Microchem Final
Which of the following phrases describes a contagious disease?
A AND B, a disease arising from fomites and a disease that is easily passed from host to host in aerosols
What is a prion?
A proteinaceous infective particle
What is the benefit of memory T cells that remain in the lymphoid tissues for years after an infection?
A quick response without the need for activation by APCs
Which of the following diseases is caused most commonly by protozoan infections?
African sleeping sickness
Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of herpes virus infection recurrence?
Age
Which microorganisms are used to make microbiological growth media?
Algae
Which one of the following is NOT a difference between bacteria and archaea?
All archaea are extremophiles
Which of the following statements are FALSE?
All known prokaryotes have been successfully cultured
Where in the respiratory system does gas exchange occur?
Alveoli
Proteins are polymers of....
Amino Acids
Which of the following statements is true concerning the selection of an antimicrobial agent?
An ideal antimicrobial agent is stable during storage, fast acting and does not exist
How would you culture an organism that grows best in 5% CO₂?
Anaerobic jar
During which stage of mitosis do sister chromatids separate to opposite poles of the cell?
Anaphase
What is the term that best describes a severe allergic reaction to an antimicrobial agent?
Anaphylactic shock
A person with type A blood has what type of ABO antibodies in their plasma?
Anti-B
What molecules interact during a precipitation test?
Antigens and antibodies
Who is responsible for building the first simple microscope?
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
What scientist first promulgated the theory of abiogenesis?
Aristotle
What area of the skin is the most common place to find large numbers of normal microbiota?
Armpits & between the legs
Which of the following adjectives best describes a surgical procedure that is free of microbial contaminants?
Aseptic
Both ionizing and non-ionizing radiation tend to effect what?
DNA
Which of the following molecules functions as a "proofreader" for a newly replicated strand of DNA?
DNA polymerase
Bacteria and Archaea are grouped into taxa primarily based on which of the following characteristics?
DNA, RNA, and protein sequences
Which of the following is the largest?
Decimeter
What type of reaction involves two small molecules being joined together by a covalent bond, with the release of a water molecule?
Dehydration
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of action of any antimicrobial agent?
Dehydration of pathogenic cells
Which layer of the skin houses the sweat glands?
Dermis
The preservation of beef jerky from microbial growth relies on which method of microbial control?
Desiccation
Which of the following is considered to be the major respiratory muscle?
Diaphragm
Which of the following is NOT something used in differential media to help distinguish between different kinds of bacteria?
Different carbon sources
Which of the following is NOT a disease of the lower respiratory system?
Diphtheria
A horror movie portrays victims of biological warfare with uncontrolled bleeding from the eyes, mouth, nose, ears, and anus. What actual virus causes these symptoms?
Ebolavirus
Who coined the term "vaccination?"
Edward Jenner
Which of the following is NOT a type of formed element found in plasma?
Electrolytes
Which cellular process results in the most significant production of ATP?
Electron transport chain
Some microorganisms can carry out photosynthesis in order to make their own food, however these reactions require energy input from the sun. What type of reaction is this?
Endothermic
With regards to metabolic reactions, what does "endergonic" mean?
Energy input is required for reaction
Which of the following choices is NOT a function preformed by proteins?
Energy storage
What is the best drug to administer to someone suffering from anaphylaxis?
Epinephrine
What is the virulence factor that certain strains of S. aureus possess allowing it to cause toxic shock syndrome?
Exotoxin
Which part of the digestive tract is responsible for digesting and absorbing the majority of nutrients?
Fats
All of the following are characteristic symptoms of type I hypersensitivity reactions EXCEPT.......
Fever
What is the function of the hairs that line the nasal cavity?
Filter out large particles and microbes
What is the standard treatment for a bacterial intoxication?
Fluid and electrolyte replacement
Lyophilization can be described as
Freeze-drying
Which of the following is NOT a domain of life?
Fungi
Scientists have begun to manipulate genes in microbes, plants and animals for practical applications. What is the cutting edge technology called?
Genetic Engineering
Generally, what are the two parts of the binomial name of an organism?
Genus and specific epithet
Which term associated with tuberculosis refers to calcified nodules in the lungs?
Ghon complexes
Frothy, greasy diarrhea is caused by
Giardia
What disease is also known as "the clap?"
Gonorrhea
Which of the following is a differential staining process?
Gram Stain
Which are more commonly associated with septicemia?
Gram-negative bacteria
What percent salt concentrations are required by halophiles?
Greater than 9%
Select the true statement about gummas.
Gummas are rubbery, painfully swollen lesions.
Fever blisters are most often caused by
HSV-1
Which term best describes a cell that contains only one single copy of each chromosome?
Haploid
What is one of the oldest and most common means of microbial control?
Heat
What is the causative agent of most peptic ulcers?
Helicobacter pylori
Which of the following types of microbes are not normally found in colon of a healthy individual?
Helminths
What type of test is used to determine blood type?
Hemagglutination
Which virus is strongly associated with liver cancer?
Hepatitis B virus
What is the name of the inflammatory mediator released by mast cells?
Histamine
Which pathogenic fungus is found in the droppings of bats, chickens, and blackbirds
Histoplasma capsulatum
Where are you most likely to find archaea?
Hot springs
Which of the following statements is relevant in explaining why sulfonamides are effective?
Humans and microbes use folic acid and PABA differently in their metabolism
Which of the following terms most correctly describes the bonds in a molecule of water?
Hydrogen Bond
Which of the following substances would most effectively inhibit anaerobes in a deep wound?
Hydrogen peroxide
How would you classify a microbe that requires temperatures over 80°C?
Hyperthermophile
The alternative pathway
Involves chemical recognition
Which of the following is NOT a reason why agar is used in microbiology?
It dissolves at 100 °C
Which of the following statements about a carbonated cola beverage with a pH of 2.9 is true?
It has a relatively high concentration of hydrogen ions.
Which of the following statements is the best definition of a pandemic disease?
It is an epidemic that occurs on more than one continent at the same time.
What electrons are transferred from donor molecules in a redox reaction, what happens to the donor molecule?
It is oxidized
Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action of aminoglycoside abx?
It targets the 30S ribosomes
Which statement most accurately describes the prokaryotic endospore?
It's a defensive strategy for survival in harsh conditions
Which of the following statements is NOT true of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway?
Its products are sometimes used to determine the presence of pseudomonas
Which scientist first hypothesized that medical personnel can infect pts with pathogens?
Joseph Lister
Which of the following does NOT have a high G + C content?
Lactobacillus
A disease in which a pathogen remains inactive for a long period of time before becoming active is termed a(n)
Latent Dz
Microbes today are used in many ways to help improve our lives. Which of the following are NOT a contribution by microbes?
Laundry detergent
Which of the following choices is the most acidic?
Lemon juice
Which of the following is not a criterion for specific family classification of viruses?
Lipid composition
Which of the following are hydrophobic organic molecules?
Lipids
Which of the following routes of administration results in the lowest drug concentration in the body?
Local
Which of the following is NOT a route of administration used for internal infections?
Locally
Who is consider to be the "Father of Microbiology"?
Louis Pasteur
What is the best method of preservation to use if you wanted to preserve a bacterial culture for 10yrs or longer?
Lypohilization
What must a scientist do before a specimen can be stained?
Make a smear and heat fix it
What type of cells release histamine?
Mast cells
What is the best way to measure microbial growth if the population of microbes in a sample is very small?
Membrane filtration
0.000001 m (or 10⁻⁶ m) is equivalent to which unit of measure?
Micrometer
Which unit of measure is used measure the size of cells?
Micrometer
How are bacteriophages able to find and attach to host cells?
They randomly collide with host cells, then viral tail fibers attach to receptors on the host cell surface
How do atoms interact with one another to form chemical bonds?
They share or transfer valence electrons
Which of the following is considered a primary lymphoid organ?
Thymus
How does a person acquire Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Disease?
Tick bite
What of the following is the primary function of eosinophils?
To attach to and attack parasitic worms
What is the function of erythrocytes?
To carry oxygen and carbon dioxide
What is the function of neurotransmitters?
To carry signals across the synaptic cleft
What is the function of the tonsils?
To combat microbes using immune cells and various chemicals
What is the main purpose of cell-mediated immunity?
To fight intracellular pathogens and abnormal body cells
What is the function of the membrane attack complex (MAC) ?
To form a circular hole in the membrane of pathogens
What is the function of isomerase enzymes?
To rearrange atoms with a molecule
What is the main function of B lymphocytes?
To secrete soluble antibodies
Which of the following is NOT a way for a person to become infected with Treponema pallidum?
Toilet seat
What is fomite transmission of disease?
Transmission by inanimate objects
Which of the following ascomycetes infect hair?
Trichophyton
Which of the following is NOT a direct method for measuring microbial growth?
Turbidity
Which of the following does NOT affect the function of enzymes?
Ubiquinone
Which of the following locations lacks normal microbiota?
Urinary bladder
What caused an epidemic of Toxic Shock Syndrome in the U.S. in the 1980s?
Use of super absorbent tampons
What causes the formation of fluid-filled blisters which are characteristic of a genital herpes infection?
Viral destruction of epithelial cells
Which of the following diseases is not a zoonosis?
Viral meningitis
Another name for a complete virus is
Virion
How are viroids different from viruses?
Viroids lack capsids
Which statement most accurately describes viral replication?
Viruses are dependent upon host cell replication machinery
What microorganism are not eukaryotic?
Bacteria
What term best describes an agent that kills microbes as opposed to temporarily inhibiting their growth and reproduction?
Bacteriocidal
The majority of microbes composing the normal microbiota of the GI tract are in the genus
Bacteroides
What is the causative agent of Cat Scratch Disease?
Bartonella henselae
What is the name of the skin's most actively dividing cells?
Basal cells
All of the following are ways that viruses can cause human cancer EXCEPT......
Viruses can cause abnormalities in the host cell membrane
Which of the following statements is true?
Viruses lack a cell membrane
Which of the following is NOT a organic compound?
Water
Which of the following is NOT a special property of water?
Water converts from a liquid to a gas quickly and over a narrow range of temperatures
What happens if a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution?
Water leaves the cell, cxing it to shrink
What of the following does NOT influence the degree of magnification of an object?
Wavelength of light
Why are people with type O blood known as universal donors?
Because neither A nor B antigens are present on their RBC
What type of antimicrobial agent works by inhibiting the formation of the peptidoglycan layer in the bacterial cell walls?
Beta-lactams
What is the most common method of prokaryotic reproduction?
Binary Fusion
Malaria is spread by what type of transmission?
Biological vector
What is the process that uses living microorganisms to detoxify polluted environments?
Bioremediation
Which of the following is NOT involved in a type I hypersensitivity reaction?
Blood group antigens
Following a backpacking trip in Vermont, a hiker experienced flulike symptoms and noticed a round, red rash on her thigh. What is the likely cause of her illness?
Borrelia burgdorferi
Which bacterial disease of the nervous system, if left untreated, results in flaccid paralysis?
Botulism
What term best describes drugs that are effective against many different kinds of pathogens?
Broad-spectrum
Which of the following describes the best way to collect a clinical specimen from the skin?
Brush a sterile swab across skin, being careful not to contact other areas
Which of the following is NOT a form of locomotion used by protozoa?
Budding
What do you call substrates that can be added to a microbial culture to prevent drastic changes in pH?
Buffers
When performing "phage typing," how would one know if the bacterium is killed by any of the bacteriophages?
By the formation of a plaque
What must be done to a sample before performing the pour plate technique?
CFU must be separated by performing serial dilutions
When a eukaryotic cell is infected with an enveloped virus and sheds viruses slowly over time, this infection is
Called a persistent infection
Reactions involved in the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis constitute the
Calvin-Benson Cycle
Which causative agent of bacterial gastroenteritis is the most common in the U.S.?
Campylobacter jejuni
What type of stain is repulsed by the negative charge on the surface of cells and actually stains the background instead?
Capsule stain
What type of macromolecules are polysaccarides?
Carbohydrates
Who developed the taxonomic system?
Carolus Linnaeus
The glycolysis pathway is basically
Catabolic
What is another name for a decomposition reaction?
Catabolism
What is the name of the process in which larger molecules are broken down into smaller products to release energy?
Catabolism
What do you call an atom that has a full positive charge?
Cation
What type of cells are used in a continuous cell culture?
Cells derived from tumor cells
A leading cause of heart failure in South America is
Chagas' disease
What do you call an organism that can make its own orgainic compounds from CO₂?
Chemoautotroph
What do you call drugs that act against dz?
Chemotherapy
What was Paul Ehrlich's contribution to fighting infection and dz?
Chemotherapy
All of the following are examples of zoonotic diseases EXCEPT.......
Chickenpox
What is the name of the main substance that makes up the cell walls of fungi?
Chitin
Which of the following statements concerning properly used condoms is false?
Condoms reduce the spread of genital warts.
How do people acquire Legionnaires' Disease?
Contaminated water
Which of the following is an important role of methanogens?
Conversion of organic wastes into methane gas
Which of the following is NOT a type of prokaryotic cell morphology?
Cord
Which of the following is NOT a part of the central nervous system?
Cranial nerves
Which of the following is NOT common to mitosis and meiosis?
Crossing over
What are the effects of pyrogenic toxins produced by group A Streptococci?
Cytokine release, fever, rash, shock
What type of lymphocyte is responsible for killing abnormal or virus infected cells?
Cytotoxic T (Killer T) cell
What is another term for a Kirby-Bauer test to evaluate the efficacy of antimicrobial agents against a pathogen?
Zone of inhibition test
PABA is
a substance used to synthesize folic acid
Which of the following factors is important in making an image appear larger?
the thickness of the lens, the curvature of the lens, and the speed of light passing through the lens
A sample of E. coli has been subjected to heat for a specific time, and 90% of the cells have been destroyed. Which of the following terms best describes this event?
thermal death time
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of natural genetic transfer and recombination?
transcription
Redox reactions:
transfer energy, transfer electrons, involve oxidation and reduction
A foul-smelling, yellowish-green vaginal discharge characterizes
trichomoniasis
The Ames test
uses autotrophs and liver extract to reveal potential mutagens
The most common form of meningitis is
viral meningitis
What is the ball of cells called that forms after the fusion of an egg and a sperm?
zygote
When herpes simplex virus 1 goes latent, where in the body does the virus "hide?"
Nerves
Which of the following structures have no electrical charge?
Neutrons
Which of the following microscopes produces a three dimensional image with a shadowed appearance?
Nomarski microscope
When two atoms equally share one pair of electrons, what kind of chemical bond is formed?
Nonpolar covalent bond
How is the pH of the vagina maintained at 4.5?
Normal microbiota
Which term is given to a disease that is acquired in a healthcare setting?
Nosocomial
What type of microbes must posses the enzyme superoxide dismutase?
Obligate aerobes
Which of the following is a sign of bacterial meningitis?
Opaque cerebrospinal fluid
What is the term for the process in which pathogens are coated with antimicrobial proteins to increase the likelihood of phagocytosis?
Opsonization
What is the final electron acceptor of aerobic respiration?
Oxygen
Which of the following is most closely associated with beta-lactam ring?
PCN
All of the following are signs and symptoms of inflammation EXCEPT......
PUS
What is dysuria?
Painful urination
What is the name of a heating process used today to eliminate pathogens in milk, juice, and other beverages?
Pasteurization
Who was the first person to envision the use of chemicals to selectively kill pathogens without harming the pt?
Paul Ehrlich
Which of the following is NOT a possible neurological manifestation of a person infected with rabies?
Perpetual muscle contraction
What type of microscopy depends on the illumination of the background of an object?
Phase contrast
What is the most common lipid involved in catabolic processes to produce ATP and various metabolites?
Phospholipid
The meninx lying closest to the spinal cord is the
Pia Mater
Which layer of the meninges is closest to the spinal cord?
Pia Mater
A clear zone of phage infection in a bacterial lawn is a
Plaque
What is a common and relatively inexpensive method for estimating viral numbers?
Plaque assay
How is diphtheria initially diagnosed and distinguished from other upper respiratory diseases?
Presence of pseudomembrane
Which of the following is NOT a factor that can influence the rate of an enzymatic reaction?
Pressure
Which of the following items functions most like an autoclave?
Pressure cooker
Which stage of syphilis is characterized by chancres filled with contagious spirochetes?
Primary
Which phase of syphilis is characterized by the appearance of chancres at the site of infection?
Primary phase
What is the main difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes do not have a defined nucleus, eukaryotes do
Toxoplasma gondii, which can have many detrimental effects on a fetus in utero, is what type of microbe?
Protozoan
The opportunistic pathogen often seen in burn victims is
Pseudomonas.
Organisms that preferentially may thrive in icy waters are described as ?
Psychrophiles
When referring to microbial culture, what does "axenic" mean?
Pure culture
What is the physiological trigger for a fever?
Pyrogens
What is the name of the starting molecule in the Krebs cycle?
Pyruvate
Transcription produces
RNA molecules
Which of the following vaccines is NOT recommended by the CDC for use on the general population?
Rabies
Which of the following is NOT a sign or symptom of a pseudomonas infection?
Rash on the face and neck
Which of the following is an example of a type II hypersensitivity reaction?
Reaction to a blood transfusion
Which of the following best describes passive immunization?
Receiving antibodies from a donor
What type of medium would you use to culture an obligate anaerobe?
Reducing medium
What is the best method for storing bacterial cultures for short periods of time?
Refrigeration
What is the function of the kidneys?
Remove wastes from the blood
What do you call a microscopes ability to distinguish between two objects that are close together?
Resolution
Which of the following statements best describes the level of specificity involved in an adaptive immune response?
Responses are precisely tailored against specific pathogens
DNA can be found in all of the following locations in a eukaryotic cell EXCEPT....
Ribosomes
What is one of signs physicians look for when diagnosing a patient with Cholera?
Rice water stool
All of the following bacterial diseases can be caused by Staphylococcal species EXCEPT......
Rocky mountain spotted fever
The oily lipid secreted by glands in the dermis is called
Sebum
Which type of nerves are responsible for carrying signals from the organs to the CNS?
Sensory nerves
Why is otitis media more common in children than adults?
Size and position of auditory tubes
What is a viroid?
Small circular pieces of RNA that are infectious to plants
What dz did Edward Jenner develop a vaccine for in the late 1700s?
Smallpox
The type of reproduction in prokaryotes that results in a palisade arrangement of cells is called
Snapping division
Which of the following is NOT a reason why scientists use stains to view microbes?
So that microbes can be observed while still alive
What specific instrument is used to measure the turbidity of a microbial population?
Spetrophotometer
Which of the following terms best describes stiff, spiral-shaped prokaryotic cells?
Spirilla
Which of the following is NOT describe the ideal antimicrobial agent?
Stable and active in the body for an extended period of time
What term best describes "bunches of grapes" arrangement of cocci shapes prokaryotes?
Staphylococci
What is the most common species of Staphylococcus found on the skin?
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Which of the following are sources of abx EXCEPT.....
Staphylococcus species
Select the appropriate method microbial control for surgical instruments.
Sterilization
What is the removal of ALL microbes in or on an object?
Sterilization
Which of the following statements provides the definition of sterilization om practical terms?
Sterilization eliminates harmful microorganisms and viruses
A bacterium associated with bacteremia, meningitis, and pneumonia in newborns is
Streptococcus agalactiae
Where within the nervous system can you find cerebrospinal fluid?
Subarachnoid space
Which of the following is the first antimicrobial agent that could be used safely to tx bacterial infections?
Sulfanilamide
What is the term used describe characteristics of a disease that are felt by the patient?
Sx
Which of the following is an autoimmune disease?
Systemic lupus erythematosus
In the late 1700s, a system was developed for naming plants and animals and grouping similar organisms together. What is the system called?
Taxonomic System
Which of the following statements accurately describes prophase?
The cell constructs microtubules to form a spindle. Chromatids separate and become known as chromosomes.
Which of the following is NOT a reason why a population of cells growing in culture eventually enter the death phase?
The cells are too old
Which pathway of complement activation acts in conjunction with the action of antibodies?
The classical pathway
What do you call a microscope's ability to distinguish between two objects that are close together?
The distance between two corresponding parts of a wave of radiation
Which of the following best defines "wavelength"?
The distance between two corresponding parts of a wave of radiation
What is a benefit of using a defined medium over a complex medium?
The exact chemical composition is known
What is the disease-causing form of the prion protein, "PrP"?
The form with -pleated sheets
When determining antibody concentration in a serum sample, what does "titer" mean?
The highest dilution of serum that still causes the sample to agglutinate
How is an object magnified by light passing through a lens?
The lens refracts the light rays and focuses them on a focal point. The object appears larger as the rays of light pass through the focal point.
What advantages of using dark-field microscopy instead of bright-field?
The light source does not have to be as intense
The atomic number of an element is....
The number of protons
Why are some bacteria, such as those of the genera Mycobacteria and Nocardia, not effectively stained with a Gram stain?
They have large amounts of waxy lipids in their cell walls
When antigen and antibodies combine, maximal precipitation occurs when
antigen and antibody are at equivalent concentrations
Diets high in sugars and starches increase the risk of tooth decay because they
are converted to acids by bacteria; the acid then destroys tooth enamel.
Coenzymes
are organic cofactors
The type of poliomyelitis that accounts for about 90% of the cases is
asymptomatic polio
Choose the answer that correctly lists the choices in order of increasing complexity.
atoms, molecules, compounds
Which of the following is part of each molecule of mRNA?
codon
Multiple nuclear divisions without cytoplasmic divisions result in cells called
coenocytes.
Haploid nuclei
contain one set of chromosomes.
The epidermis
contains a waterproofing protein.
An axenic environment is one that
contains only one species.
Which of the following is not typically a part of a HAART cocktail for treating AIDS?
corticosteroids
Which one of the following diseases is an indicator disease signalling that an HIV-positive individual has progressed to AIDS?
cryptosporidiosis
The most severe form of acne is
cystic acne
Activation energy
is lowered by the action of organic catalysts
A cardiologist examines a patient with history of drug abuse and a recent tooth extraction and notes darkening under the fingernails. What should the diagnosis be?
endocarditis
Which of the following pairs of diseases may be associated with S. pyogenes?
erysipelas and necrotizing fasciitis
A plasmid is
extrachromosomal DNA
Multi drug resistance microbes
frequently develop in hospitals
A collection of many neuron cell bodies outside the CNS is a
ganglion
The most common sexually transmitted disease in the United States is
genital warts
One of the more common waterborne gastrointestinal diseases seen in the United States is
giardiasis
The major cause of bacterial pharyngitis is
group A Streptococcus
A positive tuberculin skin test indicates that a patient not immunized against tuberculosis
has been exposed to tuberculosis antigens
A reduced molecule
has gained electrons
A naked virus
has no membranous envelope.
A complement fixation test requires which of the following?
heat-inactivated serum
Which of the following lymphocytes predominates in blood?
helper T cells
Which of the following are most likely to cause disease?
highly virulent organisms
The major inflammatory mediator released by degranulating mast cells in type I hypersensitivity is
histamine
A patient contracted athlete's foot after long-term use of a medication. His physician explained that the malady was directly related to the medication. Such infections are termed
iatrogenic infections.
All of the following are possible after receiving a vaccination EXCEPT.......
immunosuppression
The first microorganisms were observed under a microscope.....
in a drop of water
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in infectious diseases?
incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline, convalescence
Before mutations can affect a population permanently, they must be
inheritable
Streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome
is a toxemia
Compared to the upper respiratory system, the lower respiratory system
is normally devoid of microorganisms
Complement fixation
is positive when the test tube is cloudy
Another name for the mitral valve is the
left atrioventricular valve.
Hansen's disease is also known as
leprosy
Which of the following is not part of the gastrointestinal tract?
liver
Which of the following is different between light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy?
magnification, resolution, and wavelengths
Antibodies function to
mark invading organisms for destruction
Which of the following methods is best for counting fecal bacteria from a stream to determine the safety of the water for drinking?
membrane filtration
The addition of -CH₃ to a cytosine nucleotide after DNA replication is called
methylation
Which of the following is the smallest?
nanometer
The functional unit of a kidney is the
nephron
Bacteria that convert ammonia (NH3) into nitrate (NO3-) are
nitrifying bacteria
Blood plasma includes
nutrients and gases dissolved in liquid.
Which of the following terms best describes an organism that cannot exist in the presence of oxygen?
obligate anaerobe
The phase of whooping cough in which the characteristic "whoop" is obvious is the
paroxysmal phase
Which of the following are minute hemorrhagic skin lesions?
petechiae
A virus that is specific for a bacterial host is called a
phage
Which of the following microscopes combines the greatest magnification with the best resolution?
phase contrast microscope
Which of the following types of warts are found on the soles of the feet?
plantar warts
Which is spread from person to person?
pneumonic plague
Which of the following is important in developing dengue hemorrhagic fever?
previous infection
Which of the following sequences reflects the correct order of events in mitosis?
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
The atomic mass of an atom most closely approximates the sum of all masses of all its...
protons and neutrons
Which of the following is not associated with impetigo?
pyocyanin
Tularemia is also known as
rabbit fever.
Which of the following diseases is a zoonosis?
rabies
Curved glass lenses __________ light
refract
Most oxidation reactions in bacteria involve the
removal of hydrogen ions and electrons
Cross resistance is
resistance to one antimicrobial agent because of its similarity to another antimicrobial agent
Hemolytic disease of the newborn is caused by antibodies against which major blood group antigen?
rhesus antigen
Which of the following is not an "acellular agent" ?
rickettsia
Which of the following is the vector for leishmaniasis?
sand fly
Which of the following terms best describes the disinfecting of cafeteria plates?
sanitization
The key to successful chemotherapy is
selective toxicity
Nerves that primarily carry impulses toward the central nervous system are
sensory nerves
The study of antibody-antigen interaction in the blood is
serology
The complement system involves
serum proteins involved in nonspecific immune-based defense.
Human immunodeficiency viruses most likely arose from
simian immunodeficiency virus
The labaratory of Robert Koch contributed which of the following to the field of microbiology?
simple staining technique, use of petri dishes, and the first photomicrograph of bacteria
The major portion of food digestion occurs in the
small intestine
Which part of the digestive tract is responsible for digesting and absorbing the majority of nutrients?
small intestine
The first disease for which immunization was perfected was
smallpox.
A direct fluorescent antibody test can be used to detect the presence of
specific antigens
Flexible spiral-shaped prokaryotes are
spirochetes
Which of the following would not play a role in preventing infection with amoebae?
sterile drinking water
This statement, "In the laboratory, a sterile inoculating loop is moved across the agar surface with a culture dish, thinning a sample and isolating individuals," describes which of the following?
streak plate
What is a likely danger resulting from the release of vegetations of endocarditis into the blood?
stroke
The type of endocarditis that develops slowly over a period of weeks or months is described as
subacute bacterial endocarditis
In which stage of syphilis is penicillin ineffective?
tertiary syphilis
Which of the following sequences most accurately describes the passage of sperm through the reproductive tract?
testis, epididymis, ductus deferens, urethra, penis
In a kirby-Bauer susceptibility test, the presence of a zone of inhibition around disks containing antimicrobial agents indicates
that the microbe does not grow in the presence of the antigens
Resolution is best described as....
the ability to distinguish between two adjacent objects
An anti-antibody is used when
the antigen is an antibody.
With regards to microscopy, "contrast" is best described as.....
the differences in intensity between an object and its background
The microbial death rate is used to measure
the efficiency of a detergent, the efficiency of an antiseptic, the efficiency of sanitization techniques
In a defined medium,
the exact chemical composition of the medium is known
The most reactive of the four toxic forms of oxygen is
the hydroxyl radical
A major difference between anaerobic respiration and anaerobic fermentation is
the latter uses organic molecules within the cell as final electron acceptors
An antiserum is
the liquid portion of blood used for immunization
One isotope of iodine differs from another in.....
the number of neutrons
Attenuation is
the process of reducing virulence.
The most frequent portal of entry for pathogens is
the respiratory tract
Under ideal conditions, the complete aerobic oxidation of one molecule of glucose by a bacterium allows a net gain of how many ATP molecules?
38
The element carbon has 6 protons and 6 neutrons in its nucleus. Which of the following represents the carbon-14 isotope?
6 protons, 8 neutrons
Which statement regarding a chlamydial infection is most accurate?
85% of women are asymptomatic
How can physicians prevent hemolytic disease in newborns?
Administration of anti-Rh serum
What is the name of the protein molecules released by host cells to inhibit the spread of viral infections?
Interferons
DNA replication occurs during which stage of the eukaryotic life cycle?
Interphase
Which microbe is not considered normal microbiota of the upper respiratory system?
Neisseria gonorrheae
In what year were viruses first seen?
1932
Under ideal conditions, the fermentation of one glucose molecule by a bacterium allows a net gain of how many ATP molecules?
2
Nucleotides used in the replication of DNA
1. are energy storage molecules 2. are found in four forms, each with deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate, and a base 3. are present in the cytosol of all cells as triphosphate nucleotides
A millimeter is ..........
1/1000 of one meter
What is the size range of virus particles?
10 nm to 400 nm
A nanometer is _________ than a micrometer
1000 times smaller
When did scientists first start studying genetics?
1800s
Which of the following viruses can be latent?
ALL HIV, Herpes and chickenpox
What can cause normal microbiota to become opportunistic pathogens?
ALL Hormonal changes, stress and immune supression
Cerebrospinal fluid is
ALL formed deep within the brain, found in the subarachnoid space, and withdrawn in a spinal tap.
Mucus-secreting membranes are found in the
ALL urinary system, digestive cavity, respiratory passages.
Which of the following is an example of a portal of exit?
ALL. Blood, Urine, Bodily secretions
What does the G + C Classification system indicate?
ALL. G + C ratio means the percentage of base pairs in the bacterial genome that are guanine-cytosine, A low G + C ratio is under 50% Clostridia and mycoplasma species are low G + C Gram Positive bacteria
How prevalent are sexually transmitted diseases in the world today?
ALL. Millions of cases each year, 50%-90% go unreported, and 1/3 of all STD cases are in those under age 25
What do medical personnel administer to counteract various type I hypersensitivities?
ALL. antihistamine, bronchodilator, corticosteroid and epinephrine
Monoclonal antibodies
ALL. are produced by hybridomas, are secreted by clone cells, and can be used for passive immunization
Endospores
ALL. can remain alive for decades, can remain alive in boiling water, live in a state of suspended animation
Interferons
ALL. do not protect the cell that secretes them, stimulate the activity of neutrophils, and cause muscle aches, chills, and fever
Treatment of chlamydial infections involves
ALL. erythromycin cream, tetracycline, and surgical correction of eyelid deformities
What is a concern for tissue that does not receive its needed blood supply?
ALL. ischemia, necrosis and gas gangrene
Which of the following binds iron?
ALL. lactoferrin, siderophores, and transferrin
In which of the following sites in the body can B cells be found?
ALL. lymph nodes, spleen, red bone marrow and intestinal wall
An eschar is
ALL. painless, black and a crusty ulcer.
Archaea prefer which type of environment?
Acidic hot springs, swamp mud and great salt lake
The trp operon is respressible. This means it is usually _______ and is directly controlled by _______.
Active/repressor
What is the name of a substance added to a vaccine to increase the antigenicity?
Adjuvant
What is one way to prevent the occurrence of a type I hypersensitivity reaction?
Identification and avoidance
What class of antibody aids in clearing pneumonia causing bacteria from the airways?
IgA
Which class of antibody is most commonly associated with mucous membranes and secretions?
IgA
The immunoglobulin class that mediates type I hypersensitivity is
IgE
What are the maternal antibodies that cross the placenta and lead to the development of hemolytic disease in a newborn?
IgG
Which type of test can be used to detect multiple different antibodies against different antigens of the same pathogen?
Immunoelectrophoresis
All of the following are ways that humans acquire normal flora EXCEPT.....
In the womb
What is the function of B-lactamase which is produced by more virulent strains of Staphylococcus aureus?
Inactivates certain antibiotics
Common methods of using moist heat to control microbial growth include all but which of the following?
Incineration
How do people become infected with Listeria monocytogenes?
Ingesting contaminated food or drink
Why is vasodilation a beneficial response to if the body is invaded by pathogens?
More blood, oxygen, and nutrients are delivered to the site of infection
Which of the following is NOT a benefit to microbes living in a biofilm?
More choices for reproductive mates, thus more genetic diversity
Consider the following case. An animal was infected with a virus. A mosquito bit the animal, was contaminated with the virus, and proceeded to bite and infect a person. Which was the vector?
Mosquito
Which of the following is false concerning microbial contaminants?
Most microbial contaminants will eventually cause harm.
Where does starch digestion begin?
Mouth
What viral disease is characterized by swelling of the lymph nodes on each side of the face?
Mumps
In which type of symbiosis do both members benefit from their interaction?
Mutualism
Bacteria in each of the following genera can cause pneumonia EXCEPT......
Mycobacteria
Which of the following groups does not have DNA with a low G + C content?
Mycobacteria
The presence of mycolic acid in the cell wall characterizes
Mycobacterium
The spores of which organism are used as a biological indicator of sterilization?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Choose the compound that is held together with ionic bonds.
NaCl (salt)
What unit of measure is used to measure the size of viruses and cellular and cellular organelles?
Nanometer
Which of the following is NOT a viral disease?
Necrotizing fasciitis
Which of the following favored the spontaneous generation?
Needham
Which statement best describes the environment of the skin and its affect on microbial growth?
The skin is inhospitable for most microbes, but there are still some normal microbiota present
What type of microorganisms would you find living near hot springs?
Thermophiles
Halophiles are distinctive because
They are dependent on high salt concentrations to maintain a cell wall.
Which of the following is a true statement concerning prokaryotic chromosomes?
They are located in the cytosol
All of the following are characteristics of protozoa EXCEPT which one......
They have a thick cell wall
Rejection of a foreign skin graft is an example of
a cell-mediated immune response
Which of the following vaccine types is commonly given with an adjuvant?
a chemically killed vaccine
The movement of mucus from lungs to pharynx is due to
a ciliary escalator
Which of the following can grow in a Petri plate on a laboratory table?
a colony on an agar surface
A coulter counter is
a device that directly counts microbes as they pass through a tube in in front of the electronic detector
A nucleotide is composed of
a five carbon sugar, phosphate and a nitrogenous base
An autoantigen is
a normal body component
A deficiency of both B cells and T cells is most likely
a primary immunodeficiency
Infection with HIV causes
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
The process by which microorganisms attach themselves to cells is
adhesion
Drugs that act against protein synthesis include?
aminoglycosides
A sequence of nucleotides formed during replication of the lagging DNA strand is
an Okazaki fragment
The aorta is
an artery.
When a surgeon conducts a cardiac bypass operation by transplanting a piece of vein from a patient's leg to the same patient's heart, this is
an autograft
An ELISA uses which of the following reagents?
an enzyme-labeled anti-antibody
Leeuwenhoek described microorganisms as
animalcules
Which microbial group contributes the greater number of causative agents to overall digestive tract diseases in the United States?
bacteria
Bacterial infection of the vagina that does not involve inflammation is called
bacterial vaginosis
When pathogenic bacterial cells lose the ability to make adhesins, they
become avirulent.
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) act to
bind microbial proteins and polysaccharides
Toxemia refers to
blood poisoning due to toxins.
Toxin released from dying Gram-negative bacteria is
called endotoxin.
Barophiles
cannot cx dz in humans
Microaerophiles that grow best with a high concentration of carbon dioxide in addition to a low level of oxygen is called?
capnophiles
Negative stains such as eosin are also called.....
capsule stains
The definitive host for Toxoplasma gondii is
cats.
Which of the following is NOT a growth factor for various microbes?
cholesterol
A patient has large wartlike growths, some with surrounding inflammation. What fungal disease is indicated?
chromoblastomycosis
Protease is an enzyme required by HIV to:
cleave a polypeptide so as to form reverse transcriptase.
Fixed phagocytes of the epidermis are called
dendritic cells
Most of the symptoms associated with hepatitis are due to
destruction of liver cells by virus
Diffusion and dilution tests that expose pathogens to antimicrobials are designed to
determine which drug is most effective and determine the amount of a drug to use against a particular pathogen
Superoxide dismutase
detoxifies superoxide radicals
Why are antimicrobial agents selectively toxic towards pathogens without harming the pt?
differences in cellular structure/metabolism
How is septicemia introduced into the body?
direct inoculation into the blood
Which of the following substances or processes kills microorganisms on laboratory surfaces?
disinfectants
Which of the following statements is false?
dsRNA is found in bacteria more often than in viruses.
In water, cations and anions of salts disassociate from one another and became surrounded by water molecules. In this state, the ions are also called.....
electrolytes
Which of the following types of radiation is more widely used as an antimicrobial technique?
electron beams
