MIS Ch 11:

9. Architecture change management (TOGAF)

Update the existing architectural plan with information gained from the latest projects

____ provide a clear statement of the tangible benefits that a customer obtains from using a company's products or services.

Value propositions

7. Migration planning (TOGAF)

Work with the established governance body to prioritize and sequence projects based on costs, benefits, and risks

Client/server

a client requests information from a server and the server performs a database request to the database server

TOGAF divides enterprise architecture into four components

1. Business architecture that describes the processes the business uses to meet its goals 2. Application architecture that describes how specific applications are designed and how they interact with each other 3. Data architecture that describes how the enterprise data is organized and accessed 4. Technical architecture that describes the hardware and

3. Business architecture (TOGAF)

1. Create a more detailed description of the current and desired future business architecture 2. Clearly delineate the gaps between the existing and desired future business architecture

4. Information systems architecture (TOGAF)

1. Develop a detailed description of the existing data architecture, including logical data models and relationship models that relate business functions to Create, Read, Update, and Delete data operations 2. Define requirements for performance, reliability, security, and integrity 3. Identify gaps between the existing state and desired future architecture

1. Framework and principles (TOGAF)

1. Ensure that everyone understands the process and is comfortable with it 2. Modify the process as necessary to fit the organization and its needs 3. Set up a governance process that will oversee future architectural work

2. Architecture vision (TOGAF)

1. Ensure that the necessary support exists within the organization for the enterprise architecture project 2. Define the scope of the project 3. Identify project constraints such as cost and/or time 4. Document business requirements that must be supported by the architecture 5. Establish first-cut, high-level definitions of both the existing and desired future architecture, in terms of the business, application, data, and technical architecture

Advantages of distributed applications

1. less reliance on proprietary software and more emphasis on open standards 2. capacity is much more scalable by adding more servers or upgrading to faster servers 3. Upgrades less costly and simpler 4. processing functions and data can reside anywhere on the network or the commercial Internet

Number of steps of TOGAF principles

9

____ is a measure of the degree to which each software and hardware component relies on other modules to perform its function.

Coupling

8. Implementation governance (TOGAF)

Create an architectural specification for each project to be implemented

5. Technology architecture (TOGAF)

Define technology choices appropriate to support the proposed new architecture

Almost all new software applications are built using the _______ model because it provides for lower costs and overall higher value

Distributed

6. Opportunities and solutions (TOGAF)

Identify and evaluate various implementation approaches and projects required

enterprise architecture enables managers to do the following:

Increase employees' effectiveness by enabling high-order thinking. Develop new value propositions of interest to customers.

Client/server architecture: 3 layers

Presentation, application, database

Unified Modeling Language (UML)

a language for specifying, constructing, visualizing, and documenting the artifacts of a software-intensive system

cohesion

a measure of how strongly related and focused the various responsibilities of a software or hardware component are

Coupling

a measure of the degree to which each software and hardware component relies on other modules to perform its function

Incremental improvement (sustaining technology)

a process of implementing continual small enhancements to a process, resulting in slow but steady improvement.

advantage of service-oriented architecture

ability to respond to unanticipated changes in the business environment achieved by achieved by establishing a loosely coupled relationship between services so little or no dependency exists between the services

Application layer

allows for programming and codifying of business rules.

The Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF)

an industry standard architecture framework that has been evolving since the mid-1990s

Centralized Architecture

based on the use of a mainframe computer that supports a variety of local and remote devices, such as printers, terminals, and workstations.

Client/server layers

can be deployed on separate tiers

Enterprise architecture

can enable organizations to facilitate the delivery of new products and services, to be the catalyst for change, to be more agile, and to provide meaningful value propositions from their strategic initiatives, all at the lowest possible total cost of ownership

Used for high volume transactions (centralized or decentralized?)

centralized architecture

Radical innovation (disruptive technology)

creates such dramatic change that it transforms existing industries or creates new ones. Such innovation generally accomplishes one or more of the following: creates an entirely new set of performance features, improves performance by a factor of five or more, or reduces costs by 30 percent or more.

Disadvantage of centralized architecture

difficult to add incremental amounts of mainframe computing capacity to handle increased demands for additional processing, because mainframes are not easily scalable

Enterprise architecture enables

digitized business processes

Presentation layer

manages the customer experience and user interfaces.

Enterprise architecture is planned using ____.

models

Tiers

physical units such as servers or mainframes

A well-defined set of rules or ____ describe how one or more services can "talk" to each other.

protocols

Value propositions

provide a clear statement of the tangible benefits that a customer obtains from using a company's products or services.

Enterprise architecture

set of models that describe the technical implementation of an organization's business strategy and business processes.

Distributed applications

share the processing, formatting, presentation, and storage functions across clients and servers

Service-oriented architecture (SOA)

software application development approach based on building user applications out of software services

Database layer

stores and accesses data values.

____ are physical units such as servers or mainframes.

tiers

Advantage of centralized architecture

tight control

software service

unit of work developed by a service provider (a piece of software) to achieve desired results for a service consumer (another piece of software with which the end user interacts)