Module 21
the process of acquiring through experience new information or bahaviors
learning
behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences.
operant behavior
Animals and humans learn about the consequences of behavior through _____.
operant conditioning.
influenced by pavlov; theoretical goal of science of psychology is prediction and control of behavior
Watson
in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening on a reinforced response.
acquisition
Every time Martin opens the cabinet where he stores his dog's treats his dog begins to bark in anticipation. This is an example of:
associative learning
learning that certain events occur together. The events may be to stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning)
associative learning
the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2)
behaviorism
People have been observed to form negative attitudes toward Pokemon characters that were repeatedly shown with negative words and images next to them. This best illustrates the impact of:
classical conditioning
While 5-year-old Martha was looking at one of the balloons her mother set out for her birthday, Martha's brother Timmy took a pin and popped the balloon causing Martha to flinch and blink quickly. Later during the party Martha's mother approached her with a balloon and she blinked and flinched. This is an example of:
classical conditioning
a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
classical conditioning
People and animals learn the association between two stimuli through _____. People and animals learn the association between a behavior and a consequence through _____.
classical conditioning; operant conditioning
the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language
cognitive learning
Cheryl feels fine at the picnic until a spider very similar to the one that bit her last year and made her sick starts to walk onto her picnic blanket. She begins to become anxious and fearful. This reaction is most likely a(n):
conditioned response
in classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS).
conditioned response (CR)
in classical conditioning, an original irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
conditioned stimulus
After being bitten by his neighbor's dog, Miguel experienced fear at the sight of that dog but not at the sight of other dogs. This best illustrates the process of:
discrimination
the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced
extinction
the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for a stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
generalization
John just started his vacation from work and scheduled a tee time with friends to play golf Monday morning. On Monday morning he started driving his car to work instead of the golf course. Driving his car to work instead of the golf course is an example of:
habitual behavior
discrimination
in classical conditioning, the learned ability. to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus
in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning
neutral stimulus (NS)
Both Watson and Pavlov believed that psychology should study only _____ and _____ psychological phenomena.
objective; observable
Jill is learning how to play tennis. For her first lesson, her instructor models serving and backhand returns while Jill patiently watches. Jill then tries to imitate the sequence of swings and motions made by her instructor. Which of the following concepts best describes how Jill is learning to play tennis?
observational learning
Jim and Laurie hosted some friends over for a cook-out. One of the visiting couples had a three-year-old daughter, Bethany, who was playing with Jim and Laurie's three-year-old-daughter Kirsten. While the food was being set out Bethany noticed some cookies were being placed on the table and requested a cookie. Bethany's parents said no which caused Bethany to throw a tantrum. Bethany's parents gave Bethany a cookie so she would stop the tantrum. All of this took place while Kirsten was watching. The next day Jim and Laurie were preparing dinner and Kirsten requested a cookie and she was told she could have a cookie, but not until after dinner. Kirsten then proceeded to throw a tantrum which she had never done before. Kirsten's behavior can be explained through which kind of learning?
observational learning
behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
respondent behavior
the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
spontaneous recovery
any event or situation that evokes a response
stimulus
Marshall takes his 1-year-old son, Marcus, out for a walk. Marcus reaches over to touch a red flower and is stung by a bumblebee sitting on the petals. The next day, Marcus's mother brings home some red flowers. She removes a flower from the arrangement and takes it over for her baby to smell. Marcus cries loudly as soon as he sees it. According to the principles of classical conditioning, what is the unconditioned stimulus in this example?
the bee sting
in classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (US) (such as food in mouth)
unconditioned response (UR)
in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally--naturally, and automatically--triggers an unconditioned response (UR)
unconditioned stimulus