Multiple Choice CH 12-14 AP BIO

In eukaryotic cells, transcription cannot begin until a. the two DNA strands have completely separated and exposed the promoter b. several transcription factors have bound to the promoter c. the 5' caps are removed from the mRNA d. the DNA introns are removed from the template

b

Why is DNA able to store large amounts of information?

Its nucleotides can be arranged in a large number of possible sequences.

A cells ability to make RNA from information encoded in the DNA molecule involves a. replication b. transcription c. translation d. transposition

b

Alternative RNA splicing a. is a mechanism for increasing the rate of transcription b. can allow the production of proteins of different sizes and functions from a single mRNA c. can allow the production of similar proteins from different RNAs d. increases the rate of transcription

b

Because one strand of the double stranded helix is found in each daughter cell, the replication process is called a. conservative b. semiconservative c. dispersive d. redundant

b

If a cell were unable to produce histone proteins, which of the following would be a likely effect? a. there would be an increase in the amount of "satellite" DNA produced during centrifugation b. the cell's DNA couldn't be packed into its nucleus c. spindle fibers would not form during prophase d. amplification of other genes would compensate for the lack of histones

b

The mechanism of DNA replication is:

semiconservative

The information carried by DNA is incorporated in a code specified by the:

specific nucleotide sequence of the DNA molecule.

The two molecules that alternate to form the backbone of a polynucleotide chain are:

sugar and phosphate.

what would cause the unwinding of the dna double helix: 1.Primosome 2.DNA helicase 3.RNA primer 4.RNA polymerase 5.DNA polymerase

Dna helicase

What is the complement DNA strand to 5'-ATTCGGTGA-3'

3' -TAAGCCACT- 5'

Which of the following nucleotide sequences represents the complement to the DNA strand 5' − AGATCCG- 3'?

3' − TCTAGGC- 5'

A replication fork: 1.is a site where one DNA strand serves as a template, but the other strand is not replicated. 2.is created by the action of the enzyme RNA polymerase. 3.is only seen in prokaryotic chromosomes. 4.is a Y-shaped structure where both DNA strands are replicated simultaneously.

4. Y-shaped structure. . .

Which of the following best describes semiconservative replication?

A DNA molecule consists of one parental strand and one new strand

Why does DNA synthesis only proceed in the 5' to 3' direction? 1.Because that is the direction in which the two strands of DNA unzip. 2.Because that is the only direction that the polymerase can be oriented. 3.Because the chromosomes are always aligned in the 5'to 3'direction in the nucleus. 4.Because the 3'end of the polynucleotide molecule is more electronegative than the 5'end. 5.Because DNA polymerases can only add nucleotides to the 3'end of a polynucleotide strand.

Because DNA polymerases can only add nucleotides to the 3' end of a polynucleotide strand.

Which of the following adds new nucleotides to a growing DNA chain? 1. .DNA polymerase 2.Primase 3.RNA polymerase 4.DNA helicase 5.RNA primer

DNA polymerase

______ produces short sequences of RNA, which allows polymerase to synthesize a new strand of DNA.

DNA primase

The function(s) of DNA polymerase include(s) which of the following?

DNA synthesis, DNA proofreading, removal of RNA primers and replacement with DNA.

Which of the following is NOT a criterion for an organism's genetic material?

The genetic material must be dynamic, changing rapidly in response to changes in the enviornment

Garrod hypothesized that "inborn errors of metabolism" such as alkaptonuria occur because a. genes dictate the production of specific enzymes, and affected individuals have genetic defects that cause them to lack certain enzymes. b. enzymes are made of DNA, and affected individuals lack DNA polymerase. c. many metabolic enzymes use DNA as a cofactor, and affected individuals have mutations that prevent their enzymes from interacting efficiently with DNA. d. certain metabolic reactions are carried out by ribozymes, and affected individuals lack key splicing factors. e. metabolic enzymes require vitamin cofactors, and affected individuals have significant nutritional deficiencies.

a

Our nerve cells are different from out muscle cells because a. they express different genes b. they contain different genes c. they use different genetic codes d. they have unique ribosomes

a

The function of an operator is to a. regulate access of RNA polymerase to structural genes b. turn on and off the molecules of rRNA c. turn on and off the molecules of tRNA d. generate amino acids for protein synthesis

a

The functioning of enhancers is an example of a. transcriptional control of gene expression b. a post-transcriptional mechanism to regulate mRNA c. the stimulation of translation by initiation factors d. post-translational control that activates certain proteins e. a eukaryotic equivalent of prokaryotic promoter functioning

a

The reason for using Taq polymerase for PCR is that a. it is heat stable and can withstand the heating step of PCR b. only minute amounts are needed for each cycle of PCR c. it binds more readily than other polymerases to the primers d. it has regoings that are complementary to the primers e. it is heat stable, and it binds more readily than other polymerases to the primers

a

The starting signal for mRNA synthesis is a special sequence of DNA called a a. promoter b. director c. polymerase d. primer

a

What type of gene codes for a repressor? a. regulatory b. promote c. operon d. enhancer

a

Which of the enzymes separates the DNA strands during replication? a. helicase b. DNA polymerase c. ligase d. primase

a

Which of the following DNA mutations is the most likely to be damaging to the protein it specifies a. a single base deletion near the start of a gene b. a codon substitution c. a substitution in the last base of a codon d. a codon deletion

a

Which of the following best describes the significance of the TATA box in eukaryotic promoters? a. it is the recognition site for a specific transcription factors b. it sets the reading frame of the mRNA c. it prevents supercoiling of the DNA near the start site d. it is the recognition site for ribosomal binding

a

a cells ability to make a new DNA strand from an existing DNA molecule is called a. replication b. transcription c. translation d. transduction

a

Use the figure to answer the corresponding question The portion of the molecule in box 5 is: a protein. a pyrimidine. a phosphate. a nucleotide. a hydrogen bond.

a phosphate

Use the figure to answer the corresponding question. The portion of the molecule in box 3 of the figure is:nar0011(1) a purine. a pyrimidine. a protein. a sugar. a nucleotide.

a purine.

The 5' end of each Okazaki fragment begins with:

a separate RNA primer.

Use the figure to answer the corresponding question. nar0021 The correct designation for the DNA strand labeled C is: 1.a strand serving as a template. 2. 3'. 3. the leading strand. 4. Okazaki fragments. 5. polymerase.

a strand serving as a template

The nucleotides within DNA are composed of a:

a sugar, a phosphate and a base.

In his transformation experiments, what did Griffith observe? a. Mutant mice were resistant to bacterial infections. b. Mixing a heat-killed pathogenic strain of bacteria with a living nonpathogenic strain can convert some of the living cells into the pathogenic form. c. Mixing a heat-killed nonpathogenic strain of bacteria with a living pathogenic strain makes the pathogenic strain nonpathogenic. d. Infecting mice with nonpathogenic strains of bacteria makes them resistant to pathogenic strains. e. Mice infected with a pathogenic strain of bacteria can spread the infection to other mice.

b

Many eukaryotics genes are split or interrupted by noncoding DNA sequences called a. exons b. introns c. plasmids d. primers

b

Replication in prokaryotes differs from replication in eukaryotes for which of the following reasons? a. Prokaryotic chromosomes have histones, whereas eukaryotic chromosomes do not. b. Prokaryotic chromosomes have a single origin of replication, whereas eukaryotic chromosomes have many. c. The rate of elongation during DNA replication is slower in prokaryotes than in eukaryotes. d. Prokaryotes produce Okazaki fragments during DNA replication, but eukaryotes do not. e. Prokaryotes have telomeres, and eukaryotes do not

b

The RNA nucleotides required to specify one amino acid in the genetic code is called a a. genome b. codon c. radon d. intron e. exon

b

The activation of a gene that results in the formation of a protein is called a. translation b. gene expression c. enhancement d. gene repression

b

What is meant by the description "antiparallel" regarding the strands that make up DNA? a. the twisting nature of DNA creates nonparallel strands b. the 5' to 3' direction of one strand runs ocunter to the 5' to 3' direction of the other strand c. base pairings create unequal spacing between the two DNA strands d. one strand is positively charged and the other is negatively charged

b

What's a ribozyme? a. an enzyme that uses RNA as a substrat b. and RNA with enzymatic activity c. an enzyme that catalyzes the association between the large and small ribosomal subunits d. an enzyme that synthesizes RNA as part of the transription process

b

When translating secretory or membrane proteins, ribosomes are directed to the ER membrane by a. a specific characteristic of the ribosome itself, which distinguishes free ribosomes from bound ribosomes. b. a signal-recognition particle that brings ribosomes to a receptor protein in the ER membrane. c. moving through a specialized channel of the nucleus. d. a chemical signal given off by the ER. e. a signal sequence of RNA that precedes the start codon of the message.

b

Which of the following classes of RNA molecules carries the amino acids that are added to the growing polypeptide chain? a. rRNA b. tRNA c. mRNA

b

A codon that signals the end of a polypeptide chain is a a. silent codon b. secret codon c. stop codon d. stop intron

c

A repressor protein a. prevents DNA sythesis b. attaches to ribosomes during traslation c. blocks movement of RNA polymerase d. destroys amino acids before protein sythesis occurs

c

In prokaryotic cells, groups of genes that code for functionally related proteins is a(n) a. exon b. intron c. operon d. ribosome

c

Of the following, which is the most current description of a gene? a. a unit of heredity that causes formation of a phenotypic characteristic b. a DNA subunit that codes for a single complete protein c. a DNA sequence that is expressed to form a functional product: either RNA or polypeptide d. a DNA—RNA sequence combination that results in an enzymatic product e. a discrete unit of hereditary information that consists of a sequence of amino acids

c

The transforming agent in Griffith experiments with the mice was a. protein b. RNA c. DNA

c

What is the basis for the diffence in how the leading and lagging strands of DNA molecules are synthesized? a. the origins of replication occur on at the 5' end b. helicases and single-strand binding proteins work at the 5' end c. DNA polymerase can join new nucleotides only to the 3' end of a growing strand d. DNA ligase works only in the 3'-> 5' direction

c

What is the effect of a nonsense mutation in a gene? a. it changes the amino acid in the encoded protein b. it has no effect on the amino acid sequence of the encoded protein c. it introduces a premature stop codon into the mRNA d. it alters the reading frame of the mRNA

c

What is the role of DNA ligase in the elongation of the lagginig strand during DNA replication? a. it synthesizes RNA nucleotides to make a primer b. it catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres c. it joins okazaki fragments together d. it unwinds the parental double helix e. it stabilizes the unwound parental DNA

c

Which of the following classes of RNA molecules carries the genetic information needed for the correct amino acid sequence of a polypeptide? a. rRNA b. tRNA c. mRNA

c

Which of the following does not occur in prokaryotic gene expression, but does occur in eukaryotic gene expression? a. mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA are transcribed b. RNA polymerase binds to the promoter c. a poly-A tail is added to the 3' end of an mRNA and a cap is added to the 5' end d. Transcription can begin as soon as translation has begun even a little

c

Although each codon, except for the stop codon, specifies a specific amino acid, many amino acids are specified by more than one codon. This property is called a. multiple pairing b. multicode pliancy c. repitition d. redundancy

d

Each nucleotide in a DNA molecule is constructed of a. a sulfur group, a five-carbon sugar molecule, and a nitrogen base b. a phosphate group, a six carbon sugar and a nitrogen base c. a phosphate group, a five carbon sugar, and an oxygen base d. a phosphate group, a five carbon sugar, and a nitrogen base

d

Proteins are produced during a. transformation b. transcription c. transposition d. translation

d

The correct 3D structure of DNA is a. single strand b. diamond c. ring d. double helix

d

The correct order of molecules involved in protein synthesis is a. messenger RNA, transfer RNA, DNA, polypeptide b. DNA, messenger RNA, polypeptide, transfer RNA c. polypeptide, DNA, messenger RNA, transfer RNA d. DNA, messenger RNA, transfer RNA, polypeptide

d

The lactose operon is likely to be transcribed when a. there is more glucose in the cell than lactose. b. the cyclic AMP levels are low. c. there is glucose but no lactose in the cell. d. the cyclic AMP and lactose levels are both high within the cell. e. the cAMP level is high and the lactose level is low

d

Transcription in eukaryotes requires which of the following in addition to RNA polymerase a. the protein product of the promoter b. start and stop codons c. ribosomes and tRNA d. several transcription factors e. aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

d

A frameshift mutation could result from a. a base insertion only b. a base deletion only c. a base substitution only d. a deletion of three consecutive bases e. either an insertion or a deletion of a base

e

Accuracy in the translation of mRNA into the primary structure of a polypeptide depends on specificity in the a. binding of ribosomes to mRNA. b. shape of the A and P sites of ribosomes. c. bonding of the anticodon to the codon. d. attachment of amino acids to tRNAs. e. both C and D

e

Hershey and Chase experimented with radioactively labeled phosphorus and sulfur to determine that DNA and not protein is the genetic material. Which of the following was essential to this confirming experiment? a. Sulfur is present in amino acids in the protein coat of bacteria b. Phosphorus is present in DNA c. Sulfur is not present in DNA d. Phosphourus in not present in amino cids in the protein coat of bacteria e. All of the above

e

The role of a metabolite that controls a repressible operon similar to trp is to a. bind to the promoter region and decrease the affinity of RNA polymerase for the promoter. b. bind to the operator region and block the attachment of RNA polymerase to the promoter. c. increase the production of inactive repressor proteins. d. bind to the repressor protein and inactivate it. e. bind to the repressor protein and activate it.

e

In DNA replication, the lagging strand:

is synthesized as a series of Okazaki fragments.

The DNA strand that is replicated smoothly and continuously is called the:

leading strand.

The enzyme DNA ligase is responsible for:

linking short DNA segments.

The final product of DNA replication is:

two DNA molecules, each of which contains one new and one old DNA strand.