Midterm 2
The location of conscious thought processes and the organ of complex intellectual function is the
Cerebrum
Epinephrine and norepinephrine secreted by _________
Chromaffin Cells
A muscle that can close off a duct or passageway display a _________ type of fascicular arrangement.
Circular
The corpus callosum allows information to travel between cerebral hemispheres. Therefore the corpus callosum contains ____________ tracts.
Commissural
Which is the function of cranial nerve 1?
Conveys nerve impulses related to smell
All of the following are functions of the hypothalamus EXCEPT
Coordinates and fine-tunes muscular movement
Which of the following structures connects the right and left hemispheres of the brain?
Corpus Callosum
Muscle fiber types listed by rate of contraction from fastest to slowest are
Type IIb, Type IIa, Type I
Which of the following is/are targeted by hormones from the posterior pituitary?
Uterus and Kidneys
All of the following hormones are released by the adrenal glands (cortex and/or medulla) EXCEPT
Vasopressin
Which INCORRECTLY describes what happens during skeletal muscle contraction?
Z discs move farther away
Which region of the adrenal cortex synthesizes glucocorticoids (cortisol)?
Zona Fasiculata
The cortical surface of the cerebral hemisphere forms a series of elevated ridges called
gyri
The cortical surface of the cerebral hemispheres forms a series of elevated ridges called
gyri
Which of the following is TRUE of myosin?
-it is located in the A band of the sarcomere -it forms thick filament
Inability to control eyeball movement may indicate damage to which cranial nerve(s)?
-trochlear IV -oculomotor III -abducens VI
Which letter is associated with the dark bands of a sarcomere?
A
A motor unit consists of
A single motor neuron and multiple muscle fibers
Which is the correct order for the events that occur during a di-synaptic reflex?
A stimulus activates a receptor Impulses travel through sensory neuron to the CNS Information is processed by inrtneurons/CNS Motor neuron transmits impulse to effector Effector responds
_____________ is released by the parafollicular cells in response to high levels of blood calcium, and initiates osteoblasts activity.
Calcitonin
Which neurotransmitter causes the release of calcium ions and initiates the steps of skeletal muscle fiber contraction?
Acetylcholine
Which of the following are NOT part of the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)?
Acini
The peripheral nervous system includes:
All of these -cranial nerves -spinal nerves -ganglia
Autonomic neurons that secrete the neurotransmitter acetylcholine:
All sympathetic postganglionic neurons
Place the following events in the correct order:
An action potential arrives at the synaptic bulb Synaptic vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane ACh is released into the synaptic cleft ACh binds to receptors on the motor end plate A muscle action potential is triggered
Somatic motor neurons originate in the __________ of the spinal cord?
Anterior horn
Somatic motor neurons originate in the ___________ of the spinal cord.
Anterior horn
All of the following are considered tropic hormones EXCEPT
Anti-diueretic hormone
A basilar skull fracture which injures they hypophyseal fossa (seat of the sella turcica) of the sphenoid bone will directly affect the release of:
Antidiuretic hormone
Which of the following is FALSE regarding the sciatic nerve? It:
Arises from the lumbar plexus
The blood-brain barrier is made up of
Astrocyte perivascular feet and capillary endothelial cells
Which neuroglia would be the most responsible for helping to prevent pathogens and toxins from entering the brain from the blood?
Astrocytes
Dural venous sinuses are areas where
Blood accumulates (between the layers of the meninges) to then leave the brain
The (chief) cells of the parathyroid gland monitor
Blood calcium levels
The plexus that supplies the upper limbs is the ___________ plexus
Brachial
Parasympathetic innervation of most internal viscera occurs via
CN X (vagus nerve)
Which is NOT a function of the cerebrospinal fluid?
CSF helps to promote mitosis within neuronal tissue
The hypophyseal portal veins
Carry hypothalamic hormones to the anterior pituitary
All of the following are found within the brain stem except the
Diencephalon
In order to flex your fingers, which type of impulse will the flexor digitorum profundus muscle need to receive?
Efferent (motor)
All of the following hormone pairs exhibit antagonistic effects EXCEPT
Epinephrine: Norepinephrine
In addition to secreting hormones, the pancreas also produces
Exocrine secretions
All of the following are true of muscle and muscle tissue EXCEPT
Fast-twitch muscle fibers have abundant mitochondria
All of the following are true of muscles and muscle tissue except
Fast-twitch muscle fibers have abundant mitochondria
Which of the following hormones has the ovaries and testes as its target tissues?
Follicle-stimulating hormone
In what lobe of the cerebrum would you find the motor speech area (Broca's Area)?
Frontal lobe
In which lobe of the cerebrum would you find the motor speech area (Broca's area)?
Frontal lobe
A ____________ refers to a small mass of nervous tissue, consisting primarily of neuron cell bodies outside of the brain and spinal cord.
Ganglion
All of the following are connective tissue EXCEPT?
Glial cells
An association tract of white matter allows for communication between
Gyri in the same hemisphere
The _______________ provides master control over the endocrine system
Hypothalamus
The ____________ is the main link between the nervous and endocrine systems, due to its control over the secretory activities of the __________ gland.
Hypothalamus, pituitary
An increase (hypertrophy) or decrease (atrophy) in muscle size is due to:
Increased or decreased size of skeletal muscle
Which of the following responses is a result of sympathetic stimulation?
Increased rate and depth of breathing
The primary gustatory cortex is part of the
Insula lobe
Based on function, 99 percent of neurons are:
Interneurons
Which of the following is/are NOT (a) direct target(s) of the anterior pituitary hormones?
Kidneys
The most important hormone produced by the pineal gland is
Melatonin
"Tired or wired" can be thought of as a quick reference to thyroid gland dysfunctions. Thyroid gland disturbances will directly affect which homeostatic conditions?
Metabolic rate
Microscopic folds that extend from the apical surface of certain epithelia to increase the surface area for absorption and secretion are called
Microvili
The simple knee-jerk/ muscle spindle is a(n) example of __________ reflex.
Monosynaptic
There region of sarcolemma across the synaptic knob that has folds and indentations to increase the surface area is known as the
Motor End Plate
Neurotransmitter receptors are found where on the sarcolemma?
Motor end plate
The tectum of the midbrain bears four rounded elevations
That control reflex movements in response to visual and auditory stimuli
Slow twitch fibers appear red in color due to intracellular storage of
Myoglobin
In what lobe of the cerebrum would you find the primary visual area?
Occipital lobe
All of the following are correct with regard to the sympathetic division of the ANS except
Often involved in processes related to growth and restoration
Sensory impulses from all of the senses except ______________ converge on the thalamus and synapse in at least one of its nuclei.
Olfaction
Sensory impulses from all of the senses except ________________ converge on the thalamus and synapse in at least one of its nuclei.
Olfaction
The hormone glucagon secreted by _________
Pancreatic alpha cells
insulin secreted by
Pancreatic beta cells
Somatostatin secreted by
Pancreatic delta cells
What is the correct order for the cranial meninges from superficial to deep?
Periosteal layer of dura mater meningeal layer of dura mater arachnoid mater pia mater
The infundibulum attaches the hypothalamus to the
Pituitary gland
Which of the following contains sensory information ONLY?
Posterior (dorsal) root
At a synapse between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron, the axon would be part of a _____________ neuron; the dendrite would be part of a ____________ neuron.
Presynaptic, postsynaptic
Voluntary motor commands initiate/originate from the
Primary somatomotor (motor) cortex
In skeletal muscle, the sarcoplasmic reticulum:
Releases Ca2+ to trigger contraction
All of the following are nerve plexuses except
Sciatic plexus
Which of the following could serve as an effector for a somatic reflex?
Skeletal muscle
Select the best description of satellite cells.
Surround cell bodies in the PNS
The narrow space that separates the motor neuron and the skeletal muscle fiber in a neuromuscular junction is called the
Synaptic cleft
In which lobe of the cerebrum would you find the primary auditory area?
Temporal
Golgi Tendon Organs are stimulated by changes in _________ and produce subsequent _____________ of muscle.
Tension; Inhibition
Which are the reservoirs that store the calcium required for muscle contraction?
Terminal cisternae
The conus medullaris is
The tapering end of the spinal cord
The conus medullaris is:
The tapering end of the spinal cord inferior to the lumbar region
A brain ventricle located in the diencephalon is known as a/the __________ ventricle.
Third
Blood is classified as a(n)
Tissue
Based on its range of motion, the shoulder is classified as a(n) ____________ joint.
Triaxial
__________________ is the regulatory protein that blocks the active sites on the actin molecule when a muscle is relaxed.
Tropomyosin
The protein ___________ has direct contact with the binding site on actin in a resting muscle, while the ___________ protein has direct contact with binding site on actin in a contracting muscle.
Tropomyosin; myosin
The calcium ions involved in skeletal muscle contraction bind to a(n) ______________ subunit to initiate contraction.
Troponin
The gray matter of the spinal cord:
all of these choices -is subdivided into regions called horns -is surrounded by white matter -contains neuronal cell bodies
A midsagittal section of the brain would pass through which of the following?
all of these choices -longitudinal fissure -corpus callosum -falx cerebri
The white matter of the spinal cord
contain ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) tracts
Pancreatic juice secreted by
exocrine cells of the pancreas
In addition to secreting hormones, the pancreas also produces
exocrine secretions
Dendrites are processes of a neuron that:
none of these -carry nerve impulses away from the neuron cell body -are usually myelinated -are usually longer than axons -produce myelin to provide a faster nerve impulse