Natural Disasters Units 3 & 4

Lakukan tugas rumah & ujian kamu dengan baik sekarang menggunakan Quizwiz!

Place the following famous volcano events into the appropriate bins based on their VEIs.

8 - Yellowstone and Toba 7 - Tambora 6 - Pinatubo and Vesuvius 5 - Mt. St. Helens

About ___ of volcanism is associated with the edges of tectonic plates.

90%

Many hill-slope masses are weak due to preexisting geologic conditions such as ___

All of these choices are correct

Mt. Rainier, Washington, is number one on the danger list of many U.S. volcanologists because of its ___.

All of these choices are correct

Active volcanoes today in Oregon and Washington, including Mt. St. Helens, result from ___.

The subduction of the Juan de Fuca Plate beneath North America

The Italian city of ___ is trying to save itself from slow subsidence and sea level rise.

Venice

The moon is thought to have formed ___.

from material that coalesced after an impact between Earth and a Mars-sized object

Several geologic phenomena are being studied as signs of an impending volcanic eruption. These include seismic waves, ___, and the release of gases.

ground deformation

Most of the people killed by the Mount St. Helens eruption of 1980 ___

had gone around barriers meant to keep people out of 'harms' way

Water table

level of saturation underground; higher means more mass movements

Lava flow

molten rock moving downslope

Earthquakes in Hawaii are mostly related to ___.

movement of volcanic magma beneath the ground

Lahars

muddy water-laden rush of material downslope

Faults on which the dominant forces are extensional are recognized by the separation of the pulled-apart rock layers in a zone of omission; these are ___

normal faults

When oceanic lithosphere collides with another plate, the ___ in the process of subduction.

older, colder plate turns downward beneath the younger, warmer plate

Most earthquakes are explainable using ___

plate-tectonics theory

Pyroclastic Flow

rapid rush of gases and materials downslope

With compressional forces, the hanging wall moves upward relative to the footwall; this type of fault is referred to as a ___ fault.

reverse

The New Madrid earthquakes are apparently related to an old buried ___.

rift zone

The strike-slip San Andreas Fault in California is a ___ fault more than 1,300 km long.

right-lateral

The seismic-gap method of earthquake forecasting works by identifying ___.

segments along a fault that not moved for the longest amount of time

A mantle hot spot has generated a long-lived plume beneath Yellowstone National Park, and the North American continent is moving ___ above it about 2 to 4 cm/yr.

southwestward

When most of the movement along a fault is horizontal, the fault is referred to as a ___ fault.

strike-slip

Earthquakes are most commonly caused by ___

sudden earth movements along faults

What erupts in a geyser?

superheated water and steam

The intensity of an earthquake is influenced by all but which of the following?

the current air pressure

What is the cause of volcanism at Italy's Vesuvius, Stromboli, Vulcano, and Etna?

the subduction of Mediterranean seafloor beneath Europe

Human-caused and natural events can be distinguished using seismic waves because ___.

they produce different S and P wave patterns

Using the S-P timing method, epicenters can be located using seismograms from a minimum of ___ recording stations.

three

Our solar system formed ___

through collisions of matter within a rotating cloud of gas, ice, dust, and other solid debris

The large left step in the San Andreas Fault in the Los Angeles area causes compressive ruptures along east-west-oriented ___ faults as in the 1971 San Fernando and 1994 Northridge events.

thrust

In ___ masses move down and out by sliding on planes of weakness, such as faults, bedding, or clay-rich layers.

translational slides

Divergent Boundary

two plates are spreading apart

Subduction Zone

two plates of different densities are converging

Continent-Continent Collision

two plates of the same density are converging

Transform Boundary

two plates slide past each other

Using Fig. 5.19, determine which U.S. states have a very high or very low risk of a major earthquake in the next 50 years.

very high risk -Washington -California -Missouri -Alaska -South Carolina very low risk -Texas -Minnesota -Michigan -North Dakota -Florida

absorption and absorption

water binds with clay to weaken its strength

cement dissolving

water can dissolve minerals that bind rocks together

weight of water

water fills in pores in rocks, making them heavier

pore-water pressure

water in rocks at depth gets added pressure from above, creating quicksand

Liquefaction occurs when seismic waves cause ___.

water to be injected into sediment causing the grains to lose cohesion and behave like a fluid

piping

water underground can physically erode loose materials, leaving caverns

In magma, ___ is the most abundant dissolved gas.

water vapor (H2O)

Today, North America has several small- to medium-sized plates subducting beneath its ___.

western margin

In the 1989 Loma Prieta quake, the Marina District building collapses were extensive, and numerous destructive fires broke out, due to all but which one of the following?

widespread looting and arson

A shield volcano has a great ___.

width compared to its height

The sum of all the underlying causes can push a slope to the brink of failure, and then an immediate cause may trigger the movement. The immediate causes for mass movements include ___

All of these choices are correct

Violent causes of death from volcanic eruptions include ___.

All of these choices are correct

Why does the magma from some volcanoes flow smoothly and relatively peacefully, while the magma from other volcanoes blasts forth violently and deals death over wide areas?

All of these choices are correct

If an island were to have developed approximately 52 million years ago from this same hot spot, where would it have most likely formed?

B

What was the origin of the gas that killed 1,700 people in Cameroon in 1996?

It leaked upward from basaltic magma underlying a lake

The ___ wave travels fastest and moves in a push-pull fashion of alternating pulses of compression (push) and extension (pull).

P

On 20 February 1943, a new volcano named ___, a scoria cone, was born when an eruption rose up through a farm field near a village in Mexico.

Paricutin

___ eruptions are the most violent types of explosive eruptions.

Plinian-type

The most famous of all volcanoes probably is Vesuvius, and the most famous of its eruptions are those of 79 CE, which buried the cities of ___.

Pompeii and Herculaneum

___ faults are commonly found at areas of plate convergence where subduction or continental collision occurs.

Reverse

___ are steep-sided, symmetrical volcanic peaks built of alternating layers of pyroclastic debris capped by high-viscosity andesitic to rhyolitic lava flows that solidify to form protective caps.

Stratovolcanoes

Sort the following mountain ranges into whether they are formed by continent-continent collisions or are formed at subduction zones.

Subduction Zones -Andes Mountains -Cascade Mountains Continent-Continent Collision -Caucasus Mountains -Himalaya Mountains

Which of the following wave types travels slowest through rock?

Surface waves

The volcanic explosivity index (VEI) measures size of volcanic eruptions on a scale of 0 to 8. Between 1500 and 1980, one VEI 7 eruption occurred. This was ___

Tambora in 1815

The most peaceful eruptions are ___ eruptions.

Icelandic type

What is the volcanic explosivity index (VEI) of a Yellowstone super-eruption?

VEI of 8

A highly viscous fluid is ___ . One common way to make a fluid less viscous is to ___ the fluid.

-very resistant to flow -add heat to

Rank the following speeds of mass movements from slowest to fastest:

1. Creep 2. Slump 3. Flow 4. Fall

After looking at the image, place the labels in the proper order from first to last to describe the eruption of Mt. St. Helens in 1980.

1. Preeruption 2. Bulge 3. Landslide/ Avalanche 4. Blast 5. Vertical eruption (Plinian) 6. Dome building

How many of the 17 earthquakes listed occurred at subduction zones?

15

The oldest rocks on the ocean floors are about ___ years in age.

200 million

California accounts for ___of all U.S. earthquakes of magnitude 3.5 and above.

23%

Earth is about ___ years old

4.5 billion

How many of the 17 earthquakes listed occurred in the 21st century?

6

Over ___ of Earth's magma extruded through volcanism takes place at the oceanic spreading centers.

70%

How many of the 17 earthquakes listed occurred at a Pacific Plate boundary?

8

Which state accounts for the greatest percentage of all U.S. earthquakes of magnitude 3.5 and above?

Alaska

Which of the following is not a divergent margin?

Aleutian Island Arc

The viscosity of magma is lowered by ___

All of the choices are correct.

Seafloor spreading generates ___ magma.

Basaltic

Which four states account for 91% of all U.S. earthquakes of magnitude 3.5 and above?

California, Alaska, Hawaii, and Nevada

Three basic classes of collisions include all but which of the following?

Continental plate versus mantle plate

The hot spot that formed the Hawaiian Islands through the present day is most likely to develop the next Hawaiian Island at which location marked on the map?

D

Before a landslide mass begins to move downhill, it must overcome ___

Inertia and friction

Which of the following steps taken by residents of Vestmannaeyjar, Iceland, were helpful in stopping and redirecting the lava flow during the 1973 eruption?

Helpful -seawater sprayed on lava flows to cool approaching lava. - Pyroclastic material bulldozed to create barriers and redirect flow. Not Helpful -Trenches dug to redirect lava out of town. - Movement of harbor to the other side of the island to avoid future disasters.

In 1883, __________ exploded and the resulting tsunami killed 36,000 people on Java and Sumatra.

Krakatau

The Mt. Pinatubo endangered people, animals, and property when its 1991 eruption resulted in ___

Lahars and pyroclastic flows

On 8 May 1902, a massive eruption of ___ killed 30,000 people in the town of St. Pierre.

Mont Pelee, Martinique

Crater Lake, Oregon, fills the caldera of ___ which collapsed about 7,600 years ago.

Mt. Mazama

A genuine success story of advance warning before a large eruption occurred in the Philippines in 1991 before the climactic eruption of ___.

Mt. Pinatubo

Volcanic eruptions with which of the following VEIs happen the most often?

VEI of 3

The Charleston, South Carolina, earthquake of 1886 occurred along a seismic belt that may be related to ___.

an adjacent oceanic fracture zone on the Atlantic seafloor

When the part of California west of the San Andreas Fault plows into Alaska it will ___.

become part of Alaska's southern margin

A rock smashed into many pieces by a scientist using a hammer is undergoing ___ deformation.

brittle

In August 1986, a gigantic volume of ___ belched forth from Lake Nyos in Cameroon and swept down the adjacent valleys asphyxiating 1,700 people.

carbon dioxide

The Toba eruption 74,000 years ago may have ___

caused a great reduction in the worldwide human population

Pyroclastic debris is ___

chucks of magma and rocks blown into the air by gas in a volcanic eruption

The natural materials most commonly associated with earth failures are ___.

clay minerals

The heat that transformed Earth early in its history came primarily from all but which of the following?

dark energy

If you are alone and get buried deeply in a snow avalanche, you will most likely ___

die of suffocation

A normal fault occurs when the hanging wall moves ___ relative to the footwall

down

In general, during an earthquake you should ___.

drop, cover, and hold on where you currently are

The best time for an earthquake to occur to minimize loss of life is ___.

during the night when most people are home and asleep


Set pelajaran terkait

The Child with Respiratory Dysfunction

View Set

AP Classroom Civil Liberties GOV Questions

View Set

E4 Vet Terms: Musculoskeletal system

View Set

Chapter 7: Discounts; Trade and Cash

View Set

Chapter 4: Tissue level of organization

View Set

NUT>Ch2 Nutrition & Diet Therapy:

View Set