Midterm 2

The location of conscious thought processes and the organ of complex intellectual function is the

Cerebrum

Epinephrine and norepinephrine secreted by _________

Chromaffin Cells

A muscle that can close off a duct or passageway display a _________ type of fascicular arrangement.

Circular

The corpus callosum allows information to travel between cerebral hemispheres. Therefore the corpus callosum contains ____________ tracts.

Commissural

Which is the function of cranial nerve 1?

Conveys nerve impulses related to smell

All of the following are functions of the hypothalamus EXCEPT

Coordinates and fine-tunes muscular movement

Which of the following structures connects the right and left hemispheres of the brain?

Corpus Callosum

Muscle fiber types listed by rate of contraction from fastest to slowest are

Type IIb, Type IIa, Type I

Which of the following is/are targeted by hormones from the posterior pituitary?

Uterus and Kidneys

All of the following hormones are released by the adrenal glands (cortex and/or medulla) EXCEPT

Vasopressin

Which INCORRECTLY describes what happens during skeletal muscle contraction?

Z discs move farther away

Which region of the adrenal cortex synthesizes glucocorticoids (cortisol)?

Zona Fasiculata

The cortical surface of the cerebral hemisphere forms a series of elevated ridges called

gyri

The cortical surface of the cerebral hemispheres forms a series of elevated ridges called

gyri

Which of the following is TRUE of myosin?

-it is located in the A band of the sarcomere -it forms thick filament

Inability to control eyeball movement may indicate damage to which cranial nerve(s)?

-trochlear IV -oculomotor III -abducens VI

Which letter is associated with the dark bands of a sarcomere?

A

A motor unit consists of

A single motor neuron and multiple muscle fibers

Which is the correct order for the events that occur during a di-synaptic reflex?

A stimulus activates a receptor Impulses travel through sensory neuron to the CNS Information is processed by inrtneurons/CNS Motor neuron transmits impulse to effector Effector responds

_____________ is released by the parafollicular cells in response to high levels of blood calcium, and initiates osteoblasts activity.

Calcitonin

Which neurotransmitter causes the release of calcium ions and initiates the steps of skeletal muscle fiber contraction?

Acetylcholine

Which of the following are NOT part of the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)?

Acini

The peripheral nervous system includes:

All of these -cranial nerves -spinal nerves -ganglia

Autonomic neurons that secrete the neurotransmitter acetylcholine:

All sympathetic postganglionic neurons

Place the following events in the correct order:

An action potential arrives at the synaptic bulb Synaptic vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane ACh is released into the synaptic cleft ACh binds to receptors on the motor end plate A muscle action potential is triggered

Somatic motor neurons originate in the __________ of the spinal cord?

Anterior horn

Somatic motor neurons originate in the ___________ of the spinal cord.

Anterior horn

All of the following are considered tropic hormones EXCEPT

Anti-diueretic hormone

A basilar skull fracture which injures they hypophyseal fossa (seat of the sella turcica) of the sphenoid bone will directly affect the release of:

Antidiuretic hormone

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the sciatic nerve? It:

Arises from the lumbar plexus

The blood-brain barrier is made up of

Astrocyte perivascular feet and capillary endothelial cells

Which neuroglia would be the most responsible for helping to prevent pathogens and toxins from entering the brain from the blood?

Astrocytes

Dural venous sinuses are areas where

Blood accumulates (between the layers of the meninges) to then leave the brain

The (chief) cells of the parathyroid gland monitor

Blood calcium levels

The plexus that supplies the upper limbs is the ___________ plexus

Brachial

Parasympathetic innervation of most internal viscera occurs via

CN X (vagus nerve)

Which is NOT a function of the cerebrospinal fluid?

CSF helps to promote mitosis within neuronal tissue

The hypophyseal portal veins

Carry hypothalamic hormones to the anterior pituitary

All of the following are found within the brain stem except the

Diencephalon

In order to flex your fingers, which type of impulse will the flexor digitorum profundus muscle need to receive?

Efferent (motor)

All of the following hormone pairs exhibit antagonistic effects EXCEPT

Epinephrine: Norepinephrine

In addition to secreting hormones, the pancreas also produces

Exocrine secretions

All of the following are true of muscle and muscle tissue EXCEPT

Fast-twitch muscle fibers have abundant mitochondria

All of the following are true of muscles and muscle tissue except

Fast-twitch muscle fibers have abundant mitochondria

Which of the following hormones has the ovaries and testes as its target tissues?

Follicle-stimulating hormone

In what lobe of the cerebrum would you find the motor speech area (Broca's Area)?

Frontal lobe

In which lobe of the cerebrum would you find the motor speech area (Broca's area)?

Frontal lobe

A ____________ refers to a small mass of nervous tissue, consisting primarily of neuron cell bodies outside of the brain and spinal cord.

Ganglion

All of the following are connective tissue EXCEPT?

Glial cells

An association tract of white matter allows for communication between

Gyri in the same hemisphere

The _______________ provides master control over the endocrine system

Hypothalamus

The ____________ is the main link between the nervous and endocrine systems, due to its control over the secretory activities of the __________ gland.

Hypothalamus, pituitary

An increase (hypertrophy) or decrease (atrophy) in muscle size is due to:

Increased or decreased size of skeletal muscle

Which of the following responses is a result of sympathetic stimulation?

Increased rate and depth of breathing

The primary gustatory cortex is part of the

Insula lobe

Based on function, 99 percent of neurons are:

Interneurons

Which of the following is/are NOT (a) direct target(s) of the anterior pituitary hormones?

Kidneys

The most important hormone produced by the pineal gland is

Melatonin

"Tired or wired" can be thought of as a quick reference to thyroid gland dysfunctions. Thyroid gland disturbances will directly affect which homeostatic conditions?

Metabolic rate

Microscopic folds that extend from the apical surface of certain epithelia to increase the surface area for absorption and secretion are called

Microvili

The simple knee-jerk/ muscle spindle is a(n) example of __________ reflex.

Monosynaptic

There region of sarcolemma across the synaptic knob that has folds and indentations to increase the surface area is known as the

Motor End Plate

Neurotransmitter receptors are found where on the sarcolemma?

Motor end plate

The tectum of the midbrain bears four rounded elevations

That control reflex movements in response to visual and auditory stimuli

Slow twitch fibers appear red in color due to intracellular storage of

Myoglobin

In what lobe of the cerebrum would you find the primary visual area?

Occipital lobe

All of the following are correct with regard to the sympathetic division of the ANS except

Often involved in processes related to growth and restoration

Sensory impulses from all of the senses except ______________ converge on the thalamus and synapse in at least one of its nuclei.

Olfaction

Sensory impulses from all of the senses except ________________ converge on the thalamus and synapse in at least one of its nuclei.

Olfaction

The hormone glucagon secreted by _________

Pancreatic alpha cells

insulin secreted by

Pancreatic beta cells

Somatostatin secreted by

Pancreatic delta cells

What is the correct order for the cranial meninges from superficial to deep?

Periosteal layer of dura mater meningeal layer of dura mater arachnoid mater pia mater

The infundibulum attaches the hypothalamus to the

Pituitary gland

Which of the following contains sensory information ONLY?

Posterior (dorsal) root

At a synapse between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron, the axon would be part of a _____________ neuron; the dendrite would be part of a ____________ neuron.

Presynaptic, postsynaptic

Voluntary motor commands initiate/originate from the

Primary somatomotor (motor) cortex

In skeletal muscle, the sarcoplasmic reticulum:

Releases Ca2+ to trigger contraction

All of the following are nerve plexuses except

Sciatic plexus

Which of the following could serve as an effector for a somatic reflex?

Skeletal muscle

Select the best description of satellite cells.

Surround cell bodies in the PNS

The narrow space that separates the motor neuron and the skeletal muscle fiber in a neuromuscular junction is called the

Synaptic cleft

In which lobe of the cerebrum would you find the primary auditory area?

Temporal

Golgi Tendon Organs are stimulated by changes in _________ and produce subsequent _____________ of muscle.

Tension; Inhibition

Which are the reservoirs that store the calcium required for muscle contraction?

Terminal cisternae

The conus medullaris is

The tapering end of the spinal cord

The conus medullaris is:

The tapering end of the spinal cord inferior to the lumbar region

A brain ventricle located in the diencephalon is known as a/the __________ ventricle.

Third

Blood is classified as a(n)

Tissue

Based on its range of motion, the shoulder is classified as a(n) ____________ joint.

Triaxial

__________________ is the regulatory protein that blocks the active sites on the actin molecule when a muscle is relaxed.

Tropomyosin

The protein ___________ has direct contact with the binding site on actin in a resting muscle, while the ___________ protein has direct contact with binding site on actin in a contracting muscle.

Tropomyosin; myosin

The calcium ions involved in skeletal muscle contraction bind to a(n) ______________ subunit to initiate contraction.

Troponin

The gray matter of the spinal cord:

all of these choices -is subdivided into regions called horns -is surrounded by white matter -contains neuronal cell bodies

A midsagittal section of the brain would pass through which of the following?

all of these choices -longitudinal fissure -corpus callosum -falx cerebri

The white matter of the spinal cord

contain ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) tracts

Pancreatic juice secreted by

exocrine cells of the pancreas

In addition to secreting hormones, the pancreas also produces

exocrine secretions

Dendrites are processes of a neuron that:

none of these -carry nerve impulses away from the neuron cell body -are usually myelinated -are usually longer than axons -produce myelin to provide a faster nerve impulse