair enzymes.

-Excision

What is the name of the specialized plasmid that directs conjugation in gram-negative cells?

-F or Fertility Factor

True or false: Bacterial conjugation is a sexual process.

-False Bacteria have no exact equivalent to sexual reproduction, but use conjugation for gene exchange via pili.

True or false: Mutations are always harmful to cells.

-False Some mutations help cells survive, such as with mutations that lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

True or false: Viral genomes are always composed of either single or double stranded DNA.

-False Viral genomes may be composed of single or double stranded DNA or RNA.

What process involves the introduction of normal functional genes into cells of people with genetic diseases such as sickle cell anemia and cystic fibrosis?

-Gene therapy

Using laboratory animals for experimentation is considered which of the following?

-In vivo

Which Latin phrase describes the cultivation or testing within a living organism or tissues?

-In vivo

DNA sequences found within a gene that do not encode the protein corresponding to the gene.

-Introns

Which 2 scientists are credited with discovering the tobacco mosaic virus?

-Ivanovski and Beijerinck

To eradicate the Aedes aegypti mosquito that spreads Zika virus, scientists in Brazil produced a mosquito with a ______ gene that causes death in offspring.

-Limiting

The discovery of the light microscope had what type of impact on the observation of viruses?

-Little to none

A permanent inheritable alteration in the DNA sequence of a cell is a(n) ----

-Mutation

A small number of ---- are considered beneficial in that they provide the cell with a useful change in structure or physiology.

-Mutations

A(n) ------ virus does not have an envelope surrounding its capsid.

-Naked

The mechanisms of ---- transformation involve genes that can regulate cellular genomes and control the onset of cell division.

-Oncogenic

Several DNA viruses are known to be initiators of cancers and are thus termed ----

-Oncogenic or Oncoviruses

Two components of an operon include the ---- that acts as an on/off switch, and the ---- gene sequences.

-Operator -Structural

Which of the following terms describes viruses in the carrier state within the host cells?

-Persistent infections

Which process repairs DNA that has been damaged by ultraviolet radiation using visible light?

-Photoactivation

A ---- is a small circular segment of DNA found in the cytoplasm of bacteria that is capable of independent replication and usually contains nonessential genes.

-Plasmid

Mutations that involve the addition, deletion or substitution of one or a few bases are referred to as _______ mutations.

-Point

DNA ---- is a forensic science tool that allows for the comparison of genomic patterns between individuals.

-Profiling

Prions are composed of what molecule?

-Protein

Viruses are composed of which of the following?

-Protein capsid -DNA or RNA

Which of the following best describes a prion?

-Proteinaceous-infectious agent

The main enzyme responsible for transcription is

-RNA polymerase

Which 3 of the following are usual choices for live animal inoculation with viruses?

-Rats -Hamsters -White mice

Large scale production and safer products are two of the advantages of using ---- products instead of natural products.

-Recombinant

The plasmid is not taken up by all cells in the culture when conducting cloning, or ---- DNA technology.

-Recombinant

---- refers to the transfer of genes from donor to recipient microorganisms, where the recipient strain shows a change in genetic makeup at the end.

-Recombination

Which term refers to the transfer of genes from donor to recipient microorganisms?

-Recombination

---- RNA may exert control on several levels in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

-Regulatory

The protein product of a repressor gene is the ---- which binds the operator to stop transcription.

-Repressor

The ---- protein is capable of repressing an operon.

-Repressor or Regulator

What are the advantages of using recombinant products instead of natural products?

-Safer products -Large-scale production

A persistent infection could last how long in a host?

-Several days, weeks, or years

Which of the following is the genetic pattern of viral genomes?

-Single or double stranded DNA or RNA

The plasmid is taken up by _____ cells in the culture when conducting recombinant DNA technology.

-Some

---- mutations in DNA are caused by random mistakes in replication and not known to be influenced by any mutagenic agent.

-Spontaneous

Which are components of an operon in a sequence of DNA?

-Structural genes -Operator

Which of the following are functions of RNA polymerase?

-Synthesizes an RNA molecule from DNA template -Unwinds the DNA so that transcription can take place

The cause of viral infections remained unknown for many years longer than other types of infections due to which reasons?

-Techniques used to observe other pathogens were useless with viruses -Viruses are not visualized by light microscopes

Which is not a reason that eggs provide an excellent in vivo viral cultivation system?

-The egg contains a tissue monolayer

DNA technology can be used to differentiate between members of ________ species.

-The same

Which of the following is considered an in vitro method for virus propagation?

-Tissue culture

A recombinant organism that carries foreign genes is called a ______ organism.

-Transgenic -Genetically modified

The term -----, or codon, is a sequence of 3 nucleotides in DNA that encodes an amino acid.

-Triplet

True or false: A mutation is an alteration in the DNA sequence or content of a cell that is passed on when the cell divides.

-True

True or false: DNA fingerprinting (also called DNA profiling) is a forensic science tool that allows for the comparison of genomic patterns between individuals.

-True DNA fingerprinting is the best known tool of forensic science.

Which bird eggs are the most common choices for viral propagation?

-Turkey -Duck -Chicken

Which term best describes viruses?

-Ultramicroscopic

Which one is a genetic element such as a plasmid or virus used to introduce DNA into a cloning host during recombinant DNA experiments?

-Vector

Which of the following enables some viruses to propagate better in a particular animal compared to others?

-Virus-specific animal receptors

List the correct order of viral life cycle phases, placing the first phase at the top.

1. Adsorption 2. Penetration/Uncoating 3. Synthesis 4. Assembly 5. Release

The first three events of translation in the correct order are ---, ---, --- followed by protein folding and processing.

1. Initiation 2. Elongation (chain elongation) 3. Termination

The three types of RNA are

1. Messenger (mRNA) 2. Transfer (tRNA) 3. Ribosomal (rRNA)


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