Migration - Geography
What are the main routes of Inter-regional Migration?
From Morocco and southern Spain from countries such as Tunisia and Libya in Northern Africa, through the mediterranean sea to islands such as Lampedusa (Greece) and Sicily (Italy).
Which countries are most affected by Migration
Germany - (587 per 100,000) Hungary had the highest proportion of asylum applications to their population. They had 1,8000 refugees per 100,000 Nationals - 2015. Sweden followed close behind with 1,667 per 100,000 UK (60 per 100,000)
Pull factors to leave - Syrian refugee
Germany opened up its boarders in 2015 Better quality of life Some may speak english Receive up to 346 euros a month in germany Reduced gender discrimination Good health care and education
Why have south south migration flows increased?
Global economies have become increasingly connected The restrictive administrative barriers prevent migration to the north. The number of fast growing economies in the South which offer employment opportunities and are increasingly accessible. Increased awareness of opportunities in the South. Preventative costs of moving to more distant richer countries.
Why were polish people attracted to the UK How many polish live in the UK (2013) - how many Brits live in Poland?
Greater employment opportunities, higher wages, better living standards and ease of return. 2013 = 666,000 polish in the UK. 40,000 UK migrants in Poland
What is the global pattern of migrants entering the uk?
High number of immigrants from India (0.76 mil), Pakistan (0.48mil) and Bangladesh (0.24 mil). This is due the them being ex colonies, they were offered special migration policies to the UK. We also have significant migration form the EU.
What are the concerns of migration for the pols?
Workers are being exploited and paid low wages Migrated to places that had not previously experienced migration - caused tensions Some jobs are given to the pols as they are harder working but can be percived as taking jobs away from UK workers.
Where are most migrants from the middle east and Africa going?
- Germany - In 2015 they opened their borders and let in 800,000 migrants. It also has good health care - Sweden - France - lots of people trying to get to the UK - Italy - Hungary - UK
What are some of the benefits of remittances?
- Households have more disposable income and can spend it beneficial things such as providing children with an education. - Provide enough capital to start new businesses - May cover the expenses while the business isn't doing well. - May allow a household to enter more profitable but riskier business markets - Remittances could replace loans from banks - which are important in countries which do not have well developed banks.
What have the EU done to deter migrants?
- Increasing number of detention centres. - Cut off all safe routes into Europe through boarders and walls. - Lots of boarder guards - Created a buffer zone (arrangements with other countries to help stop people entering the EU, by putting the responsibility of the migrants onto another country e.g. Morocco.
Why are remittances more important than foreign aid?
- Remittances are higher than foreign aid = more money - Foreign aid sometimes doesn't get to the people due to corrupt governments, but remittances go directly to the people. - People get money at the grassroots level. - Remittances are v. important to countries who don't have established banks. - During recessions or economic shocks can cause huge effects to aid whereas remittances are more resilient to economic shocks. - There are no conditions attached to remittances, unlike foreign aid
Why do people move from Myanmar to Thailand
- Thailand is Southeast Asia's fastest growing economy. - Higher wages - high percentage of Myanmar live below the poverty line. - Thailand has a labour shortage in low skilled jobs. - Thailand has recently introduced a legal daily minimum wage of 300 baht ($9) - 10X that of Myanmar - ASEAN economic community = freer flows of labour between the 2 countries. - Many migrants are refugees from the Myanmar government (escaping forced labour)
Why do migrants remit income?
-To care for their household back home. -To maintain their household status for inheritance and other purposes. -For investment purposes -To pay loans and other debts to the household - sometimes to repay those who financed the migrants move abroad.
How has the UK dealt with migration - how many have we accepted?
1,000 Syrian refugees were resettled under the Vulnerable Persons Relocation scheme in 2015. Prime Minister David Cameron has said the UK will accept up to 20,000 refugees from Syria over the next five years.
How many migrants are said to have arrived in Europe in 2015?
1,011,700 by sea and 34,900 by land
How many have died in the Syria conflict
1.2 million have been injured and 250,000 are thought to be dead.
Migration How many need humanitarian assistance? How many are located in hard to reach areas? How many are internally displaced? How many have fled?
13.5 million people in need to humanitarian assistance inside Syria. 4.5 million are located in hard to reach or besieged areas. 6.5 million internally displaced 4.6 million have fled Syria
How many asylum claims did Hungary receive in 2015- what has this resulted in?
177,130 applications - this has resulted in a fence being built along the Serbian border. Migrants must now enter through offical checkpoints and calin asylum in Hungary in accordance with International and European law.
How many people according to the UN live outside their country of origin?
244 million (3% population)
How many have been offered asylum?
292,540 refugees. In the same year, more than a million migrants applied for asylum.
INEQUALITIES MEXICO - Inequalities caused by illegal migration
37% of undocumented workers had been paid less than the minimum wage compared to 21% of legal ones. Illegal migrants find it hard to move jobs so remain in low paid jobs.
How many Brits live abroad
5.1 million (2013)
How many immigrants lived in the UK in 2013
7.8 millions - London have the largest % of immigrants with 36.2%
What is an asylum seeker
A migrant that fears prosecution in their own country.
What is a refugee
A person who has moved outside their national country due to genuine fear of persecution or death. You are an asylum seeker until you get refugee status.
In the Friedmann core-periphery model what countries are the core and what counties are the periphery
Core = developed nations e.g. UK and USA. The periphery = less developed countries
What was the schengen Agreement
A treaty which led to the creation of Europe Schengen Area - in which internal boarder checked have been largely abolished. Signed June 1985.
How did the UK manage the migration from the A8?
A8 workers were able to freely and legally take up employment (May 2004) as long as they registered with the Worker Registration Scheme.
How does migration promote stability
Ageing population can be supplemented by youthful migrants to create a more balanced age structure. Migrant remittances are a source of foreign exchange which can contribute to economic stability Returning migrants have acquired new ideas and values including democracy and equality which can contribute to peace building in a nation.
What is stringent counting
Authoritarian states count migrant information easily as it is controlled
Why have tensions risen over migrants in Europe?
Because of the disproportionate burden faced by some countries → particularly the countries where the majority of migrants have been arriving: Greece, Italy and Hungary.
What are the similarities and differences between domestic and manual labour migrant workers
Both are paid low wages (House maid -$100 a month) and are regularly exploited. Employers have the power. Workers are reliant on their employer. Both a commonly illegal and don't pay taxes.
Why are the polish returning to Poland from the UK?
British jobs are less attractive and the £ has depreciated by 20% against the polish Zolty- reducing the value of migrant remittances. The gap in living standards has shrunk and since 2004 GDP per capita has increased by half. Hostility towards migrants has increased.
Why do people move from Burkina Faso -GDP per Capital figure -GDP per capital figure for Ivory Coast
Burkina Faso is a landlocked, low income country with a GDP of $684 per capita. It is bordered to the south by the Ivory Coast - a lower middle income country which is the world's largest exporter of cocoa (GDP $1529 per capita)
What are the push factors of a Syrian refugee
Civil war Expansion of isis Bombing Limited female rights Poor living conditions Uncertainty - lack of commodities Lack of education and employment Lack of aid
Give examples of countries with a high number of female migrants
Developing countries such as Latin America, Caribbean and Oceania - the female international migration exceeded that of men.
What is net migration
Difference between the number of people moving permanently to an area and out of an area.
What are the reasons for people living abroad (from the UK)
Employment opportunities Retirement - cheaper to live abroad in warmer countries. Family reunification
Why do people move to the Ivory Coast
Employment opportunities and higher wages available in the Ivory Coast's cocoa and coffee plantations. The income disparity between the countries is small but large enough to encourage significant flows. Former French colonial administration in both countries has led to shared language, currency and cultural system → easier and more comfortable to move.
How does migration cause conflicts
Immigrant population can put pressure on services in the host country. International boarders can become areas of conflict. Social conflict can develop between host communities and new comers as immigrants may find it difficult to integrate.
What countries of origin are migrants from who travel to Ghana
Immigrants make up 3% of Ghana's population. 80% of immigrants come from other African states. Most come from neighboring states, such as Nigeria. refugees were from The Democratic Republic of the Congo, Nigeria, Central African Republic.
What are the 2 main constraints on a persons choice to migrate?
Immigration restrictions is a limiting factor, where developed countries prevent lower-skilled workers from entering. Money - migration is not free and migrants need a certain minimum level of resources in order to finance their move.
In 2015 how many asylum applications were made in Germany?
In 2015 Germany received 476,000 asylum applications.
What could account for the rise in migration in 2015?
In August 2015 Germany opened its borders (800,000) - caused a massive rise as people felt they were more likely to receive refugee status. The conflict in Syria also intensified forcing more people out.
How much does India, Ghana and Mexico receive each year in the form of remittances?
India has $63bn worth of remittances, followed by Gahna ($61 bn) and Mexico ($24 bn).
What is Foreign Direct investment?
Investment from one country into another (normally by companies rather than governments) that involved establishing operations or aquiring tangible assets, including stakes in other businesses.
How has Iran supported Assad?
Iran has aided the regime logistically,militarily and financially. Iranian Revolutionary Guard troops have been reported fighting and advising in Syria.
Why are south south migration flows poorly understood
It is not broadly written about in the media as we know very little about these countries and we have very little data.
How is internal migration recorded in the UK
It is very hard to record internal migration but this can be done through ways such as NHS GP registers ect
Who are the IS
It was a radical militant group that uses violence against anyone who doesn't agree with their extremist views. They persecute groups such as Christians and Yazidis.
Push factors to leave the UK
Job opportunities abroad Brett High crime rate Inequality Weather Expensive housing and universities
What are some popular migration routes?
Libyan ports to Italy most southerly point (LAmpedusa) West African routes to Spain via its North African territories of Ceuta and Melilla and the Canary Islands. Crossings to Turkey and Greece
What is the difference between a long and short term migrants
Long = moves to a country other than their normal residence for at least one year --> short = less than a year.
INEQUALITIES MEXICO - How much does a Mexican immigrant make a week compared to a native american? How much do they make yearly compared to European, Asian and american migrants?
Mexican immigrant = $681 a week Native born american = $837 a week Mexican immigrants earn $20,840 in full time employment compared to European migrants ($38,486) and Asian ($40,297) and American ($36,000_
INEQUALITIES MEXICO - Inequalities in employment Education
Mexicans have a lower unemployment rate (4.3%) than native born US citizens (4.9%). Mexicans tend to be less educated. 2014 - 60% had a high school diploma compared to 80% native americans.
INEQUALITIES MEXICO -What % of illegal immigrants in the USA are made up by mexicans?
Mexicans make up about 50% 0f illegal immigrants but only a 1/5 of all legal ones.
What case study should be used to demonstrate migration causing inequalities
Mexico and the USA
What is inter-regional migration
Migrant flows between regions (e.g. Africa to Europe)
What is an intra-regional flow
Migrant flows within regions e.g. Migration within EU member states
How does migration cause inequalities
Migrant remittances can increase inequalities between families that receive them and families who do not. Those of reproductive age leave resulting in population decline. Its is often the better educated migrate - leading to a brain drain. Countries of origin lose a proportion of the young leading to a downward economic spiral.
How has airline increased migration
Migrants can get home easily and rather cheaply through low cost airlines. 2000 - 5.7 international passengers today 15 million passenger
What are the links between migration and development
Migration can contribute significantly to development through increasing stability, economic growth and socio-economic change.
Impacts of migration- What is a 'brain drain'
Migration can result in a country being left without human capital - which in turn will hinders economic growth. The affluent and skilled people would leave the country, leaving behind the lower skilled and less qualified of society.
How dangerous is the journey?
More than 800 died in the Aegean crossing from Turkey to Greece. The summer months are usually more dangerous as it is the busiest time for migrants attempting to reach Europe. April 2015 - 800 fatalities due to a boat capsizing off the coast of Libya due to overcrowding.
What are the 4 flows associated with Migration
People Money Ideas Technology
How has inequality between the FSU driven migration flows?
People in search of higher wages and job opportunities migrate to resource-rich countries. However, the average hourly wage for labour migrants is 40% less than native workers - wages however are still higher than home country wages.
What are social remittances?
People send back ideas, norms of behaviour, values and political ideas.
What are the main reasons for polish migration to the UK (using statistics) GDP Unemployment Demand shortage Job vacancies
Poland GDP per capita = $12,700 and UK =$30,900 Poland has a high unemployment rate 2005 - 18.2% (over 40% for young ppl) compared to the UK which has a 5% UR. UK had a high demand for semi skilled labourers (job vacancies 607,900) UK did not restrict the immigration of the A8. Polish earn 4-5 times more in the UK.
What are the negative impacts of remittances
Reduce the employment levels of the country receiving the remittances, as people rely on the remittances for their income. However, this can result in people becoming more educated through having spare time and money to spend on education.
What is economic globalisation
Refers to the increasing interdependence of world economies as a result of the growing scale of cross-border trade of commodities and services, flow of international capital and wide and rapid spread of technologies.
What are remittances
Remittances are the transfers of money from residents of one country to residents of another country and are often associated with migrants sending money to families and communities.
What are the benefits of Gulf migration for women from Sri Lanka?
Remittances contribute significantly to Sri Lanka's foreign exchange earnings (2008 - remittances stood at 316,118 million) - 60% of this came from the Gulf. Migration reduces unemployment among the poorer segments of Sri Lanka's population. Locally available jobs are poorly paid and temporary for women. Domestic workers earn between 2 and 5 times more than they would in Sri Lanka. Each woman supports 4-5 members of her family.
What were the A2 countries - what is different about them?
Romania and Bulgaria are A2 countries - Joined 1 January 2007. - They have limited access to UK the labour market and do not have a "right to reside" as a worker unless they have permission to do so under the Home Office's Worker Authorisation Scheme. - Skilled workers were permitted to come to the UK on work permits (e.g. doctors, engineers) and will continue to be admitted under the Highly Skilled Migrants Programme.
The stance of Russia in the Syrian conflict
Russia has long held influence in Syria. It owns and operates a naval base on the syrian cost and provides military and diplomatic support of the Assad regime.
Why have some FSU (soviet union) states been more economically successful?
Russia, Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan have more natural resources and therefore are more successful. Some therefore have not flourished and become more wealthy at the same rate as those who have natural resources.
What are the common characteristics of a polish migrant
Skilled or unskilled industrial worker and tradesman Moved in search of a better life Some had to survive on as little as £150 in Poland. Low skilled jobs
How does migration promote development
Skills and knowledge acquired by returning migrants can benefit country of origin. Migrants can create networks which ease flows of skills financial resources values and ideas. UN 'migration and development' projects between partner countries are helping migrants from the 'bottom up' to develop.
How come some countries are poor but have low remittance levels?
Some countries are so poor that they can not afford to travel and therefore their remittances are low, even though they are an LIC.
What is an economic migrant
Someone who migrates to improve their standard of living or job opportunities
Lees push and pull model of migration What are some intervening obstacles>
Something that gets in the way of migration - e.g. cost, journey, leaving family, gender, age, religion.
What is meant by the south south corridor
South - south Migration is the migration between southern countries e.g. Bangladesh-India corridor.
How does the UK count migrants
Surveys are carried out at points of arrival e.g. International Passenger survey. 1 in 500 are questioned face to face. The worker registration scheme provides additional info. The EU free movement = harder to count. The census gives full info on migration.
Where are most migrants coming from?
Syria Afghanistan Somalia Other parts of Africa.
What were the A8 countries?
The A8 counties were a group of 8/10 countries that joined the European Union during its 2004 enlargement. Czech Republic. Estonia. Hungary. Latvia. Lithuania. Poland. Slovakia. Slovenia
Why are the EU trying to prevent inter-regional migration?
The EU are claiming that the majority of asylum seekers are economic migrants, they are trying to prevent economic migration but by doing so they are stopping people who really need to seek refuge in the EU.
How does migration promote economic growth?
The GDP of the host country will be boosted by migrant workers. Migrants are consumers and can stimulate local economies Migrant remittances can supplement household income and provide for investment (multiplier effect) in origin country Migrants fill the gaps and shortages in the labour market of a host country.
What is the UK, USA and Frances position on the conflict in Syria
The USA has supported rebel groups since the beginning of the conflict. Their focus had been an air campaign against IS. This has been supported by French and British air power.
Why was the addition of the A8 controversial.
This was because of their relatively lower per capita income levels in comparison to the EU average - people were worried about an influx of migrants to the rest of the EU.
What is fortress europe?
The creation of EU member states constructing an increasingly impenetrable fortress to keep migrants out. The EU has funded sophisticated surveillance systems, so they can detect migrants 10 miles before they can reach the border (even at night) and provided funding for those countries that hold its external borders. Increasing number of detention centres to deter migrants.
What is the Friedmann core-periphery model
The model describes how spatial socio-economic inequalities are responsible for the direction of migration flows.
What are the usual flows of remittances
The money is usually flowing from more developed countries such as the USA and UK (AC's) to less developed countries such as India (EDCs), Mexico and a few LIC's e.g. Tajikistan. Generally, there is a direct correlation between the lower the GDP per capita of the country the higher the out-migration.
What is immigration
The movement of people into a country which involves a permanent change of residence.
What is emigration
The out migration of people from a country.
Why is there an increasing number of female migrants
There are greater employment opportunities, higher wages and they are able to send back remittances to their families. Females are also increasingly educated so more are migrating to countries of less discrimination.
What has been the recent trend in female migration
There is a trend of migration of highly skilled women. In the 2000's tertiary educated women migrants increased by 80%. Emigration of female graduates and other highly skilled women was higher than that of highly skilled/educated men from African and Latin American Countries. They move to countries with less gender discrimination.
How does migration cause injustices
Treatment of asylum seekers can include being held in detention centres and not being allowed to work or supported on small amounts of food, sanitation and clothing. Refugees are subject to terrible conditions. Migrants are vulnerable to violation of their human rights as a result of forced labour, exploitation of women and children.
Case study - Syria Background
Triggered the worlds largest humanitarian crisis since WWII. The violence began in March 2011. When there were demands for President Bushar al-Assad to resign. Estimates of 1,000 opposing groups to the Gov. 2014 - IS began to take over large areas of the country. There is a bloody stalemate between Gov forces and rebel grounds. Now this has been made more complicated by the addition of IS.
Why is the Schengen Agreement under threat?
Under combined pressure from migrants and terrorists, many member states have enacted temporary restrictions at their borders. Some have built razor-wire barriers to stave off perceived threats to stability and security.
Pull factors to come to the UK
Welfare state Stable economy and Government English --> global language Good education system Job opportunities and higher wages.
What are the benefits of polish migrants to the UK
£2.54bn is contributed to the economy due to european migrants. Migrants have contributed to the 0.5% of the 1% growth from 2005-6. Reduced the raging population as 80% migrants are between 18-35. Cost of borrowing and mortgages would be 0.5% higher if it wasn't for migrants. Migrants are stereotypically hard working and enthusiastic.
