Modules 45-49
Developmental psychology
A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change througout the life span.
Schema
A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
Autism spectrum disorder
A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors
Temperament
A persons characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
Role
A set of expectations( norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave
Gender role
A set of expected behaviors
Basic trust
According to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers
Accommodation
Adapting our current understandings(schemas) to incorporate new information
Teratogens
Agents such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
Pruning process
Aka the us it or lose it process, shuts down unused links and strengthens others
Placenta
Alcohol is a tetralogy fm that can slip through the _________ and damage the fetus or embryo
Self-concept
All our thoughts and feeling about ourselves, in answe to the question," Who am I?"
Cognitive
All the mental activities associated with thinking knowing remembering and communicating
Attachment
An emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation
Critical period
An optimal period early in the life an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development.
Transgender
An umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex
Aggression
Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy
Habituation
As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner. The decrease in an infant's responsiveness is called
Maturation
Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience
Habituation
Decreasing with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.
They are over produced early in the prenatal period, and then the rate decreases and stabilizes.
Early formation of brain cells
Face like images
Even as newborns, we prefer sights and sounds that facilitate social responsiveness. This can be seen by a newborn's preference for
LevVygotsky's studies
Focused in the ways a child mind grows by interacting with the social environment. Parents and care takers provide temporary scaffolds enabling children to step to higher levels of thinking
Konrad Lorenz studies
Had a group of ducks follow his every move. The reason for this was because of imprinting. Found out that children don't imprint
-ASD is marked by social deficiencies and repetitive behaviors -genetic influences contribute to ASD as does the make hormone testosterone
How does autism spectrum disorder affect development
Egocentrism
In piaget's theory the period rational child's difficulty taking another's point of view
Sensorimotor stage
In piaget's theory the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.
Formal operational stage
In piaget's theory the stage of cognitive developmenty (normally beginning about age 12) during which people began to think logically about abstract concepts
Assimilation
Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas
Infantile amnesia
Not being able to remember anything between the ages birth to 3.5 years
Mary ainsworth studies
Observed a mother's infant pairs at home during the first 6 months. Then moved the baby to a Labradors playroom. Figured out that children go through a secure attachment
Gender identity
Our sense of being male or female
Permissive
Parents submit to their children's desires. They make few demands and little punishments
Authoritarian
Parents that impose rules and expect obedience:" don't interrupt." Keep your room clean. "Don't stay out to late or you'll be grounded"
Theory of mind
Peoples ideas about their own and others mental states-- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnancy women's heavy drinking. In severe cases, signs include a small, out-of-portion head and abnormal facial features
Concrete operational stage
Piaget's theory the stage of cognitive development(7-11 years of age) during which Holden gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
Preoperational stage
Piaget's theory, the stage ( from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age during which a hold learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations.
Piaget's theory
Proposed that children actively construct and modify their understanding of the world through the processes of assimilation and accommodation. They form schemas that help them Organize their experiences
Continuity and stages
Some people think developmental occurs much in the way a tree grows, slowly and steadily adding one ring each year. Others think that there are rather abrupt developmental jumps, like the transformation of a tadpole into a frog. Which of the following issues would this difference of opinion relate to
Gender typing
The acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role
Object permanence
The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived.
Fetus
The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth
Stranger anxiety
The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age
Zygote
The fertilized egg; it enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo
Conservation
The principle( which Piaget believed to be a part of a concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and despite changes in the forms of objects.
Imprinting
The process by which certain animals form strong attachments during an early life critical period
Gender
The socially constructed roles and characteristics by which a culture defines a male and female
Social learning theory
The theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished
Lower autism
Those at lower end are unable to language at all
Genes
What guides motor development
Habituation is the decrease in a responding with repeated stimulation. Researchers use habituation to see what infants recognize and remember
What is habituation? How is this phenomenon used by researchers in examining newborns' abilities?
Zygote, embryo, fetus
What is the prenatal development sequence
They focus on three issues -Nature nurture The interaction between our genetic inheritance and our experiences -continuity and stages Whether development is gradual and continuous or a series of relatively abrupt changes -stability and change Whether our traits endure or change as we age
What three issues have engaged developmental psychologists
They bred monkeys, shortly after birth they would separate them from their mother and put them in sanitary cages which included a cheesecloth baby blanket
What was Harry and Margaret hallow's experiment
Fetus
Which of the following is the longest prenatal stage?
To what extent do certain traits persist through the life span
Which question expresses the developmental issue of stability and change
High functioning—autism
normal intelligence and often have an exceptional skill or talen in a specific area. But lack social interaction and communication skills. Become more distracted by minor and unimportant stimuli.
Authoritative
parents are both demanding and responsive they exert control by enforcing rules , allows exceptions
