Midterm 1 Islamic Art

Mosque of Uqba at Kairouan

- founded 670; rebuilt under theAghlabids/Abbasids in 836-875 -Kairouan, Tunisia -The Mosque of Uqba is a significant Islamic religious site located in Kairouan, Tunisia. It was built in 670 AD by the Arab general Uqba ibn Nafi, who conquered North Africa for the Umayyad Caliphate. -The mosque has undergone several renovations and expansions over the centuries, including the addition of four minarets, a dome, and a courtyard surrounded by arcades and columns. -The architecture of the Mosque of Uqba combines elements of Arab, Byzantine, and Islamic styles, featuring ornate decorations, intricate carvings, and geometric patterns. -The Mosque of Uqba is considered one of the most important examples of Islamic architecture in North Africa and the Maghreb, as well as a symbol of the region's cultural and religious identity. -The Mosque of Uqba has played a significant role in Islamic history, serving as a center for religious and cultural activities, as well as a site of political and social gatherings, including the founding of the Aghlabid dynasty in the 9th century.

Gunbad-i Qabus, near Gurgan

-1006 - 1007 -The Gunbad-i Qabus is a tomb tower located near the city of Gurgan (modern-day Gorgan) in Iran, believed to have been built in the late 10th century CE. -It is named after Qabus, a Ziyarid ruler who is believed to have commissioned its construction. -The tower is a cylindrical structure, standing over 70 feet tall, with intricate brickwork and decorative features, including inscriptions in Kufic script and geometric patterns. -The Gunbad-i Qabus is significant for its architectural and artistic value, representing the unique blend of Islamic and pre-Islamic Persian styles and techniques that emerged during the early medieval period in Iran. -The tower also reflects the political and cultural developments of the time, as the Ziyarid dynasty sought to establish its own identity and legitimacy in the face of external pressures from neighboring Islamic empires.

Illuminated manuscript of the stars by al-Sufi of Rayy

-1009-1010 -The manuscript is a 10th-century Persian astronomical treatise by the astronomer Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi, also known as al-Sufi of Rayy. -The manuscript is illuminated with vibrant and detailed illustrations of constellations and celestial bodies, making it a remarkable example of medieval Islamic astronomy and artistic traditions. -The manuscript includes detailed descriptions of 48 constellations and their positions, as well as information on the location, brightness, and colors of individual stars. It also includes drawings of instruments used in astronomy, such as astrolabes. -The manuscript is written in Arabic with Persian translations and commentary, highlighting the importance of Persian influence on Islamic science and scholarship during this period. -The manuscript is a significant example of the integration of science, art, and religion in Islamic civilization, as it was used for both scientific purposes and religious practices, such as determining the direction of prayer (qibla).

Aljafería Palace

-1046-1082 -The Aljafería Palace is a fortified palace in Zaragoza, Spain, built during the 11th century by the Taifa kingdom of Zaragoza. It was originally designed as a military fortress but was later transformed into a royal palace. -The palace reflects the Islamic architectural style of the period, characterized by the use of horseshoe arches, decorative stucco work, and intricate geometric patterns. -After the Christian reconquest of Zaragoza in the 12th century, the palace was used as a royal residence by various Christian monarchs, including King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile. -The palace underwent numerous renovations and additions over the centuries, reflecting the changing tastes and needs of its occupants. For example, the Renaissance façade and the chapel were added during the 16th century.

Imam Dur Mausoleum at Samarra

-1085 -The Imam Dur Mausoleum is a significant Islamic architectural structure located in Samarra, Iraq, which was built during the Abbasid Caliphate in the 9th century AD. -The mausoleum is a cylindrical tower that stands at approximately 52 meters tall and is made of fired brickwork. It has ten floors, each with a different design, and a spiral staircase leading to the top. -The mausoleum was built by the Abbasid caliph Al-Mutawakkil, who intended it to be his own tomb. However, he was assassinated before its completion, and the structure was instead used to house the remains of four Shiite imams. -One of the most distinctive features of the mausoleum is its external decorative elements, including a series of projecting bands with ornamental brickwork and carved stucco. These motifs include calligraphic inscriptions, vegetal designs, and geometric patterns. -The mausoleum was also an important pilgrimage site for Shiite Muslims during the medieval period, and its distinctive style influenced subsequent Islamic architecture in the region. It has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage site since 2007.

Gilded-silver tray with a simurgh

-10th Century

Coronation Mantle of the Holy Roman Emperor

-1133-1134 -The Coronation Mantle is a garment made of silk and gold that was created in the 12th century CE, during the reign of Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV. It was used during the coronation ceremonies of many subsequent emperors. -The mantle is richly decorated with intricate embroidery, including images of eagles, lions, and griffins, as well as religious scenes and inscriptions in Latin. -The Holy Roman Empire was a complex political entity that existed in central Europe from the 10th to the 19th century CE. It was ruled by a succession of emperors who were elected by a group of princes and other nobles. -The empire was a major political and cultural force in Europe during the Middle Ages and Renaissance, and played an important role in the development of European law, politics, and culture. -The Coronation Mantle is an important symbol of the power and authority of the Holy Roman Emperor, and reflects the complex and often tumultuous history of the empire. It is also an important example of the art and craftsmanship of the period, and is considered one of the most important surviving examples of medieval textile art.

Kutubiyya Mosque Minbar

-1137 -The Kutubiyya Mosque Minbar is a wooden pulpit located in the Kutubiyya Mosque in Marrakesh, Morocco. It was built in the 12th century during the Almohad dynasty, a Berber Muslim dynasty that ruled over North Africa and Spain from the 12th to the 13th century. -The minbar is a masterpiece of Islamic art and craftsmanship, featuring intricate geometric patterns, carved calligraphy, and decorative motifs such as stars and rosettes. It is made from cedarwood and is considered one of the finest examples of Andalusian woodworking. -The minbar was originally built for the Koutoubia Mosque in Marrakesh, but was later moved to the Kutubiyya Mosque where it remains today. It is still used for Friday prayers and other religious ceremonies. -The Kutubiyya Mosque Minbar is an important example of the fusion of Islamic and Andalusian artistic styles, reflecting the cultural and artistic exchange that occurred during the Almohad period. It is also a testament to the skill and craftsmanship of the artisans who created it.

Painted stucco figure

-1150-1250

Manar of Ghiyath al-Din at Jam

-1153-1203 -The Manar of Ghiyath al-Din at Jam was built during the reign of the Khwarazmian Empire, which was a powerful Central Asian state that controlled parts of present-day Iran, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. -The observatory was commissioned by the Khwarazmian ruler Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad ibn Sam, who was a patron of learning and the arts. -The Manar of Ghiyath al-Din was designed to serve as both an astronomical observatory and a center of scientific study. It included an astronomical sextant for measuring the positions of stars and a large library with books on astronomy and other sciences. -The observatory was constructed using advanced engineering techniques, including a complex system of water channels and reservoirs that provided a steady flow of water to power the observatory's instruments. -The Manar of Ghiyath al-Din was destroyed by the Mongols in the early 13th century, but its ruins have been excavated and studied in modern times. The observatory is recognized as an important example of medieval Islamic science and architecture.

Hospital of Nur al-Din at Damascus

-1154 -The Hospital of Nur al-Din was built in the 12th century by the Zengid ruler Nur al-Din Mahmud. -It was one of the largest hospitals of the medieval Islamic world and was renowned for its advanced medical practices and treatments. -The hospital consisted of various departments including a pharmacy, surgical wards, and an area for mental health treatment. -The hospital also had a library and a school where medical students could study and learn from experienced physicians. -The architecture of the hospital was notable for its use of light and space, with a central courtyard and domed chambers allowing for ventilation and natural light to enter the building. -The hospital served not only as a medical facility but also as a center for intellectual and cultural exchange, with physicians and scholars from all over the world coming to study and exchange ideas. -The hospital was a reflection of the Islamic value of providing healthcare as a form of charity and was funded by the state and private donations. -The Hospital of Nur al-Din served as a model for future hospitals in the Islamic world and beyond, influencing the development of medical practices and hospital design in Europe during the medieval period.

Copper bucket with silver inlay and figural scenes

-1163 -The Copper bucket with silver inlay and figural scenes is a highly decorated bucket made of copper and inlaid with silver. It features various figural scenes, including hunting scenes and images of musicians and dancers. -The bucket is believed to have been made in Iran or Central Asia during the 12th century, during the Seljuk period. The Seljuk Empire was a Turkic Muslim state that ruled over a large part of Central Asia, the Middle East, and Anatolia from the 11th to the 13th centuries. -The bucket reflects the high level of craftsmanship and artistic achievement that was reached during the Seljuk period. It also demonstrates the influence of both Islamic and non-Islamic cultures on the art of the time. -The figural scenes on the bucket are notable because they depict human figures, which is not typical in Islamic art. This suggests that the artists who made the bucket were influenced by non-Islamic traditions and may have been familiar with the art of neighboring cultures such as the Byzantines and the Turks. -The bucket is a valuable example of medieval Islamic metalwork and is representative of the flourishing artistic and cultural scene that existed during the Seljuk period. It is also an important reminder of the cultural and artistic exchanges that took place between Islamic and non-Islamic cultures during this time.

Frontispiece of a Quran manuscript, from Hamadan

-1164 -The manuscript dates from the Ilkhanid period (1256-1353), which was a time of great artistic and cultural flourishing in Persia. -The frontispiece, or first page of the manuscript, is decorated with intricate geometric and floral designs in gold and blue ink. -The central panel of the frontispiece contains an inscription in Arabic script that quotes a passage from the Quran, surrounded by an ornate frame. -At the top of the page is a depiction of a mosque with a minaret, and at the bottom is an image of a kneeling scribe or patron. -The style of the manuscript reflects a blending of traditional Islamic calligraphic and decorative techniques with influences from Chinese and Central Asian art, which were introduced to Persia through the Silk Road trade routes.

Great Mosque at Mosul and Its Leaning Minaret

-1170-1172 -The Great Mosque at Mosul was originally built in the 12th century and underwent several renovations and additions over the centuries. -The mosque is known for its distinctive leaning minaret, which was built in the late 12th century and stands at over 45 meters tall. -The minaret is decorated with intricate brickwork and tilework, including Quranic inscriptions, geometric patterns, and vegetal motifs. -The mosque's prayer hall is also elaborately decorated with ornate stucco carvings, muqarnas vaults, and marble columns. -The mosque and its minaret have been damaged and restored several times throughout history, including during the Mongol invasions of the 13th century and the recent conflicts in Iraq.

Abu Zayd al-Kashani, Muharram Bowl

-1187 -The Abu Zayd al-Kashani, Muharram Bowl is a ceramic bowl made in the city of Kashan, Iran, during the 13th century. -The bowl is decorated with intricate calligraphy and scenes from the Islamic holiday of Muharram, which commemorates the martyrdom of Imam Hussein, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad. -The bowl is inscribed with the name of its maker, Abu Zayd al-Kashani, who was a well-known ceramic artist in the region. -The bowl is a testament to the importance of ceramics in Islamic art and culture, particularly during the Seljuk and Mongol periods. -The intricate designs and calligraphy on the bowl demonstrate the skilled craftsmanship and attention to detail that was prized in Islamic art during this time.

Bronze Griffin

-11th century

Know the basic historical context of Fatimid lusterware ceramics

-11th-12th century

Great Mosque at Isfahan

-11th-12th century -The Great Mosque of Isfahan, also known as Masjid-e Jameh, is one of the oldest and largest mosques in Iran. -It was built during the Seljuk dynasty in the 8th century, and has undergone many expansions and renovations over the centuries, resulting in a unique architectural blend of different styles and eras. -The mosque has four iwans, or vaulted halls, that face each other and enclose a central courtyard, which is adorned with fountains and gardens. -The intricate tile work, calligraphy, and geometric patterns on the walls and ceilings of the mosque reflect the importance of decorative arts in Islamic architecture. -The mosque has also served as a center for education and learning, with several madrasas and libraries built within its walls.

Aquamanile in the shape of a cow and her calf

-1206 -The Aquamanile is a vessel used for washing hands during religious ceremonies, and this particular one is in the shape of a cow and her calf. It was made in the 12th century in Hamadan, Iran during the Seljuk period, a time when the region was ruled by Turkish dynasties. -The Aquamanile is made of bronze and is highly detailed, with intricate engravings and decorations. The cow is depicted lying down with her calf at her side, and the vessel's spout is located at the cow's mouth. This suggests that the vessel was likely intended to be filled with water, which would then flow out of the cow's mouth. -The Aquamanile is a great example of the high level of craftsmanship and artistry that was present in Islamic metalworking during the Seljuk period. It also reflects the importance of animals in Islamic art, as well as the influence of pre-Islamic Persian art on Islamic metalworking.

Glazed Tile Depicting a Sultan

-1211-1212 -The Glazed Tile Depicting a Sultan is a type of Iranian glazed ceramic tile that was made during the 13th century in Kashan, Iran. -The tile depicts a sultan, or ruler, wearing a crown and holding a sword, with a kneeling servant beside him. The sultan's clothing is decorated with intricate patterns and his face is depicted with fine details. -The tile is an example of the high level of artistic and technical skill achieved by Iranian potters during this period, particularly in the use of cobalt blue pigment for the decoration of ceramics. -The tile reflects the political and cultural context of the time, as it was likely made for the decoration of a public building or palace, showcasing the wealth and power of the sultan. -The tile also demonstrates the influence of Chinese ceramics on Iranian art, as evidenced by the use of cobalt blue pigment and the stylized floral motifs in the background. -This exchange of artistic influences between China and Iran is an important aspect of the Silk Road trade network that connected these two regions during the medieval period.

Copper-alloy ewer inlaid with silver

-1223 -The Copper-alloy ewer inlaid with silver is an Islamic metalwork from Iran, dating back to the 13th century. -The ewer has an elongated spout, a curving handle, and a spherical body decorated with intricate floral and arabesque patterns. -The most remarkable feature of the ewer is the inlaid silver decoration, which covers almost the entire surface of the object. The inlay technique involves carving the design into the metal surface, then hammering silver wire or foil into the grooves, creating a raised relief effect. -The decoration consists of scrolling vines, interlaced geometrical motifs, and epigraphic inscriptions, all executed in a very fine and delicate style. -The ewer is an excellent example of the high level of technical and artistic mastery achieved by Islamic metalworkers in the medieval period. The use of precious metals like silver and the intricate inlay technique demonstrate the value and luxury associated with such objects. -The ewer is also an interesting example of the cross-cultural influences and exchanges that occurred in the Islamic world, as the design shows influences from Chinese and Central Asian artistic traditions.

Meydan Mosque mihrab

-1226 -The Meydan Mosque mihrab is a decorated prayer niche located in the Meydan Mosque in Kashan, Iran. The mosque was built during the Seljuk period in the 12th century CE. -The mihrab is made of glazed tilework and stucco, and features intricate geometric patterns, calligraphy, and vegetal motifs. -The colors used include blue, turquoise, and white, which are typical of the Seljuk period. -The mihrab's central panel is inscribed with a date of construction, corresponding to 1121-1122 CE, which makes it one of the earliest surviving examples of Seljuk tilework in Iran. -The decoration of the mihrab is notable for its use of two-dimensional patterns that create an illusion of depth, a technique known as "muqarnas." This was a common feature of Seljuk architecture and decorative arts. -The Seljuk period was a time of cultural and artistic flourishing in Iran and Central Asia, marked by the patronage of wealthy rulers and the development of new artistic techniques and styles. -The Meydan Mosque mihrab is an important example of this artistic heritage, and has been studied by scholars and admired by visitors for its beauty and historical significance.

Illustrated manuscript of al-Hariri's Maqamat

-1237 -The Maqamat is a collection of 50 stories written by the Arab poet al-Hariri in the 12th century CE. The stories are told in rhymed prose and revolve around a rogue named Abu Zayd as he travels through different cities in the Islamic world. -The illustrated manuscript of the Maqamat was created in Baghdad in the 13th century CE, during the height of the Islamic Golden Age. It is believed to have been commissioned by the Abbasid caliph al-Mustansir, who ruled from 1242 to 1246 CE. -The manuscript is notable for its exquisite calligraphy and intricate illustrations. The illustrations are done in a style that combines elements of both Islamic and Byzantine art, reflecting the cultural exchange that was occurring at the time between the Islamic world and the Byzantine Empire. -The illustrations depict scenes from the stories in the Maqamat, showing Abu Zayd in various situations and locations. The characters are dressed in the clothing of the time and the scenes are filled with intricate details that provide a glimpse into life in the Islamic world during the 13th century CE. -The manuscript is also significant for its role in the development of the Islamic book arts. It was highly influential in the Islamic world and inspired many subsequent illustrated manuscripts.

Arenberg Basin

-1239-1249

Ince Minareli Madrasa

-1258 -Architecture -Figural sculpture from the Konya Citadel (13th century) -The Ince Minareli Madrasa is a 13th-century Islamic educational institution located in Konya, Turkey. It was built in 1260 by the Seljuk vizier Sahip Ata Fahreddin Ali. -The madrasa is notable for its unique minaret, which is covered in turquoise tiles and features an unusual fluted shape with a narrow base and wide top. -The top of the minaret was damaged in an earthquake in the 19th century and was later restored. -The madrasa itself is built in the Seljuk architectural style and features a large central courtyard surrounded by small rooms for students and teachers. -The courtyard has a fountain in the center and is decorated with intricate tilework and calligraphy. -The main entrance to the madrasa is also decorated with intricate tilework and calligraphy, as well as geometric patterns and floral motifs. The entrance leads to a small vestibule and then to the courtyard. -The Ince Minareli Madrasa is one of the best-preserved examples of Seljuk architecture in Turkey, and it is also an important site for the study of Islamic history and education. It has been restored and renovated several times over the centuries, most recently in the 20th century.

Know the basic historical context of mina'i ware ceramics: where and when theyoriginated and their general historical context: status, artistry, themes depicted,multicultural influences

-12th century

Qubba al-Burudiyin

-12th century -The Qubba al-Burudiyin is a small domed structure located in the Bab al-Barid neighborhood of Fez, Morocco. It was built in the 14th century by the Marinid dynasty, a Berber Muslim dynasty that ruled over Morocco from the 13th to the 15th century. -The structure is a rare example of Marinid architecture and features intricate decorative elements such as carved stucco, zellige tilework, and painted wood. It is particularly notable for its distinctive horseshoe arches, a hallmark of Islamic architecture in the region. -The Qubba al-Burudiyin was originally built as a funerary monument, and is believed to have served as the tomb of a wealthy merchant or member of the Marinid royal family. -Over the centuries, the structure fell into disrepair and was used for a variety of purposes, including as a stable and a laundry. In the early 20th century, it was restored and is now open to the public as a museum and cultural center. -The Qubba al-Burudiyin is an important cultural and historical landmark in Fez, reflecting the rich architectural and artistic heritage of the region. Its preservation and restoration serve as a testament to the enduring significance of Islamic art and architecture in Morocco and beyond.

Brass and silver inlay canteen with Christian imagery

-13th century -The Brass and silver inlay canteen is a decorative container made of brass and silver, and is decorated with Christian imagery, such as crosses and saints. It was likely used for storing or carrying liquids such as water or wine. -The canteen was likely created in the 18th or 19th century, during a time when Christian imagery was commonly used in decorative art and objects. -The use of brass and silver inlay was a popular decorative technique during this time, and was often used to create intricate patterns and designs on a variety of objects. -The canteen may have been created in a European country such as Spain, Portugal, or Italy, where Christianity was a dominant religion and where the technique of brass and silver inlay was commonly used. -The canteen may have been used for religious purposes, such as during a pilgrimage or other religious ceremony, or may have simply been a decorative object used to display one's faith and wealth. -The use of Christian imagery on the canteen reflects the importance of religion in everyday life during this time, and the desire to display one's faith in a visible and tangible way.

Illuminated manuscripts of Kalila wa-Dimna

-13th-14th century -The Kalila wa-Dimna is a collection of animal fables that originated in ancient India, and were later translated into Arabic and Persian during the Islamic Golden Age. -The illuminated manuscripts of Kalila wa-Dimna are beautifully illustrated versions of the fables, which were popular throughout the Islamic world from the 13th century onwards. -The manuscripts feature intricate and colorful illustrations of animals and other figures, often accompanied by calligraphic script and borders. -The illuminations often depict scenes from the fables, such as animals engaged in conversation or in various activities, with human-like qualities and personalities. -The manuscripts also often include text in both Arabic and Persian, highlighting the cultural and linguistic diversity of the Islamic world during this time period. -The illuminations were produced by skilled artists and calligraphers, often commissioned by wealthy patrons, and represent a high point in Islamic book art and manuscript illumination.

Córdoba Stag

-2 nd half of the 10 th century -The Córdoba Stag is a bronze sculpture of a deer, made during the 10th century in Muslim Spain, during the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba. -The sculpture is notable for its intricate detail, fluid lines, and naturalistic style, showcasing the mastery of Islamic metalwork and casting techniques. -The Córdoba Stag was likely used as a decorative object or a symbolic element in a larger ensemble, reflecting the aesthetic preferences and cultural values of the Umayyad court in Spain. -The sculpture reflects the multiculturalism and diversity of Islamic art and design, incorporating influences from different artistic traditions and regions, such as Iran, Central Asia, and the Byzantine Empire. -The Córdoba Stag is a unique and significant example of Islamic metalwork, and is now in the collection of the National Archaeological Museum of Madrid.

House of Muhammad at Medina

-622 -Medina, Saudi Arabia -The House of Muhammad was a simple structure made of mud bricks, palm leaves, and wooden beams, located in Medina, Saudi Arabia, where the Prophet Muhammad lived with his family and companions after he migrated from Mecca in 622 AD. -The architecture of the House of Muhammad was influenced by the traditional Arab Bedouin tents, which were made of similar materials and had a similar layout, consisting of several rooms around a central courtyard. -The House of Muhammad was not only a residence but also served as a center for religious and social activities, including prayers, meetings, and teaching sessions. -The House of Muhammad's design reflects the Islamic principles of simplicity, humility, and community, emphasizing the importance of communal living and social interaction. -The House of Muhammad played a significant role in the development of Islamic architecture, influencing the design of mosques, palaces, and other public buildings throughout the Islamic world, particularly in the Middle East and North Africa.

Frontispiece of a Quran manuscript from the Great Mosque of Sana'a

-691-743 -Yemen -The Frontispiece of a Quran manuscript from the Great Mosque of Sana'a is a 12th-century illuminated page that serves as the opening of a Quran manuscript. -It is notable for its intricate and elaborate decoration, which features a central medallion with a depiction of the Prophet Muhammad surrounded by floral motifs, geometric patterns, and calligraphic inscriptions. -The manuscript is believed to have been produced in the city of Sana'a in Yemen, which was a center of Islamic scholarship and culture during the medieval period. -The decoration of the Frontispiece reflects the influence of different artistic traditions, such as Persian, Central Asian, and Arab, and represents the development and refinement of Islamic book arts, particularly in the field of illumination and calligraphy. -The manuscript is also significant for its historical context, as it provides insights into the intellectual and artistic achievements of the Islamic world during the medieval period, and reflects the importance of the Quran as a central text and source of inspiration for Islamic art and culture.

Great Mosque at Damascus

-706-715 -Demascus, Syria -The Great Mosque of Damascus is one of the oldest and most significant Islamic architectural landmarks, located in Damascus, Syria, and built in the early 8th century under the Umayyad Caliphate. -The mosque was built on the site of a former Roman temple, incorporating some of its columns and arches into the new structure, as well as elements of Byzantine and Persian architecture. -The mosque has undergone several renovations and expansions over the centuries, including the addition of a large courtyard surrounded by arcades, a minaret, and a dome over the prayer hall. -The Great Mosque of Damascus is renowned for its intricate mosaics, marble panels, and calligraphic inscriptions, which reflect the richness and diversity of Islamic art and culture. -The Great Mosque of Damascus has played a significant role in Islamic history, serving as a center for religious, educational, and political activities, as well as a site of cultural exchange and intellectual discourse.

City plan of Baghdad & Mosque of Baghdad

-762 -Iraq -The city plan of Baghdad was designed during the 8th century by the Abbasid Caliph al-Mansur, who wanted to create a new capital for the Islamic empire that would reflect his vision of a perfect city. -The plan featured a circular layout, with two main streets intersecting at the center, and a series of radial streets leading to the outskirts, creating a system of neighborhoods and markets. -The plan was accompanied by the construction of several public works, such as bridges, canals, and reservoirs, that ensured the water supply and transportation of goods and people throughout the city. -The Mosque of Baghdad was built in the center of the city, adjacent to the Caliph's palace, and was one of the largest and most impressive mosques of its time, with a capacity of over 30,000 worshippers. -The mosque featured a hypostyle prayer hall, with rows of columns and arches, and a large dome over the mihrab, decorated with intricate mosaics and calligraphy, showcasing the innovation and refinement of Islamic architecture and decoration. -The city plan of Baghdad and the Mosque of Baghdad reflected the cultural and political aspirations of the Abbasid Caliphate, which sought to establish a new era of Islamic civilization that combined the heritage of the past with the innovations of the present, and created a sense of unity and harmony among the diverse peoples and cultures of the empire.

Great Mosque of Córdoba

-784-786 -Cordoba Spain -The Great Mosque of Córdoba is one of the most significant Islamic architectural landmarks in Spain, built during the 8th and 9th centuries during the Umayyad Caliphate. -The mosque is renowned for its unique architectural style, featuring a large hypostyle prayer hall with hundreds of horseshoe arches, a forest of columns, and a striking mihrab (prayer niche) decorated with mosaics, marble, and gold leaf. -The mosque underwent several expansions and renovations over the centuries, adding new courtyards, minarets, and other decorative elements, reflecting the changing tastes and influences of different ruling dynasties. -The mosque was converted into a Christian cathedral in the 13th century, following the Reconquista of Spain by the Catholic monarchs, who added a Renaissance-style nave and altar, and removed some of the Islamic decorations. -The Great Mosque of Córdoba is a symbol of the multicultural heritage of Spain, representing the coexistence and mutual influence of different cultures and religions throughout history. It continues to be a major tourist attraction and a site of spiritual significance for both Muslims and Christians.

Copper-alloy pouring vessel in the shape of a bird of prey

-796-797 -Abbasids -The Copper-alloy pouring vessel in the shape of a bird of prey is a remarkable example of Islamic metalwork that dates back to the 13th century, during the Seljuk period. -The vessel is cast in the form of a bird of prey, with intricate details and naturalistic features that are characteristic of Seljuk metalwork. It was likely used as a pouring vessel for wine or other liquids. -The vessel's decoration features an inscription in Kufic script, which includes the name of the patron who commissioned the work and the name of the artist who produced it. This provides important historical and cultural information about the work and its context. -The vessel is significant for its artistic and technical excellence, as well as its historical and cultural context. It represents the development and refinement of Islamic metalworking techniques, and reflects the importance of luxury objects in the Islamic world. -It is also significant for its association with the Seljuk period, which was a time of great artistic and cultural achievement in the Islamic world, and reflects the importance of patronage and artistic exchange in the development of Islamic art and culture.

Jawsaq al-Khaqani Palace

-836 -Samarra, Iraq -Jawsaq al-Khaqani Palace is a 17th-century palace located in Isfahan, Iran, built during the Safavid period, which was a time of great artistic and architectural achievement in Iran. The palace is characterized by its impressive size and grandeur, with two large courtyards, an expansive garden, and ornate decoration that features intricate tilework, carved stucco, and painted ceilings. -The palace was built as a royal residence for Shah Abbas II, who used it for public ceremonies and diplomatic receptions, showcasing the wealth and power of the Safavid dynasty. The palace's design and decoration reflect the influence of different artistic traditions, such as Persian, Timurid, and European, and represent the synthesis of these traditions into a unique style that is characteristic of Safavid architecture and decoration. -The palace is significant for its historical and cultural context, as it provides insights into the political and cultural achievements of the Safavid period, and reflects the importance of architecture and art as expressions of power and identity in the Islamic world.

Great Mosque of Samarra & Malwiya Minaret

-847-861 -Samarra, Iraq -The Great Mosque of Samarra is one of the largest and most important mosques in the Islamic world, and was built in the 9th century during the Abbasid period. The mosque is notable for its impressive size and unique architectural features, such as its hypostyle hall and spiral minaret known as the Malwiya. -The hypostyle hall is a large rectangular space with rows of columns and arches, which was used for communal prayer and religious gatherings. It is one of the largest examples of this type of architecture in the Islamic world, and is notable for its grandeur and scale. -The Malwiya minaret is a spiral tower that rises over 50 meters high, and is believed to have been used for the call to prayer. It is a unique and impressive architectural feature that has become an icon of Islamic architecture. -The Great Mosque of Samarra and its minaret are significant for their historical and cultural context, as they represent the architectural and artistic achievements of the Abbasid period, a time of great cultural and scientific flourishing in the Islamic world. -They are also significant for their influence on later Islamic architecture, as their unique design and construction techniques have been replicated in other mosques and buildings throughout the Islamic world.

Mausoleum of Ismail Samani

-892-943 -Bukhara, Uzbekistan -The Mausoleum of Ismail Samani is a significant example of early Islamic architecture, located in Bukhara, Uzbekistan. It was constructed in the 10th century during the Samanid dynasty. -The mausoleum is a small, cube-shaped building, made of baked bricks with intricate geometric patterns covering its exterior. It has a low-profile dome with a unique design that is an early example of the use of brick in the construction of domes. -The interior of the mausoleum is simple and austere, with an octagonal space and a small domed ceiling. It is believed to have been used for burial, and was built as a tribute to the Samanid ruler, Ismail Samani. -The Mausoleum of Ismail Samani is significant for its historical and cultural context, as it represents the artistic and architectural achievements of the Samanid period. It is considered to be one of the most significant examples of early Islamic architecture in Central Asia. -It is also significant for its influence on later Islamic architecture, as its use of intricate geometric patterns and brick construction techniques were replicated in other buildings throughout the Islamic world.

Khirbat al-Mafjar

-8th Century -Khirbat al-Mafjar is an early Islamic archaeological site located in Jericho, Palestine, dating back to the 8th century AD during the Umayyad period. -The site includes the ruins of a palace complex, a mosque, a bathhouse, a hippodrome, and other structures, decorated with elaborate mosaics, frescoes, and stucco reliefs. -The architecture of Khirbat al-Mafjar is a blend of Hellenistic, Roman, and Persian influences, reflecting the cultural and artistic diversity of the Umayyad Caliphate. -The palace complex of Khirbat al-Mafjar was built for Walid ibn Yazid, a Umayyad prince who enjoyed a lavish lifestyle, and served as a center for leisure, entertainment, and political activities. -Khirbat al-Mafjar is a significant archaeological and historical site, providing insights into the social, cultural, and political aspects of early Islamic civilization, and highlighting the artistic and architectural achievements of the Umayyad dynasty.

Qasr Amra

-8th Century -Jordan -Qasr Amra is an early Islamic castle located in present-day Jordan, built in the early 8th century during the Umayyad period. -The castle is known for its well-preserved frescoes and stucco reliefs depicting hunting scenes, mythological figures, and astrological symbols, as well as inscriptions in Greek and Arabic. -The architecture of Qasr Amra combines defensive elements, such as thick walls and watchtowers, with luxurious amenities, such as a bathhouse, a reception hall, and private chambers. -Qasr Amra served as a hunting lodge, a caravan station, and a center for political and social activities, frequented by Umayyad rulers and their entourage.

Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi (West)

-8th Century -Syria -Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi is a desert palace located in central Syria, built in the 8th century during the Umayyad Caliphate. -The palace complex includes a fortified castle, a residential palace, a mosque, and other administrative and residential buildings, surrounded by walls and towers. -The architecture of Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi reflects the Umayyad style, characterized by the use of local materials such as limestone, mud brick, and wood, as well as the integration of Persian and Byzantine influences in the decorative elements and motifs. -Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi served as a center for regional administration, trade, and agriculture, controlling the surrounding oasis and caravan routes, and facilitating the exchange of goods and ideas between the Arab and Persian worlds. -Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi is an important archaeological site and a testimony to the sophistication and creativity of Islamic architects and builders, as well as a reminder of the region's historical and cultural heritage.

Wooden panels from the Aqsa Mosque at Jerusalem

-8th century -Jerusalem -The Wooden Panels from the Aqsa Mosque at Jerusalem are a collection of intricately carved and painted wooden panels that were once part of the interior decoration of the mosque. They date back to the 14th century and are notable for their intricate decoration, which features arabesques, calligraphic inscriptions, and vegetal motifs, all executed with great precision and skill. -The panels are believed to have been produced by Syrian craftsmen and were likely commissioned by the Mamluk rulers of Jerusalem, who were patrons of the arts and culture during the medieval period. -The panels are significant for their historical and cultural context, as they represent the development and refinement of Islamic woodwork and carving techniques, and reflect the importance of art and decoration in Islamic religious spaces. -They are also significant for their association with the Aqsa Mosque, which is one of the most important sites in Islam and a symbol of the historical and cultural heritage of Jerusalem.

Madinat al-Zahra

-936-940 -Cordoba Spain -Madinat al-Zahra is a large archaeological complex located near Córdoba, Spain, built during the 10th century as the royal city and palace complex of the Umayyad Caliphate of al-Andalus. -The complex covers an area of about 112 hectares and includes a palace, administrative buildings, a mosque, gardens, and residential quarters, featuring rich decoration with marble, stucco, and ceramic tiles. -The architecture of Madinat al-Zahra combines Islamic, Roman, and Byzantine influences, showcasing the sophistication and innovation of Islamic architecture and engineering during the medieval period. -The city was designed to be a showcase of the wealth, power, and cultural achievements of the Umayyad Caliphate, reflecting the cosmopolitanism and diversity of the society. -Madinat al-Zahra was destroyed in the 11th century, during the civil wars that followed the collapse of the Umayyad Caliphate, but its ruins have been excavated and restored in recent years, providing insights into the artistic, architectural, and historical aspects of Islamic civilization in Spain.

Ivory Pyxis of al-Mughira

-968 -Probably made in the Madinat al-Zahra workshops in Cordoba Spain -The Ivory Pyxis of al-Mughira is a small, intricately carved ivory box made during the 10th century in Muslim Spain, during the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba. -The box is decorated with scenes of hunting, courtly life, and Islamic calligraphy, using fine carving techniques and delicate details, showcasing the sophistication and refinement of Islamic art and craftsmanship. -The box was commissioned by al-Mughira, the son of the Umayyad Caliph, and was likely used to store personal items or as a gift to an important person. -The box reflects the luxury, taste, and cultural aspirations of the Umayyad court in Spain, which patronized the arts and sciences, and encouraged the exchange of ideas and styles with other cultures. -The Ivory Pyxis of al-Mughira is a valuable example of Islamic art and design, and is now in the collection of the Louvre Museum in Paris.

Azhar Mosque at Cairo

-969-973 -The Azhar Mosque is one of the oldest and most prestigious mosques in the Islamic world, founded in 970 CE by the Fatimid dynasty, who ruled over much of North Africa and parts of the Middle East at the time. -The mosque was built on the site of a Shia shrine, but the Fatimids, who were Sunni Muslims, transformed it into a center of Sunni learning and scholarship. They named it "Al-Azhar," which means "the splendid" in Arabic, and it quickly became known as a leading institution for Islamic education. -Over the centuries, the mosque has undergone numerous renovations and expansions, with the most significant changes occurring during the Mamluk and Ottoman periods. These renovations included the addition of new buildings, such as madrasas (schools), libraries, and other structures, which helped to make the Azhar Mosque a hub of intellectual activity and scholarship. -The mosque has played an important role in shaping Islamic intellectual history. It has been a center for the study of Islamic law (fiqh), Quranic interpretation (tafsir), Hadith (the sayings of the Prophet Muhammad), and other branches of Islamic knowledge. It has also served as a platform for scholars to debate and discuss theological and philosophical ideas. -Today, the Azhar Mosque remains a vital institution for Islamic learning and scholarship. It is also an important cultural and political symbol in Egypt and the wider Islamic world, and has been the site of many political and social movements throughout its history.

Rock-crystal ewer of Caliph al-'Aziz

-975-996 -The Rock-crystal ewer is a stunning piece of Islamic art made during the Fatimid dynasty, which ruled over Egypt and parts of North Africa and the Middle East from 909 to 1171 CE. -The ewer was commissioned by Caliph al-'Aziz, who ruled from 975 to 996 CE. Al-'Aziz was a patron of the arts and oversaw a period of great cultural flourishing in Egypt. -The ewer is made of rock crystal, a translucent mineral that was highly prized in the Islamic world for its beauty and rarity. It is decorated with intricate carvings of animals, foliage, and inscriptions in Arabic. -The ewer likely served both a practical and symbolic function, perhaps as a vessel for serving drinks at court or as a gift to a high-ranking official or ally. -The Fatimid dynasty was known for its support of the arts, architecture, and intellectual pursuits. The period of al-'Aziz's rule was marked by the construction of numerous impressive buildings, including the Al-Azhar Mosque in Cairo, which is still one of the most important centers of Islamic learning in the world. -The Fatimids were also known for their Shi'a Muslim beliefs, which set them apart from the Sunni majority in the Islamic world. They established a highly centralized and hierarchical system of government, with the caliph at the top of the pyramid.

Basic understanding of aniconic and figural themes on Nishapur glazeware, includingthe sancai technique

-9th - 11th century

Falconer

-9th-10th century

Painted Dado

-9th-10th century

Paintings of women

-9th-10th century

Muqarnas tiles

-9th-10th century -Abbasid empire -Muqarnas tiles are a type of decorative element found in Islamic architecture, particularly in the form of ceiling decorations and vaults. They are characterized by a complex geometric pattern of interlocking prismatic shapes. -The earliest known examples of muqarnas tiles date back to the 10th century in Iran, and they became a prominent decorative element in Islamic architecture throughout the medieval period. -The tiles were typically made of materials such as glazed ceramic, stucco, or wood, and were arranged in a layered formation to create a three-dimensional effect. -Muqarnas tiles were used to create ornate and visually stunning interiors in Islamic architecture, and were often used in conjunction with other decorative elements such as calligraphy, arabesque motifs, and colored tiles. -The use of muqarnas tiles in Islamic architecture is significant for its contributions to the development of Islamic art and architecture, and its influence can be seen in various forms throughout the Islamic world, from Spain to India.

Shroud of St. Josse

-Before 961 -It is believed to have been used to wrap the body of St. Josse, a Breton saint who lived in the 7th century and whose relics were venerated by the Benedictine Abbey of St. Josse-sur-Mer in Normandy. -The embroidery on the shroud depicts scenes from the life of Christ, including his baptism, crucifixion, and resurrection, as well as images of angels and saints. -The Shroud of St. Josse is significant for its historical and artistic value, providing insight into the religious beliefs and practices of medieval Europe, as well as the highly skilled techniques used in medieval textile production.

Mosaics of the Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem

-Early 11th century -The Mosaics of the Aqsa Mosque are a collection of intricate and beautiful mosaics that cover the walls and ceilings of the mosque, which is located on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem. -The mosque was built in the 7th century CE, shortly after the Islamic conquest of Jerusalem, and has undergone many renovations and additions over the centuries. The mosaics were added during several different periods of Islamic rule, including the Umayyad, Abbasid, Fatimid, and Mamluk dynasties. -The mosaics depict a wide range of subjects, including geometric patterns, floral motifs, calligraphy, and scenes from Islamic history and mythology. Many of the mosaics are inscribed with religious texts and verses from the Quran. -The Aqsa Mosque is considered one of the holiest sites in Islam, and its mosaics are an important example of Islamic art and architecture. They reflect the influence of various artistic traditions, including Byzantine, Persian, and Roman styles. -The mosaics also provide insight into the cultural and religious history of Jerusalem, which has been a site of conflict and contestation for many centuries. The Aqsa Mosque is located on the Temple Mount, which is a site of great significance for Jews, Christians, and Muslims, and has been the focus of many conflicts throughout history.

Frontispiece of a seated ruler from Kitab al-Aghani

-Early 13th century -The Frontispiece of a seated ruler from Kitab al-Aghani is an illuminated page from a medieval Arabic text called "The Book of Songs" (Kitab al-Aghani) that was compiled by the 10th-century scholar Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani. -The manuscript is believed to have been created in Baghdad in the 13th century during the Abbasid Caliphate. -The frontispiece depicts a seated ruler, likely a caliph, surrounded by courtiers and attendants, and is an example of the genre of Islamic royal portraiture. -The composition is highly stylized and features intricate geometric patterns, floral motifs, and calligraphic inscriptions. -The page was likely intended to serve as a visual representation of the power and prestige of the Abbasid Caliphate and its rulers, as well as to illustrate the courtly culture and refinement of the time. -The use of gold leaf and vibrant colors in the illumination is a hallmark of the luxury arts in the Islamic world, and reflects the high status of the patron who commissioned the manuscript.

Dish with Battle Scenes

-Early 13th century -The dish is a fine example of Persian metalwork and dates back to the 12th century during the Seljuk period in Iran. -It is made of brass with intricate engraved designs depicting battle scenes from Persian epic poems, possibly the Shahnama. -The dish reflects the artistic and cultural influences of the Seljuk period, which was characterized by the flourishing of Persian literature, art, and architecture. -The use of brass for making decorative and utilitarian objects was common during this period, and it was often combined with other materials like silver and gold for embellishment. -The dish was likely used as a decorative item in affluent households or may have been commissioned as a gift or tribute for rulers and dignitaries.

Sasanian-style silver bowl with an enthroned ruler

-Late 10th or early 11th century -The Sasanian-style silver bowl with an enthroned ruler is a highly ornate and detailed object, believed to have been created in the late 6th or early 7th century CE. -It depicts a ruler sitting on a throne, surrounded by attendants, while a group of courtiers pay homage to him. -The bowl reflects the influence of both the Sasanian and Byzantine empires, with its intricate decoration featuring figures in Byzantine-style clothing and Sasanian-style ornamentation. -It is believed to have been made in Central Asia, possibly in the region of Bukhara, during a time when the Sasanian and Byzantine empires were in decline and Central Asia was emerging as a cultural and economic hub. -The Sasanian-style silver bowl is significant for its historical and artistic value, providing insight into the cultural exchange and artistic influences of the time period, as well as the highly skilled metalworking techniques used in its creation.

Beaker with Scenes from the Shahnama

-Late 12th century -The Beaker with Scenes from the Shahnama is a ceramic vessel made in Iran in the 12th century AD. -It is decorated with intricate and detailed scenes from the Shahnama, a Persian epic poem that tells the history of Iran and its kings from the creation of the world to the Islamic conquest. -The scenes on the beaker depict stories of the legendary king Jamshid, the battles of the hero Rustam, and the romantic tale of Bahram Gur and the princess of India. -The beaker is a testament to the high level of artistic and technical skill of Iranian potters during the Seljuk period. -It also reflects the enduring popularity and cultural significance of the Shahnama in Persian literature and art.

Abu Zayd al-Kashani, Bowl with figures in a garden

-Late 12th century -The bowl was created during the 17th century in Isfahan, which was at the time the capital of the Safavid Empire in Persia. It is made of a high-quality fritware body and is painted in cobalt blue under a transparent glaze. -The decoration of the bowl features a scene of figures in a lush garden, with trees, flowers, and birds in the background. The figures are dressed in traditional Persian clothing and are engaged in various activities, such as playing music, dancing, and conversing. -The use of cobalt blue and the subject matter of the garden scene are characteristic of Persian ceramics of the time, which were highly valued for their beauty and technical skill. -The bowl bears the signature of the renowned artist Abu Zayd al-Kashani, who is considered one of the greatest ceramicists of the Safavid period. -The bowl is an excellent example of the decorative arts of the Safavid Empire and reflects the influence of Persian art and culture on the ceramics of the time.

3 Samarra Styles

-Style A: vine-leave ornament bearing resemblance to the Hellenistic, naturalizing origin -Style B: vegetal ornament with some abstraction such as no stalks from which the leaves grow -Style C: moulded pattern, very abstract with a combination of vegetal and geometric motifs. Patterns are normally inscribed within borders

Dome of the Rock

-The Dome of the Rock is an Islamic shrine located in Jerusalem, built between 685 and 691 AD under the patronage of the Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik. -The Dome of the Rock is a masterpiece of Islamic architecture, featuring a central octagonal structure covered with a dome, surrounded by an ambulatory with colonnades and arcades decorated with intricate mosaics, marble panels, and inscriptions from the Quran. -The Dome of the Rock has religious significance for both Muslims and Jews, as it is believed to be the site where Abraham offered to sacrifice his son Isaac in Judaism, and where the Prophet Muhammad ascended to heaven on his Night Journey in Islam. -The Dome of the Rock is considered a symbol of Islamic power and cultural achievement, as well as a testament to the skill and creativity of medieval Islamic architects and craftsmen. -The Dome of the Rock has undergone several restorations and renovations over the centuries, reflecting the changing political and religious dynamics of the region, and continues to be a major pilgrimage site and tourist attraction.

Blue Quran

-late-9th -mid-10th century -The Blue Quran is a 9th century Quranic manuscript that is notable for its distinctive blue parchment pages. It is believed to have been produced in North Africa or the Middle East. -The manuscript contains 30 juz' or sections of the Quran, and is written in Kufic script, one of the oldest forms of Arabic calligraphy. -The blue color of the parchment is achieved through a process called staining, in which the parchment is treated with a solution of indigo dye. -The manuscript features decorative gold leaf accents, including gold dots between verses and gold bands outlining the text. -The Blue Quran is considered one of the most important examples of early Islamic bookmaking, and is a testament to the high level of craftsmanship and artistry that was present in the early Islamic world.

Cappella Palatina in Palermo (muqarnas ceiling)

-mid 12th century -The Cappella Palatina is a chapel located in the Palazzo dei Normanni in Palermo, Sicily. It was built in the 12th century CE during the Norman conquest of Sicily and was used as a private chapel by the Norman kings. -The chapel is renowned for its elaborate decoration, which includes intricate mosaics, marble carvings, and a spectacular muqarnas ceiling. -Muqarnas is a type of ornamental vaulting that is commonly used in Islamic architecture. It is made up of small, geometrically-shaped niches that are arranged in a complex, interlocking pattern. -The muqarnas ceiling of the Cappella Palatina is one of the most impressive examples of this type of decoration in the world. It features a complex, three-dimensional pattern of niches and arches that creates the illusion of a floating, geometric canopy overhead. -The chapel reflects the multicultural history of Sicily, which was ruled by a succession of different peoples, including the Normans, Arabs, and Byzantines. The decoration of the chapel combines elements from all of these cultures, creating a unique blend of styles and influences.