Midterm 1 Practice Questions [PRACTICE QUIZ CHAP. 6]

1 meter = _____ centimeters. 1) 100 2) 1,000,000,000 3) 1,000 4) 1,000,000,000,000 5) 1,000,000

1

The cilia and flagella of eukaryotic cells are composed of _____. 1) microtubules 2) intermediate filaments 3) microfilaments 4) pili 5) tonofilaments

1

7 life processes

Movement Respiration Sensitivity Nutrition Excretion Reproduction Growth

A researcher made an interesting observation about a protein made by the rough endoplasmic reticulum and eventually used to build a cell's plasma membrane. The protein in the plasma membrane was actually slightly different from the protein made in the ER. The protein was probably altered in the _____. 1) Golgi apparatus 2) smooth endoplasmic reticulum 3) plasma membrane 4) transport vesicles 5) rough endoplasmic reticulum

1

Cell fractionation _____. 1) results in the disruption of the cells and their organelles 2) requires the use of a scanning electron microscope 3) uses strong acids to break apart cells 4) is no longer used in modern cell biology 5) none of the above

1

Cyanide binds with at least one molecule involved in producing ATP. If a cell is exposed to cyanide, most of the cyanide would be found within the 1) mitochondria. 2) ribosomes. 3) peroxisomes. 4) lysosomes. 5) endoplasmic reticulum.

1

If we used a light microscope to examine an active cell, involved in extensive protein production, we would expect that chromosomes would appear as _____. 1) a diffuse mass 2) very thin but dense bands 3) very thick, very light bands 4) very thick, very dense, and very dark bands 5) none of the above

1

What is the function of a bacterium's capsule? 1) protection 2) adhesion 3) protein synthesis 4) DNA storage 5) propulsion

1

The _____ is composed of DNA and protein. 1) mitochondrion 2) flagellum 3) centriole 4) chromatin 5) ribosome

4

The primary role of _____ is to bind animal cells together. 1) plasmodesmata 2) gap (communicating) junctions 3) the cytoskeleton 4) desmosomes 5) tight junctions

4

The walls of plant cells are largely composed of polysaccharides and proteins that are synthesized ____. 1) externally to the plasma membrane 2) in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum 3) in the Golgi apparatus 4) in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus 5) in the rough endoplasmic reticulum

4

Which of following structures are found in plant cells and animal cells? 1) cell walls 2) chloroplasts 3) central vacuoles 4) a cytoskeleton 5) none of the above

4

Which of the following are likely to limit the maximum size of a cell? 1) the time it takes a molecule to diffuse across a cell 2) the cell's surface-to-volume ratio 3) the shape of the cell 4) All of the choices are correct. 5) None of the choices are correct.

4

Which of the following statements correctly describes a common characteristic of a plant cell wall and an animal cell extracellular matrix? 1) Both are permeable to water and small solutes. 2) Both are synthesized in the ER and Golgi apparatus. 3) Both are composed primarily of carbohydrates. 4) The first two answers are correct. 5) The first three answers are correct.

4

Which one of the following statements about chloroplasts and mitochondria is true? 1) Mitochondria but not chloroplasts contain a small amount of DNA. 2) Chloroplasts and mitochondria are components of the endomembrane system. 3) Chloroplasts and mitochondria are composed of two separate membranes. 4) Chloroplasts and mitochondria synthesize some of their own proteins. 5) all of the above

4

An ion dissolved in water is surrounded by a shell of water in which all of the water molecules orient their hydrogen atoms toward the ion; therefore, the ion is an anion. A) true B) false

A) true

What is the functional connection between the nucleolus, nuclear pores, and the nuclear membrane? 1) Subunits of ribosomes are assembled in the nucleolus and pass through the nuclear membrane via the nuclear pores. 2) The nuclear pores are connections between the nuclear membrane and the endoplasmic reticulum that permit ribosomes to assemble on the surface of the ER. 3) The nucleolus contains messenger RNA (mRNA), which crosses the nuclear envelope through the nuclear pores. 4) Endoplasmic reticulum membrane is produced in the nucleolus and leaves the nucleus through the nuclear pores. 5) none of the above

1

Which of the following correctly compares the extracellular matrix (ECM) of animal cells to cell walls of plant cells? 1) Both the ECM and the plant cell wall are composed of varying mixtures of proteins and carbohydrates. 2) The structures that are external to the plasma membrane are essentially independent of the plasma membrane in both groups. 3) The ECM and plant cell walls completely cover the plasma membrane of their respective cells. 4) Both the ECM and plant cell walls provide rigid structures that determine the shape of their respective cells. 5) Cell walls and ECMs provide for tight contact between adjacent cells.

1

Which of the following is present in a prokaryotic cell? 1) mitochondrion 2) ribosome 3) nuclear envelope 4) chloroplast 5) ER

1

Which of the following is the simplest collection of matter that can live? 1) cell 2) tissue 3) organ 4) molecules 5) none of the above

1

Which of these cell junctions form a barrier to the passage of materials? 1) tight junctions 2) gap (communicating) junctions 3) desmosomes (anchoring junctions) 4) keratin fibers 5) plasmodesmata

1

Which organelle plays a role in intracellular digestion? 1) lysosome 2) ribosome 3) chloroplast 4) Golgi apparatus 5) plasmodesma

1

Which type of cell is most likely to have the most mitochondria? 1) muscle cells in the legs of a marathon runner 2) photosynthetic cells in the leaves of a tree 3) bacterial cells that are growing on sugars 4) inactive yeast cells that are stored for future use 5) non-dividing cells in the skin on your finger

1

_____ aid in the coordination of the activities of adjacent animal cells. 1) Gap (communicating) junctions 2) Tight junctions 3) Keratin fibers 4) Plasmodesmata 5) Desmosomes

1

Of the following organelles associated with the endomembrane system, which group is primarily involved in synthesizing molecules needed by the cell? 1) lysosome, vacuole, ribosome 2) ribosome, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum 3) vacuole, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum 4) smooth endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome, vacuole 5) rough endoplasmic reticulum, lysosome, vacuole

2

Ribosomal subunits are manufactured by the _____. 1) lysosome 2) nucleolus 3) peroxisome 4) rough endoplasmic reticulum 5) smooth endoplasmic reticulum

2

The observation that chloroplasts and mitochondria each contain their own DNA and synthesize some of the proteins that function in these organelles suggests that chloroplasts and mitochondria ______. 1) are produced by the nucleus of the cell 2) must divide each time the cell containing them divides 3) are part of the endomembrane system 4) are involved in energy metabolism of the cell 5) contain two or more membranes

2

Where is calcium stored? 1) mitochondria 2) smooth endoplasmic reticulum 3) centrioles 4) rough endoplasmic reticulum 5) microtubules

2

Where would you expect to find proteins involved with movement of structures within a cell? 1) muscles 2) cytoskeleton 3) transport vesicles moving from the ER to the Golgi 4) plasma membrane 5) ribosomes

2

Which of the following features do prokaryotes and eukaryotes have in common? 1) mitochondria, cytoplasm, plasma membrane 2) ribosomes, plasma membrane, cytoplasm 3) nucleus, plasma membrane, ribosomes 4) mitochondria, ribosomes, cytoplasm 5) ribosomes, nucleus, plasma membrane

2

Which of the following is (are) most likely to be involved in the process of producing proteins for a chloroplast or mitochondrion, neither of which is part of the endomembrane system? 1) transport vesicles 2) free cytoplasmic ribosomes 3) the Golgi apparatus 4) rough endoplasmic reticulum 5) smooth endoplasmic reticulum

2

Which of these are hollow rods that shape and support the cell? 1) plasma membrane 2) microtubules 3) chloroplasts 4) microfilaments 5) peroxisomes

2

Which one of the following organelles is unlikely to show enhanced abundance in the pancreatic cells that secrete large amounts of digestive enzymes? 1) rough endoplasmic reticulum 2) free cytoplasmic ribosomes 3) Golgi apparatus 4) transport vesicles 5) All of the above will increase in pancreatic cells secreting digestive enzymes.

2

Which structure is not part of the endomembrane system? 1) nuclear envelope 2) chloroplast 3) Golgi apparatus 4) plasma membrane 5) ER

2

You would expect a cell with an extensive Golgi apparatus to _____. 1) make a lot of ATP 2) secrete a lot of protein 3) move rapidly 4) perform photosynthesis 5) store large quantities of ions

2

A protein that ultimately functions in the plasma membrane of a cell is most likely to have been synthesized _____. 1) on ribosomes on the nuclear envelope 2) on free cytoplasmic ribosomes 3) in the rough endoplasmic reticulum 4) in the mitochondria 5) in the plasma membrane

3

Basal bodies are most closely associated with which one of the following cell components? 1) nucleus 2) mitochondria 3) cilia 4) the central vacuole 5) Golgi apparatus

3

Chloroplasts and mitochondria are thought to be of prokaryotic origin. One piece of evidence that supports this hypothesis is that these organelles contain prokaryotic-like ribosomes. These ribosomes are probably most similar to ribosomes found ______. 1) free in the cytoplasm of eukaryotes 2) on the rough ER 3) in bacterial cells 4) The first two answers are correct. 5) The first three answers are correct.

3

Consider a protein that is made in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. You observe that when the synthesis of the protein is completed, the protein is located in the ER membrane. Where else in the cell might this protein be found? 1) in the aqueous interior of a lysosome functioning as a digestive enzyme 2) in the cytoplasm, functioning as an enzyme in carbohydrate synthesis 3) embedded in the plasma membrane functioning in the transport of molecules into the cell 4) in the internal space of the Golgi apparatus, being modified before the protein is excreted 5) in a mitochondrion functioning in ATP synthesis

3

Consider two cells with the same volume but with very different surface areas due to differences in their shapes. The cell with the larger surface area is likely to _____. 1) have a very high metabolic rate 2) be buried deep in the interior of an organism 3) be involved in the rapid uptake of compounds from the cell's environment 4) be a prokaryotic cell 5) be nearly spherical in shape

3

In terms of cellular function, what is the most important difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? 1) Only eukaryotic cells can synthesize proteins but prokaryotic cells cannot. 2) Only eukaryotic cells have DNA. 3) Compartmentalization of the cytoplasm by membrane-bounded organelles only occurs in eukaryotic cells. 4) Eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane and prokaryotic cells do not. 5) Eukaryotic cells are larger than prokaryotic cells.

3

The average wavelength of visible light is about 550 nanometers (or 0.5 micrometers). Which of the following cellular structures is unlikely to be resolved with a light microscope? 1) the nucleus, which is typically about 5 micrometers in diameter 2) chromosomes in the nucleus during cell division 3) nuclear pore complexes (100 nanometers in diameter) on the nuclear membrane 4) a typical bacterial cell, which is between 0.5 and 2.0 micrometers in diameter 5) a typical eukaryotic cell, which is between 10 and 100 micrometers in diameter

3

Which cell would be best for studying lysosomes? 1) muscle cell 2) nerve cell 3) phagocytic white blood cell 4) leaf cell of a plant 5) bacterial cell

3

Which of the following categories best describes the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum? 1) breakdown of complex foods 2) energy processing 3) manufacturing 4) structural support of cells 5) information storage

3

Which of the following organelles lack membranes as part of their structure? 1) vacuoles 2) mitochondria 3) microfilaments 4) nucleus 5) All of the choices are surrounded by membranes.

3

Which of the following organelles might be found inside other organelles? 1) the nucleolus 2) mitochondria 3) ribosomes 4) transport vesicles 5) No organelles are found inside of other organelles.

3

Which of the following sequences represents the order in which a protein made in the rough endoplasmic reticulum might move through the endomembrane system? 1) lysosome; plasma membrane 2) Golgi apparatus; mitochondria 3) Golgi apparatus; vacuole 4) plasma membrane; nuclear envelope 5) nuclear envelope; lysosome

3

Which of the following structures is found in eukaryotic but not prokaryotic cells? 1) cytosol 2) plasma membrane 3) mitochondria 4) ribosomes 5) RNA

3

Which one of the following five membranes is most likely to have a lipid composition that is distinct from the other four? 1) endoplasmic reticulum 2) plasma membrane 3) mitochondrial outer membrane 4) lysosome membrane 5) Golgi apparatus

3

Which statement correctly characterizes bound ribosomes? 1) Bound ribosomes are enclosed in their own membrane. 2) Bound and free ribosomes are structurally different. 3) Bound ribosomes generally synthesize membrane proteins and secretory proteins. 4) The most common location for bound ribosomes is the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane. 5) All of the above.

3

Your intestine is lined with individual cells. No fluids leak between these cells from the gut into your body. Why? 1) The intestinal cells are fused together into one giant cell. 2) The intestinal cells are bound together by plasmodesmata. 3) The intestinal cells are bound together by tight junctions. 4) The intestinal cells are bound together by gap junctions. 5) The intestinal cells are bound together by the extracellular matrix.

3

A certain cell has ribosomes and DNA, and is surrounded by a membrane. But there are no mitochondria present. Based on this information, this cell is most likely _____. 1) a cell from a pine tree 2) a grasshopper cell 3) a yeast (fungus) cell 4) a bacterium 5) The description above could fit any of the cells listed in the answers.

4

Bacterial cells are prokaryotic; unlike a typical eukaryotic cell they _____. 1) lack chromosomes 2) have a smaller nucleus 3) lack a plasma membrane 4) have no membrane-bounded organelles in their cytoplasm 5) have no ribosomes

4

Cells of the pancreas will incorporate radioactively labeled amino acids into proteins. This "tagging" of newly synthesized proteins enables a researcher to track their location. In this case, we are tracking an enzyme secreted by pancreatic cells. What is its most likely pathway? 1) ER→Golgi→nucleus 2) Golgi→ER→lysosome 3) nucleus→ER→Golgi 4) ER→Golgi→vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane 5) ER→lysosomes→vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane

4

Dye injected into a plant cell might be able to enter an adjacent cell through _____. 1) a tight junction 2) a microtubule 3) a cell wall 4) plasmodesmata 5) a gap junction

4

In eukaryotic cells the first step in protein synthesis is the _____. 1) translation of an RNA nucleotide sequence into a sequence of amino acids 2) linking of nucleotides to form a polypeptide 3) translation of a DNA nucleotide sequence into a sequence of amino acids 4) transferring of information from DNA to messenger RNA 5) removal of introns from RNA and the stitching together of exons

4

The _____ is a selective barrier, regulating the passage of material into and out of the cell. 1) lysosome 2) nuclear envelope 3) chloroplast 4) plasma membrane 5) nucleus

4

Which statement about the cytoskeleton is true? 1) Intermediate filaments are hollow tubes of protein that provide structural support. 2) Microtubules are chains of proteins that resist stretching. 3) Microfilaments are more permanent structures in cells compared to intermediate filaments and microtubules. 4) Components of the cytoskeleton are often involved with movement of organelles within the cytoplasm. 5) Plant cells lack a cytoskeleton because they have a rigid cell wall.

4

Which structure is common to plant and animal cells? 1) chloroplast 2) wall made of cellulose 3) central vacuole 4) mitochondrion 5) centriole

4

A plant was grown in a test tube containing radioactive nucleotides, the molecules from which DNA is built. Later examination of dividing cells in the plant showed the majority of the radioactivity to be concentrated in the _____. 1) rough endoplasmic reticulum 2) lysosome 3) smooth endoplasmic reticulum 4) central vacuole 5) nucleus

5

A researcher wants to film the movement of chromosomes during cell division. Which type of microscope should he choose and why is it the best choice? 1) light microscope, because of its high resolving power 2) transmission electron microscope, because of its high magnifying power 3) scanning electron microscope, because of its ability to visualize the surface of subcellular objects. 4) transmission electron microscope, because of its high resolving power 5) light microscope, because the specimen is alive

5

A substance moving from outside the cell into the cytoplasm must pass through _____. 1) a microtubule 2) several different organelle membranes 3) a ribosome 4) the nucleus 5) the plasma membrane

5

Cilia and flagella move due to the interaction of the cytoskeleton with which of the following? 1) actin 2) pseudopodia 3) mitochondria 4) tubulin 5) motor proteins

5

Which of the following are possible sites of protein synthesis in a typical eukaryotic cell? 1) the cytoplasm 2) the rough endoplasmic reticulum 3) in mitochondria 4) The first two answers are correct. 5) The first three answers are correct.

5

Which of the following cellular processes or characteristics is/are related to the cytoskeleton? 1) transmission of information from the cell surface to the interior of the cell 2) movement of the chromosomes during cell division 3) movement of cilia or flagella 4) contraction of muscle cells 5) all of the above

5

Which of the following is a possible reason for grouping the peroxisomes with chloroplasts and mitochondria? 1) They are all involved in ATP synthesis. 2) They all contain two or more membranes. 3) They all contain DNA and make some of their own proteins. 4) They are all part of the plastid family of organelles. 5) None of these organelles are part of the endomembrane system.

5

Which of the following is/are true? 1) Mitochondria are involved in energy metabolism. 2) Mitochondria have more than one membrane. 3) Mitochondria contain DNA and ribosomes. 4) Mitochondria are independent of the endomembrane system. 5) all of the above

5

Which of these is involved in the manufacture of membrane? 1) smooth endoplasmic reticulum 2) ribosomes 3) Golgi apparatus 4) nucleolus 5) rough endoplasmic reticulum

5

Which of these organelles produces H2O2 as a by-product? 1) mitochondrion 2) nucleus 3) centrioles 4) flagellum 5) peroxisome

5

Which structure-function pair is mismatched? 1) nucleolus; production of ribosomal subunits 2) lysosome; intracellular digestion 3) ribosome; protein synthesis 4) Golgi; protein trafficking 5) microtubule; muscle contraction

5

_____ are surface appendages that allow a bacterium to stick to a surface. 1) Cell walls 2) Flagella 3) Ribosomes 4) Mitochondria 5) Pili

5

_____ are the sites of protein synthesis. 1) Mitochondria 2) Peroxisomes 3) Golgi apparatuses 4) Microfilaments 5) Ribosomes

5

_____ is/are identical in structure to centrioles. 1) Mitochondria 2) Nuclear envelopes 3) Chromatin 4) Microfilaments 5) Basal bodies

5

You go to your mechanic because your car is making funny sounds. You tell the mechanic that you have a maximum of $500 to spend and that you need it to work by tomorrow. Your mechanic starts to investigate and discovers that you could use a new part that costs $450 new. He also realizes that he has a spare, but functional replacement that he could sell you for $200. He figures that you'd appreciate a new part, because it might be more reliable. When you pick up your car, there is a bill for $700, part and service. Below is the Design Challenge rubric. What is the EARLIEST step in this sequence where the mechanic failed? A. Identify the problem(s) B. Determine criteria for successful solutions C. Identify and/or imagine possible solutions D. Evaluate the proposed solutions against the criteria for success E. Choose a solution

A. Identify the problem(s)

All of the following are parts of plant cells EXCEPT A. centrioles. B. mitochondria. C. chloroplasts. D. cell walls. E. vacuoles

A. centrioles.

Because lard is a solid at room temperature, much of its fatty acids are: A. long and saturated. B. short and saturated. C. long and unsaturated. D. short and unsaturated.

A. long and saturated

In ______ inhibition, another molecule is so close in shape to an enzyme's substrate that this molecule can compete with the true substrate for the active site of the enzyme. A) noncompetitive B) competitive C) reversible D) irreversible E) feedback

B) competitive

Coupling occurs when the energy released by an exergonic reaction is A) used to drive another exergonic reaction. B) used to drive an endergonic reaction. C) lost as nonusable heat to the environment. D) used to decrease the entropy of the universe. E) All of the choices are correct

B) used to drive an endergonic reaction.

The process of dissolving potassium hydroxide in water is exothermic (and spontaneous at room temperature. In contrast, the process of dissolving ammonium nitrate is endothermic and spontaneous at room temperature. Which of the following statements best explains this observation: A. While ΔH (potassium hydroxide/water) is positive, TΔS(ammonium nitrate/water) is larger. B. While ΔH (ammonium nitrate/water) is positive, TΔS (ammonium nitrate/water) is larger. C. While ΔH (ammonium nitrate/water) is negative, TΔS (ammonium nitrate/water) is larger. D. Dissolving ammonium nitrate is slower than dissolving potassium hydroxide. E. Dissolving ammonium nitrate is faster than dissolving potassium hydroxide.

B. While ΔH (ammonium nitrate/water) is positive, TΔS (ammonium nitrate/water) is larger.

You would expect a cell with an extensive Golgi apparatus to A. make a lot of ATP. B. secrete a lot of material. C. move actively. D. perform photosynthesis. E. store large quantities of food

B. secrete a lot of material.

Which of the following statements is NOT correct about enzymes? A. The active site on the enzyme may undergo a slight change in shape when the substrate binds B. Enzymes bind with their substrates in such a way that the reaction can occur more readily C. Enzymes can make a reaction occur that would not otherwise occur. D. Enzymes bring together particular molecules and cause them to react with one another E. All of the statements about enzymes in this question are correct

C. Enzymes can make a reaction occur that would not otherwise occur.

How might you manipulate a system to favor product formation in an endergonic reaction?

Couple it to an exergonic reaction, usually with an enzyme.

Which statement is true of the bonds in the water molecule? A) The bonds are ionic and no sharing of electrons occurs. B) Shared electrons spend more time around the hydrogen atoms. C) Shared electrons spend equal time around the oxygen and hydrogen atoms D) shared electrons spend more time around the oxygen atom

D) shared electrons spend more time around the oxygen atom

Exergonic reactions A. release energy. B. are spontaneous reactions. C. can be coupled to endergonic reactions. D. All statements are true.

D. All statements are true.

In 2013, researchers reported that they had engineered "living crystals". These "living crystals" were created synthetic (man-made) particles that when properly assembled can use light energy to drive a chemical reaction that in turn allows them to move and organize into ordered clumps! This process can be switched on and off with light - new ordered clumps can be made form particles that used to belong to other clumps. Are these "living crystals" alive? A. Yes. They carry out a primitive type of metabolism. B. Yes. The particles use energy from the environment to self organize. C. Yes. They can move, they self-organize, and draw energy from the environment. D. No. They aren't able to reproduce. E. No. Light energy is not a valid energy source for living beings.

D. No. They aren't able to reproduce.

Characteristics of living organisms include A. the ability to adapt to the environment. B. the ability to evolve over time. C. possessing mechanisms for regulating their internal environment. D. the ability to reproduce E. All of the choices pertain to living organisms

E. All of the choices pertain to living organisms

A highly electronegative atom X meets a weakly electronegative atom Y. What will probably happen? a. X will steal Y's electron. b. Y will steal X's electron. c. The two atoms will share an electron pair, but the electrons will spend more time with X. d. The two atoms will share an electron pair, but the electrons will spend more time with Y. e. Both A and C are possible. f. Both B and D are possible. g. All of the above are possible.

a. X will steal Y's electron

The optimum soil pH for growing strawberries is 6.5, whereas the optimum soil pH for growing blueberries is 4.5. Therefore, the number of hydrogen ions needed to grow strawberries is _______ than the number needed for blueberries. a. 2 times less b. 2 times greater c. 100 times less d. 100 times greater e. More information is needed to answer this question.

c. 100 times less