NBDE Part II

best clinical aid to determine if subgingival calculus is removed is using the

explorer and bite wing x rays

dentiogingival fibers

extend from cementum apical to the epithlelial attachment (JE) and travel laterally and coronally into the lamina propria of the ginigva

alveolar crest fibers

extend from cervical cementum of the tooth to the alveolar crest and function to counterbalance the occlusal forces on the more apical fivers and resist lateral movements

dentoperiosteal fibers

extend from cervical cementum over the alveolar crest to the periostum of the cortical plates of bone

posterior palatal seal

extends through the hamular notches in the maxilla, and passes 2 mm infront of the fovea palatinae the flatter the palate, the wider the posterior palatal seal excessive depth of the posterior palatal seal usually results in unseating of the denture always done by the dentist

what provides branches for the most direct blood supply for the TMJ

external carotid artery

what is the best way to palpate the posterior aspect of the mandibular condyle is ________ over the posterior surface of the condyle with the mouth open

externally

which treatment is indicated for a 5 year old patient with a sinus tract and a dark discoloration associated with their max central incisor that appeared following trauma?

extraction if you retained this tooth it can lead to abnormal formation of the permanent tooth

Submucosal Hemmorhage

extravascular lesions that do not blanch in contrast, vascular lesions like hemangiomas and telangiectasias do blanch on a diascopy test petechiae= 1 mm hemorrhages purpura= slightly larger than petechiae ecchymosis= 1 cm or bigger bruise hematoma- mass of blood within tissue, caused by trauma to oral mucosa like an anesthetic needle Tx: none, eliminate cause if possible

balancing side (non working side) interferences generally occur on the inner aspects of the

facial cusps of mandibular molars

syndroms with macrodontia

facial hemilhypertrophy otodental syndrome

Bells Palsy

facial paralysis from damage to Facial nerve sudden onset but paralysis begins to subside in 2-3 weeks

maxillary anterior teeth in a complete denture are usually arranged

facial to the ridge--best for esthetics

hemophilia C

factor 11

hemophilia A

factor 8

T/F you should shoe the functional cusp

false! never shoe the functioanl cusp

a 48 year old male patient with osteogenic sarcoma has been managed with a morphine pump. which of the following drugs is used to ameliorate his pain incase of morphine tolerane

fentanyl

Acrodynia

fever, anorexia, sweating, gi disturbance, desquamation of soles and palms ulceration of mucus membrane, excess saliva, premature exfolitaiton of teeth

what distinguishes a base from a cement from a cavity liner

final application thickness

cavity liners

final film thickness of 5 microns

cements for luting

final film thicness of 15-25 microns

differentiation- bell stage

final shaping of the tooth DI and AI occur in this stage

zinc polycarboxylate cement

first cement system developed with a potential for adhesion to tooth structure compressive strength is slightly lower than zinc phosphate cements, but they have greater tensile thermal conductivity is low can bond to tooth structure due to ability of carboxylate groups in the polymer molecule to chelate to calcium in the tooth disadvantage: extremly short working time

Rx for infective endocarditis prophylaxis

first choice: Ammoxicilian 2 g 1 hour before tx children: ammoxicilian 50 mg/kg 1 hr before PCN allergy: clinamycin 600 mg 1 hr before children PCN allergy: clinda 20 mg/kg 1 hr before non oral, IV or IM- Ampicillin 2g 30 min before children non oral, Ampicillin 50 mg/kg 30 min before

3rd generation dentin bonding agents

first generation to bond to tooth structure and dental metals/ceramics

strattera

first non stimulant approved for treating ADHD in children and adults

G.V. Blacks four number formula for insruments

first number: width of blade in tenth of a millimeter second number: cutting edge angle in gradians third number: length of the blade in millimeters fourth number: blade angle in gradians

hypermobile ridge

flabby edentulous ridges are common in anterior maxilla may use a tissue conditioner may use electro surgery or laser use large relief in tray or perforate a custom tray when taking impression

internal bevel incision

flap is reflected to expose underlying root and bone restores pocket lining, conserved univolved gingiva surface, produce a sharp, htin margin to adapt to the bone tooth junction

guide planes

flat parallel surfaces of abutment teeth that provide path of insertion and removal one third buccolingual width extends 2-3 mm vertically down from marginal ridge

which corticosteriod is administered by inhalation to treat asthma

fluticasons(Flonase)

what Rx for OCD

fluvoxamine

fissured tongue

folds and furrows of tongue dorsum Melkersson Rosenthal Syndrome= fissured tongue+granulomatous cheilitis+facial paralysis

a carpule of 2% lidocaine solution with 1:100,000 epi would contain how much epi in mg

for .001% epi, = .018 mg

incorrect vertical angulation

foreshortening- teeth appear too short elongation- most common error. teeth appear too long

secondary dentin

formed after completion of the apical foramen

P and B labial sounds

formed from the lips

reparative dentin

formed very rapidly in response to irritants more irregular

saddle pontic

forms a large concave contact with the ridge unclean and uncleanable and causes tissue inflammtion dont use

primary dentin

forms the inital shape of the tooth

traumatic bone cyst (pseduocyst)

found in mandible between canine and ramus of many teenagers due to trauma painless, well defined scalloped radiolucency

thyroglossal duct cyst

found in midline position and is usually dark colors and may be vascular resembling a hemangioma hemorrhage into the mouth is a common and important symptom tx: complete excision of the tract to the base of the tongue

post junctional alpha 1 adrenergic receptors

found in radial smooth muscle of the iris, arteries, arterioles and veins and in the GI tract causes contraction and vasoconstriction NE and EPI combine with alpha 1 receptors. found in arterioles in skin, mucosa, viscera and kidney

post junctional B1 adrenergic receptors

found in the HEART NE and EPI bind to B1 to increase HR, CO, BP and force of contraction

foliate papillae

found on the lateral margins as 3-4 vertical folds. have taste buds

interradicular fibers

found only on multi rooted teeth

compound fracture

fracture that communicates with the outside envionrment (open fracture) most common ocmplication is infection

pier abbutment

freestanding abutment with edentulous spaces on each side that requires a non rigid connector

the incisal edges of the maxillary anterior teeth should touch the wet/dry line of the lower lip when enunciating which sound

fricatives or labiodental sounds (f,v,ph)

overall pattern observed in dental plaque development is a shift

from an early predominance of gram positive faculative aeroboes to gram negative major factor in determining the different bacteria is oxygen

vibrating line

from hamular notch to hamular notch 2 mm away from fovea palatini

height or length of prep

from occlual/incisal surface to crown margin 3 mm min for incisors and premolars 4 mm min for molars

mutual protection

front teeth protect back teeth- front teeth disclude posterior teeth during protrusive and lateral movements back teeth protect front teeth- back teeth have flat occlusal surfaces and strong roots to help protect anterior teeth from bite forces

full mucoperiostal flap

full thickness allows maximum access and visibility raised from the gingival sulcus

Nabers 2N (hamp probe)

furcation

the protorype loop diuretic is

furosemide (Lasix)

ankylosis

fusion of surrounding alveolar bone to a tooth root the ankylosed tooth has lost it PDL space

which phase of amalgam reaction is prone to corrosion in clinical restorations

gamma 2 it is the weakest and softest phase

what is the strongest phase of amalgam set

gamma phase

order of phases of amlgam by srong to weak

gamme>gamma>gamma1> gamma 2

side effects of steroids

gastric ulcers immunosuppressio acute adrenal insufficiency ( 20 mg for 2 weeks within 2 years of dental treatment) osteoporosis hyperglycemia redistribution of body fat

lingual frenum

genioglossus

cleidocranial dysplasia (dysostosis)

gentic disorder of bone development characterized by absent or incomplete formed COLLAR BONES, heavy protruding jaw, wide nasal bridge, and dental , abnormalities, (malalinged teeth, multiple supernumerary teeth and unerupted teeth)

retention form for class V amalgam prep

gingival retention groove at the gingivoaxial line angle and the incisla retentiongroove placed along the incisoaxial line angle

where is an incipient carious lesion on an interproximal surface

gingival to the contact area

the TMJ is what kind of joint

ginglymoarthrodial joint because it has characteristics of a hinge joint and glinding joint

direct retainerr

gives the rpd mechanical retention resist displacement away from basal seat tissues

which of the following are involved in the path for parasympathetic innervation of the parotid gland

glossopharyneal nerve otic ganglion the parotid gland is th elargest of the major salivary glands and is entirly serous in secretion the parotid gland is drained by Stenson duct

sucrose is degraded by S. mutans into

glucans and lactic acid, thereby causing caries initiation and progression

apexification

goal is to induce further root development in a pulpless tooth (dead tooth)

what is the most ductile and malleable metal

gold

occlusal clearance

gold- 1.5 mm function; 1 non func PFM- 1.5-2 function, 1-1.5 non func all ceramic crowns- 2 mm

glockman furcation

grade 1- incipient bone loss.can feel depression of furcation opening grade2- partial bone loss, tip enters under the roof of furcation grade III-totall bone loss with through and through opening of furcation grade 4- furcation entrance is visible

the most acute and severe type of hyperthyroidsim is

graves disease

radiolucent

gray/black allows radiation to pass through

odontogenic keratocyst OKC

great tendency to reoccur usually between 10-30 year often associated with an impacted tooth 50% are found in mandib 3rd molar area well circumscribed radiolucency with smooth margins and thin radiopaque borders

the smaller the condenser point , the ____ pressure exerted on amalgam

greater

what are the most common causitative organisms of cellulities

group a streptococci and staph aurous

vitamin K

group of fat souble vitamins essential for the synthesis of coagulation factors II, VII, IX, X and prothrombin in the liver enhances improves blood clotting

D-PPO and D-IPA

groups of doctors who practice in the community and are distinct from the insurance provider an insurance agency contracts with the providers for discounted rates and may refer patients to these providers exclusively

the strength of dental investments for gold alloys is dependent on the amount of

gypsum

coxsackie virus

hand foot and mouth disease herpangina-- posterior oral cavity (soft palate, throat and tonsils)

acquired nevi

hard palate 5 subtypes 1. intramucosal nevus- most common in oral cavity 2. blue nevus- second most common 3. compound nevus- very rare. raised and solid 4. junctional nevus- rare in the oral cavity. interface between the epihtlium and lamina propria 5. intradermal nevus- the most common lesin of skin

nasopalatine block

hard palate from canine to canine most painful

strain hardening or work hardening

hardening (or deformation ) of a metal at room temperature

reverse pull headgrear

has an extra oral component class III malocclusions

non arcon articulator

has condylar elements on the upper memeber and condylar parth elements on the lower member angle between condylar inclination and occlusal plane is not constant when open vs closed

articaine 4%

has one ester chain can be metabolized in both sites shortest duration

according to the ADA classification for alloy systems used for metal ceramic restorations, noble alloys

have a noble metal content of >25%

short wavelength (high energy) x rays

have great penetrating power produced at higher kilovoltages and penetrate objects more readily form the image on the film

glass ionomer

have lower compressive strength, tensile strength and hardness than resin composites ideal liners and bases- can bind to composite

hydrocolloids

have the advantage of wetting inraoral surfaces bc 85% water

what is the most common removable retainer in ortho

hawley retainer

nasopalatine duct cyst

heart shaped radiolucency in nasopalatine canal caused by cystification of canal remnants Tx: excision

ethylane oxide gas sterilization

heat sensitive materials like surgical instruments and plastics alkylating proteins and nucleic acids toxic to humans and is flammabel

dental plaster is produced by

heating gypsum in an open vessel at 150-160 C

the sequence of craino facial growth from last to first is

height,length, width

guide planes

helps establish a definite path of insertino/dislodgement of the RPD must be below the abutments height of contour with class I and II designs to prevent abutment torquing during functional movements when plates are used with I bars and mesial rests on the premolars to avoid lingual tori, the plate must end exactly at the height of contour ensure predictable clasp retention

what tissue is the most sensitive to radiation

hemopoietic tissue

purpura

hemorrhages in the skin and mucous membranes that cause the appearance of purplish spots or patches

ectodermal dysplasia

hereditary condition characterized by abnormal development of the skin and associated structures involves all structures derived from extoderm Males:> females manifests orally as reduced/missing teeth clinical signs: hypothrichosis (decrease in hair) anhidrosis (no sweat or sebaceous glands, causing heat intolerance), anodontis (complete absence of teeth) oligodontia (partial absence of teeth), no tooth buds of the primary or permanent dentition, depressed nose bridge, lack of salivary glands. child apprears much older affects tooth bud development causing congenitally missing teeth, and peg shaped teeth, enamel may be defective tx: dentures for childrem, or implants upon complete growth

which cause failure of tooth eruption or delayerd tooth eruption

hereditary gingival fibromatosis down syndrome rickets

what strucutre functions to shape the root and induce dentin formation in the root area so that it is continuous with the coronal dentin

hertwig sheath

the maxillary sinus opens into the middle meatus of the nose through the

hiatus semilunaris

brittleness

high compressive strength but low tensile strengh

what is th emost significant complication of molar uprighting

high mandibular plane angle

Adenoid cystic carcinoma

high-grade salivary malignancy palate most common site Cribriform/ swiss cheese microscopic pattern spreads through perineural spaces MINOR SALIVARY GLANDS OF PALATE!

IAN Block

highest failure rate Halsted= classif gow gates- open mouth akinosi- closed mouth numbs all mandib teeth and if lingual nevre bloacked then tongue. and soft tissue facial to anterior and pre molard

ADA type 1 gold alloys

highest gold content 83% noble metals. small inlays and easily burnished due to high ductility

lesions covered by a nonspecific gray membrane with induration is seen in

histoplasmosis

hamalar process

hook like projection of bone located posterior to the max tuberosity appears radiopaque on max molar PA image

nitrous oxide

horace wells was first to use for own extraction by his assistant sensation before onset--> tingling side effect--> nausea long term exposure-->peripheral neuropathy MAC- 105% diffusion hypoxia

anterior guidance is the result of

horizontal and vertical overlap

Lefort 1

horizontal fracture- causes an open bite used to correct max retrognathia (class II)

3/4 and 7/8 crowns

hybrid between onlay and full crown conserves tooth structure less restoration margin in close proximity to gingival tissues more easily seated during cementation

epilus fissuratum

hyperplastic tissue reaction caused by an ill fitting or overextended flange treat with tissue conditioner and by adjusting flange may use surgery if inadequate response

when can residual root tips be left alone

if they have an intact lamina dura and no radiolucency

where does bone marrow for defects i the mandib and maxilla come from in an autogenous graft

iliac crest

interpupillary line

imaginary line between pupils of the eyes

campers line

imaginary line from ala (side) of nose to tragus of ear

a cavosurface bevel is used when preparing a tooth for a cast gold inlay or only mainly to

improve marginal adaptation also used to remove unsupported enamel and compensate for casting inaccuracies

modfinil (Provigil)

improves wakefulness during daytime sleepiness

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma

in the parotid gland pt usually asymptomatic swelling with a peak incidence in the 3rd decade of life facial weakness or paralysis

incisal guidance

incisal edges of lower incisors against lingual slopes of upper incisors represented by pin and guide table on articulator anterior determinant of occlusion

F and V labiodental sounds

incisal edges of max incisors and lower lip

when a biopsy is being performed, it is important to

incise perpendicular to the long axis of any muscle fibers beneath the lesion

maxillary denture complains of a burning sensation in the palatal area of his mouth. this is indicative of too much pressure being exerted on the

incisive foramen

what is the most common cause of root canal failure

incompletlely and inadequately disinfecting the root canal system second most is leakage from a poorly filled canal

to increase film density-

increase mA, kVp, and time

to increase film density

increase mA, kVp, and time and decrease source object distance

Acid etching for resin composites will accomplish what

increase retention of the restoration create a clean surface with which to bond prevent microleakage

vestibuloplasty

increase the relative height of the alveolar process to increase denture base area by apically repositioning the avleolar mucosa and the buccinator, mentalis and mylohyoid muscles as they inset into the mandible

shock is characterized by

increase vascular resistance: cool mottled skin, oliguria tachycardia adrenergic response: diaphoresis, anxiety, vomiting, diarrhea myocardial ischemia mental status changes

increasing amalgams trituration time...

increases compressive strength and decreases setting expansion

nickel

increases ductility greatest potential for allergic reactions in the mouth

sintering of a ceramic

increases its density

cobalt

increases the frameworks rigidity, strength and hardness

during canal preparation, excessive instrumentation leads to the loss of the apical seat. The dentist should proceed by

increasing the file size and decreasing the file length

The best way to produce a radiographic image with low contrast is by doing what?

increasing the kilovoltage peak (kVp)

trituration

increasing trituration time reduces the setting expansion of amalgame a properly triturated amalgam is shiny, wet smooth and homogenous

Caldwell-Luc operation

indicated for retrieval of a broken tooth root from maxillary sinus removal of abnormal tissue growths treatment of maxillary infections

half and half clasp

indicated for lingually inclined premolars

ring claspp

indicated to engage an undercut of a mesially lingual tilted molar when a sevre tissue undercut exists that prevents using an i bar almost exclusively on mandib molar that drifted mesially and lingually to engage a lingual undercut allows the undercut to be approached from the tooths distal used almost exclusively on ML tilted molar abutments

Acute apical periodontitis (AAP)

indicates irriateed apical tissues possibly associated with a vital pulp with a potential reversible pulpitis

what is the name of the technique in which deep caries are excavated from a tooth, a small amount of affected dentin ins left (provided that a caries free DEJ is present) and a base is placed along with a permanent restoration

indirect pulp cap

zone V

infected dentin the outermost zone consisting of decomposed dentin filled with bacteria must be completly removed prior to restoration

Congenital syphilis

infection by spirochete bacteria treponema pallidum during the fatal period 50% of infants infected dueing gestation die shortly before or after birth newborn symptoms: saddle nose, frontal bossing, short and high maxilla older infant: hutchinsons incisors, peg shaped incisors no chancre!!

vascularitly

inflammation

osteomyelitis

inflammation or infection of the bone marrow and adjacent bone, usually caused by bacteria (staphylococci) due to trauma or surgery by a direct extension from nearby infection or via the bloodstream signs and symptoms: pain, redness, swelling in the infected area, fever, and general malaise. Radiographicaly: poorly circumscribed radiolucency with a central sclerotic nidus may be present

lateral periodontal cyst

inflammatory in origin. forms along vital tooth lateral surface 95% along the mandibular canine premolar area radiographic: well defined, round or tear drop shaped radiolucency with an opaque margin

fascial space that is rarely infected is

infratemporal

trauma to muscles or blood vessels in the_____ is the most common etiological factor in trismus associated with dental injections of local anesthetics

infratemporal fossa

impacted maxillary thirds are occasionally displaced into

infratemporal space and max sinus

hydroquinone

inhibitor

Acetaminophen Tylenol

inhibits pain in CNS, liver drug of choice in feverish child, whereas asprin can cause Reye's Syndrome

pre junctional alpha 2 adrenergic receptors

inhibits the release the NE. Less common alpha receptor. NE and EPI combind with alpha 2 receptors found on pre synaptic nerve endings to inhibit NE release. found on post synaptic ending in the CNS to decease sympathetic tone

alveologingival fibers

insert in the crest of the alveolar process and spread out through the lamina propria into the free gingiva.. helps form the ginigval ligament

the most frequent cause of porosities in the denture is

insufficient pressure on the flask during processing

delayed expansion of amalgam restorations is associate with

insufficient trituration and condensation, and amalgam contamination by moisture during trituration and condensation

delayed expansion of amalgam restorations is associated with what

insufficient trituration and condension and the contamination of the amalgam by moisture during trituration and condensation

blood glucise concentration is regulated by

insulin ( decrease blood glucose) glucagon (increase blood gloucse)

during typical empty mouth swallowing the mandible is braced in what position for proper stabilization

intercuspal position

what drugs act to induce gene transcription, inhibit cellular growth and alter the state of cell differentation

interferons

intra coronal retainer

internal attachment most esthetic direct ratinser best vertical support attached totally within the abutments restored natural contours prefabricated key and keyway not used with extensive tissue supported distal extensions unless a stress breaker is used

all ceramic corwn margin design is

internally rounded shoulder

ANUG

interproximal necrosis and pesudomembrane formation on marginal tissues no attachment loss history of soreness/pain and bleeding gums neutrophil is dominant WBC

SNA angle

intersection from sella turcica to nasion maxillas position relative to cranial base good skeletal pattern SNA- 82 >82= max prognathism <82= max retrognathism

oral melanotic macule

intra oral lesion found on the gingiva, buccal mucosa and palate

the crainal vault is made up of a number of flat bones that are formed by__________________________________. without cartilaginour precursors

intramembranous bone formation

lip pits

invaginations at commissures or near midline Van der Woude Syndrome=clefts and pits

CIngulum Rest

inverted V or U shape 2.5- 3 mm MD length 2 mm labiolingual width 1.5 mm deep contraindicated for mandibular incisors benefits include good distribution of occlusal load, esthetic, strength from closeness or major connector

root amputation

involve max 1 and 2 molars seperation of an individual root from the crown

vascular phase of inflammation

involves basophils, tissue mast cells and platelets which release histamine eosinophils are not in the vascular phase

myelogenous leukemiai

involves granulocytes and megakaryocytes. Philadelphia chromsome and low levels of leukocyte alkaline phaoshpathase. CML is characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of immature granulocytes

monocytic leukemia

involves monocytes oral lesions are common CML is very rare

reparative dentin

irritation dentin pulps 2nd line of defence

heparin

is a high molecular weight heteropolysaccharide that inactivates thrombin and other coagulation factors and thus prevents blood clotting

dovetail keyway

is placed on the distal side of the pier abutment

key

is placed on the mesial of the distal pontic the parth of insertion of the key into th ekeyway is parallel to the pathway of the retainer that is not involevd with the keyway

Subgingival calculus

is usually darker in color, because pigments from blood breakdown are usually incorporated. Calculus or tartar deposits are most commonly seen on the lingual surfaces of mandibular anterior teeth because of their close proximity to the sublingual and submandibular salivary ducts. The buccal surfaces of maxillary molars are also known to be at risk for calculus deposits because of their proximity to the Stensen duct of the parotid glands

uncomplicated respiratory tuberculosis is best treated with a combination of

isoniazid and rifampin, because they function by different mechanisms

mylohyoid muscle and dentures

it affects the slope of the lingual flange of the impression in the molar region (at its most posterior distal aspect) causing the flange to slope toward the tongue forms the muscular floor of the mouth

as caries progresses through enamel

it appears triangular in shape with the apex at the DEJ

traumatic bone cyst

it is most commonly found in younger people with no sex predilection . in the mandible between the canine and ramus. regional teeth are vital

after processing a film, it appears brown....

its because the fixing time was not long enough

premolars have contacts at

junction of o and middle third

class VI

just incisal edge of anterior or cusp tip of posterior

herpes simplex type 8

kaposis sarcome HIV>AIDS superficial cancer of the skin, multiple made of blood vessels and is negative to pressure test red lesions to the hard palate

Rx for prosthetic joint prophylaxis

keflex 2 g 1 hr before tx

what is the primary medication used in dissociative anesthesia

ketamine

dissociative anesthesia is used with what primary medicine

ketamine it increases airway secretions increases BP, Hr and cardiac output but not respirations produces bronchial smooth muscle relaxation potent cerebral vasodilarot side effects: hypertension, increased pulse, and delirunm

taurodontism syndroms

kleinfelter syndrom trichodentossues syndrome ectodermal dysplasia amelogenesis imperfectia type IV oral facial digital syndrome 1 down syndrome

frenectomy

labial>buccal>lingual (most to least common)

gold inlays

lack of undercuts is the chracteristic common to all class II gold inlay preparations the restoration will not seat if undercuts exists

trigeminal nerve

largest crainal nerves and prinicpal general sensory nerve to head and face no parasympathetic component at its origin

horseshoe U shaped palatal connector

last desirable max major connector bc has the least strength and rigidity used to go around inoperable palatal tori or with major gaggers lacks rigidity used in class III mod I designs

bennett movement

lateral movement of both condyles toward the working side, basically TMJ looseness

bennet shift

lateral movemnet of the mandible toward the working side during lateral excursions

branchial cyst

lateral neck swelling epithelial cyst within lymph node of neck

which muscile is responsible for forward displacemnt of the condylar head when the condyle neck is fractured

lateral pterygoid

Pedical flap

laterally positioned flap full thickness flap perform to correct defects in morphology, position or amount of attached gingivia areas where narrow gingival recession

Horseshoe

least rigid only used if large palatal torus

needle dimensions

length: short= 20 mm long- 32 mm diamater 30 gauge- .3 mm blue 27 gauge- .4 mm yellow 25 gauge - .5 mm red

codiene

less efficacious opoid analgesic with mod abuse potential codeine+aspirin(Empirin)- analgesic/antiinfmalltory--avoid in asthmatics and patients who cant take aspirin codiene+tylenol (Tylenol 3)- poor anti inflammatory but better than Empirin if pt has GI problems, pregnant

Degeneration of the basal cell layer, a mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltrate in the subepithelial connective tissue, and "saw tooth" rete pegs are indicative of which mucocutaneous disorder?

lichen planus

cross allergy is most likely to happen with the anesthetic agents

lidocaine and mepivacaine IgE mediated reacitions with amide group local anesthtetics

CR is a what guided position

ligament guided

as the developing solution gets weaker, the films get

lighter

what determines whether muscles will displace fractured segments from their origional position

line of fracture

the ____ arises from the anterior surface of the external carotid artery and then passes near the greater cornu of the hyoid bone

lingual artery it supplies the structures of the floor of the mouth and the posterior and inferior surface of the tongue

prilocaine

linked to condition known as methemglobinemia

Hep B

liver disease caused by DNA virus contaminated blood or serum drug addicts help b vaccine is available

mental nerve block

locate rubbery bundle with fingers apical to 2nd pm mental foramen by apices of premolars

carcinoma in situ

located only inside epithelium, atypical mitosis, hyperchromatism does not invade CT! better prognosis than carcinoma invasive malignant but CANT METASTASIZE due to lack of blood of lymphatic vessels in epithlium FLAT

________ is the least lipid soluble of the three main benzos, resulting in a slow onset of action but long duration of action

lorazepam

dehiscence

loss of buccal or lingual bone overlaying the tooth root, leaving the root area only covered by soft tissue

garlic

lower cholesterol and inhibit platelet aggregation resulting in decreased blood clotting

lymphocytic leukemia

lymph node enlargemtne acute lymphocytic (lymphoblastic)= most common in children

the histological presence of which of the following indicates an infected dental pulp

lymphocytes and plasma cells

sjogrens syndrome has been linked to what malignacy

lymphoma

bell stage erroes

macrodontia, microdontia, dentingogensis imperfecta dn amelogeneis imperfects

linguoalveolar sounds or sibilants (s,x,sh,ch,j)

made with the tip of the tongue and the most anterior part of the palate or lingual durface of the teeth these sounds help to determine the vertical length and overlap of the anterior teeth

onlays

main advantage is it can prematurely restore and reinforce a tooth by conservative technique needs parallelism of vetical surface (axial walls) is the primary retentive feature in an only prep sharp point and line angles increase onlay retention

osseous recountouring surgery

main goal is to eliminate preiodontal pockets

direct filling gold

main indication for using a direct filing gold is a small initial class III lesion finest and most desirable restorable material

incisal rests

mainly as auxillary rest or indirect retainer rounded notch is placed 3-4 mm either MI or DI edge least esthetic rest and most likely to cause ortho movement 2.5 mm wide and 1.5 mm deep

palatal plate (complete coverage) aka metal plate

mainly in class I design when the last abutment tooth on either side of a bilateral distal extsion is a canine or PM complete palatal coverage is advised covers at least 50% of the hard palate and replicates the anatomy of the palate acts more in indirect retention

beta receptors

mainly responsible for INHIBITORY effects

benign cementoblastoma

males under 25 years mandibular pm or molars tooth is vital well demarcated, mottled or densely radiopaque mass with radiolucent periphery attached to the root causing the root resorption tx: extract the involved tooth

15 yr old pt has a numb lower lip and pain in right posterior mandible. radiograph shows uniform thickening of periodontal membrane in space of tooth 30. abnormamly increaded mobility. what dx

malignancy when you read numb lip--cancer!

acute myeloid/myelogenous leukemia

malignant bone marrow disease where hematopoietic precursors are arrested in an early stage of development the most malignant leukemia

osteosarcoma

malignant bone tumor of anaplatic cells derived from mesechyme most common primary malignant tumor of bone, arising in long bones SUNBURST peak incidence is before epiphyseal fusion symmetrically widened PDL space. mixed RL RO

Letterer-Siwe disease

malignant histiocytosis <2 yrs old; diffuse eczematous rash; organ involvement damage to lungs usually fatal without treatment

Erwings sarcoma

malignant tumor developing from bone marrow, usually in long bones or pelvis of adolescent boys (10-20 years). highly lethal malignan neoplasm of bone pelvis, thigh and body trunk are most common sites MOTH EATEN, ONION SKIN intermittent pain and swelling of bone are earliest clinical signs and symptoms cells contain GLYCOGEN

the most common pathognomonic sign of a mandibular fracture is

malocclusion

the most common pathognomonic sign of a mandibular fratcure is

malocclusion

which alignate impression should you take first max or mandib

mandib

the lowest incidence of radicular cysts is seen with respect to

mandib canine

for fixed partial prosth, hemisection is best recommended for

mandib first molars

higher incidence of vertical root fractures are reportedly seen in

mandib second molars

leeway space

mandib: 3-4 mm max: 2-2.5

most common primary tooth to be retained

mandibular first molars

greenstick fracture

mandibular fracture that extends only through the cortical portion of bone without complete fracture of the bone most common in children

what are the easiest teeth to perforate

mandibular incisors and max 1st premolars

a reverse 3/4 crown is most frequently fabricated for a

mandibular molar

retromolar pad

marks distal extension of enentulous ridge ideally covered for support and retention since the integrity of the bone in this area is maintained contains attachments from temporalis, buccinator, superior pharyngeal constrictor and pterygomandibular raphe

dermoid cyst

mass in midline floor of mouth if above mylohyoid mass in upper neck if below mylohyoid contains adnexal structures like hair and sebaceous glands doughy consistency

embolus

mass, an air bubble or foreign body that moves within a blood vessel to lodge at a site distant from its place of origin the most common source of a pulmonary embolism is thrombophelbitis femoral vein is the most common course of origin of the thrombus which then occludes a blood vessel in the lung

which muscles elevate the mandible

masseter, medial pterygoid and temporalis

what tooth is the most likely to benefit form occlusal sealant

max 1 molar

infraorbital block

max anteriors and pm also called true ASA Block infraorbital foramen

primate space

max arch: between lat inciors and canines mandib arch: canines and 1 molars

when posterior teeth are in a normal ideal relationship, which of the following cusps are considered to be guiding cusps

max buccal mandib ling

toxicity

max epi for ASA 1: .2 mg max epi for cardio pt: .04 mg max lido w/o vasoconstrictor: 4.4 mg/kg max lido with vaso: 7 mg/kg

anterior posterior palatal strap

max major connector to almost always use for all kennedy classes greatest strength and rigidity used for large endentulous span kennedy class III mod I RPDs must be at least 15 mm between anterior and posterior straps straps are 6-8 mm wide

PSA block

max molars 16 mm depth (half of length of needle high hematoma risk doesnt always do MB of max 1st molar

neurofibroma

may be derived from schwann cell or perineural fibroblast and can be of 2 forms 1. solitary neurofibroma- an asymptomatic nodule on the tongue, buccal mucosa or vestibule treated by surgical excision 2. multiple lesions as part of the neurofibromatosis syndroms

kolpiks spots are assoctaed with

measles- rubeola_

modulus of elasticity

measure of a materials stiffness or rigidity the higher the modulus of elasticity the stiffer the material

erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

measures time it takes for erythrocytes to settle to the bottom of a test tube the speed that RBC fall to the bottom reflects the drgee of inflammation

biologic

mechanical injury-- thinnest gingival tissue is lingual molars and facial premolars thermal injury-- proximity to pulp water spray, sharp cutting instruments, intermittent light pressure chemical injury-- soaked retraction cord, certain cements bacterial injury- leakage under crown

where is the optimum site for IV sedation for an outpatient is the

median cephalic vein

curve of wilson

mediolateral curve along posterior cusp tips to ensure loading into long axis of each tooth more lingual inclination as you move distally

the optimun site of the IV sedation for an outpatient is the

medium cephalic vein

what is the last area of the brain depressed during general anesthesia

medulla

a burning sensation in the mandibular anterior area is caused by pressure on the

mental foramen

labial vestibule of mandible

mentalis

_________ should be used cautionasly in the elderly. it should never be given to matients on MAO inhibitors for psychiatric disease is is contraindicated in pts receiving phyenotin(dilantin ) for seizure disorders

meperidine

excessive salivia is a promient toxic effect of

mercury xerostomia isnt!

what is the most important consideration in the strength of the amalgam

mercury content removing the mercury rich matrix by proper condensation and carving produces a stronger and more corrosion resistant amalgam

in which direction would a mandib second molar move if the first molar were extracted

mesially

correct sequence of the 4 basic angulation types of mandibular impactions in terms of difficulty level from esier to most dififcult is

mesioangular, horizontal, vertical, distoangular

width

mesiodistal or faciolingual dimension of base

what will develop in a patient with recurrent vomiting of gastirc contents

metabolic alkalosis

esters

metabolized in pseudocholinesterase in plasma

Amides

metabolized in the liver

proximal plate

metal plate that contacts proximal surface of abutment tooth (type of minor connector)

ductility

metals ability to easily be worked into desired shapes expressed in terms of percent elongation decreases as temperature increases

Skeletal muscle relaxants

methocarbamol(robaxin) cyclobenzaprine (flexeril) baclofen (lioresal) carisoprodol (soma)

the main ingredient in traditional acrylic resin temproary materials for intraoral fabrication is

methyl metharcylate

what is the primary advantage of placing a microfilled resin composite

microfilled resin composites are highly polishable

thyroglossal duct cyst

midline neck swelling located along embryonic path of thyroid descent

geographic tongue

migratory glossitis and erythemia migrans white annular (ringed) lesions surrounding central red islands that migrate over time occasionally hurt and burn Tx: none

in the dental xray tube, the number of electrons flowing per second is measured by

milliamperage (mA)

height to base ratio

min ratio is .4

echinacea

minimze the severisty of the common cold and seasonal flu

how does porcelain chemically bond to metal

mixing of oxidized metal layers with porcelain oxides

what are the two most critical factors to determine the prognosis of a perio involved tooth

mobility and attachment loss

which of the folloiwng focuses the electrons into a narrow beam and idrects the beam across the tube toward the tungsten target of the anode

molybdenum cup

MMA Methyl methacrylate

monomer (liquid)

extracoronal retainer

more common, conventional clasp design clasp should encircle a tooth at least 180 degrees

porcelain

more esthetic because more stain and wear resistant brittle may wear opposing teeth mechanical retention is achieved with pins (anterior) or diatorics (posterior)

longer and thinner (smaller diameter ) the clasp arm =

more flexible

it is important that a wrought wire clasp have an elongation percentage of

more than 6% , allowing the clasp to bend without microstructure changes that could compromise its physical properitites

hydrodynamic theory-

most accepted theory as the cause of root sensitivity caused by dentinal fluid movement in the tubules that stimulates mechanoreceptors in the pulp

eosinophilic granulmos

most benign form of histicytosis x males 20-40 yo may be totally asymptomatic but there may be locla pain or swelling especially if bone fracture occurs teeth on the affected side being loose and gingivitis pneumothorax is a common complication

Bilateral Sagittal split osteotomy

most commoly performed mandibular orthognathic procedure to correct mandib retrognathia

Beta blockers

most common adverse effect are weakness and drowsiness treat hypertension, angina, cardiac arryhtmas, MI, glaucoma and prophylaxis of migrane

papilloma

most common benign neoplasm of epithelial tissue origin. it appears as a pedunculated or sessile whitish cauliflower like mass on the tongue (posterior border), lips, gingiva, or soft palate a vital cauilflower like white lesion with a verrucuous and pedunculated (foot shaped) surface. viral. must excise surgically and recurrence is rare finger like projections of stratified squamous epithelium supported by thin cores of vascular fibrous CT epithium

pleomorphic adenoma

most common benign salivary gland tumor

post junctional B2 adrenergic receptors

most common betw receptor found in BRONCHIOLAR and VASCUAR smooth muscle EPI binds with B2 receptors to vasodilate bronchiles NE usually combines weakly or not at all to b2

ameloblastoma

most common epithelial odontogenic tumor! enlargement may spread to the buccal, lingual cortical plates of bone or palatal bone plates unerupted mandibular 3rd molar is associated with the radiolucent defect often assoicated with unerupted teeth mainly in the posterior body and angle of the mandible SOAP BUBBLE irregular scalloped margins

monostotic fibrous dysplasia

most common form mainly maxilla affected a diff diagnosis is ossfying fibroma (but ossfying fibroma has a well circumscribed appearance unlike this) causes expansion and deformity of the jawbone and tooth displacement

metastic carcinoma

most common malignancy affecting skeletal bones. a jaw tumor may be the first evidence of dissemination of a known tumor from its primary site metastases to the jaws most commonly oirginate from primary carcinoms of breat, kidney, lung, colon, prostate and thyroid. least likely to originate from the brain paresthesia or anesthesia of the lip or chin

squamous cell carcinoma

most common malignancy in the oral cavity!!!! a malignant epithelial tumor that is twice as prevalane in males more common on the lower lip than intra orally. the most common intra oral site is the lateral border and ventral surface of the tongue. floor of the mouth is the second most common intra oral site with the worst prognosis metastasis occurs via the cervical lymphatics

zygomatic complex fractures

most common midfacial fracture fractures of the facial bone mat on rare occasions be complicated by damage to the contents of the syperior orivital fissure paresthetsia hematoma occular muscle balance may be impaired

periodontal flap

most common of all perio surgical techniques flaps should be uniformly thin and pliable, the flap base must be uniformly thin ( about 2 mm thick) and all flap corners should be rounded flap base is wider than the free margin incision lines not be placed over bony defect incisions made in tissues that harbor uncontrolled infection may cause rapid infection spread all flap corners must be rounded

grand mal epilepsy

most common seizure disorder tonic clonic type seizure usually 2-5 mins

mesiodens

most common supernumerary tooth small tooth with a cone shaped crown and short root visible between vital PERM MAX CENTRALS appears dituated in the maxilla near the midline and almost always posterior ot normal central incisors

combination clasp

most commonly used when an abutment next to a distal extension where only a MB undercut exists or if large tissue undercuts prevent a bar clasp from being used bracing arm, wrought wire retentive circumferental arm and distal rest use when the undercit is on the side of the abutment away from the edentulous space bc it is more flexible

hoes

most effective for buccal and lingual surfaces function at right angles for supragingival calculus cutting edge is angled at 90 degrees to the tooth surface and is turned at a 90-100 ange to the shank

alkylating agents

most effective in treating chronic leukemias, lymphomas, myelomas and carcinomas form alkyl bonds to nucleic acids N-7 position of guanine is a common bonding site

ekta speed film

most effective way to reduce exposure time, amount of radiation reaching the patient and the amount of scatter radiation

Methyldopa

most effective when combined with a duiretic to produce a false transmitter that replaces NE in the vesicular storage sites and is released by the nerve impule most beneficial for treating hypertension in patients with renal damage

oblique fibers

most numerous resist forces along the tooths long axis

filiform papillae

most numerous. small cones in the v shaped rows paralleing the sulcus. no taste buds

youngs frame

most popular U shaped frame

complete palatal plate

most rigid indicated when all posterior teeth are missing bilaterally, perio compromised teeth, shallow vault, small mouth, flat or flabby ridges

Mineral troxide aggregate

most superior retro filling material seals the apical portion of the root canal MTS must always be placed when an apical seal may be faulty

Prothrombin Time (PT)

most valuable test used to evaluate if a patient taking anticoagulants is a surgical risk detects certain plasma coagulation defects owing to a deficiency of factors V, VII, X a prolonged PT indicates a deficiency in one of the factors INR is the ratio of prothrombin time measured in the patient divided by a standard prothrombin time value, and multiplied by a constant

fixed edgewise applicance

most widly used appliance today bands on all teeth , tubes on the last molar and brackers

appropriate actions to prevent sensitivty when scaling

move instrument faster, decrease device power, proceed to another tooth and come back , adjust water spray and use less pressure

intrusion

movement into the sockelt along long axis very difficult to accomplish

Narcotics/opioids

mu opoid receptor agonists (in CNS) oxycontin- controlled release codeine- suppresses cough reflex, cough syrup tramadol- similar to codeiene meperidine (demerol) lethal if combined with a MAO)

lining mucosa(reflective mucosa)

mucosa that lines most of the oral cavity except the gingiva, anterior palate and dorsum of the tongue lining muscosa is a thin, movable tissue with a thin, non keratinized epithlium , and thin lamina propria

commuinuted fracture

multiple fractures of a single bone thta can be simple or compound

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome

multiple melanotic macular pigmentations of skin and mucosa around eyes, nose and mouth associated with gastrointestinal polyposis

excessive VDO

muscles of mastication fatigue excessive display of mandibular teeth clicking of the posterior teeth when speaking strained appearance of the lips patient unable to wear dentures discomfort excessive trauma to supporting tissues gagging

which of the following are needed in combination to produce neuroleptanesthesia

narcotic analgesic neuroleptic agent nitrous oxide neuroptanestheia is a state of neuroleptanlgesia and unconsciousness produced by the combined administration of a narcotic analgesi and neuroeptic agent together with the inhalation of nitrous oxide and oxygen

non odontogenic fissural cysts (developmental cysts)

nasopalatine, nasoalveolar,median palatal and globulomaxillary cysts

most common side effects of narcotis

nausea constipation respiratory depression

nevus

nearly all moles are normal

free gingical graft

necessary for some overdenture teeth FGG widens band of keratinzed tissue

which pulpal condition is suggested when a patient experiences prolonged, unstimulated pain while trying to sleep

necrosis

acidifier - acetic acid or sulferic acid

neutralizes the alkaline dveloper and stops development process and provides necessary acidic enviornment for fixer

extended arm clasp

never used with class I and II bc functional forces cause rotation around the rest and upward movement of the clasp tip

INCIDENCE

new cases

how will a larger than normal functional residual capacity affect nitrous oxide sedation

nitrous oxide will take longer the functional residual capacity is the amount of air remaining in the lungs at the end of normal expiration

proper treatment for an intruded primary anterior tooth is

no treatment

conservative surgival excision woul dbe appropriate treatment and probably curative for which of the following?

nodular facilitis

minimum PFM thickness

non contact areas 1.5 (1.2 mm porcelain, .3 mm metal)

NSAIDS

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs limit or prevent inflammation Apirin (ASA) Cox 1 and 2 blocker (irreversible), GI

ANB angle

norm= 2 (difference between SNA and SNB0 >4 class II <0 class III

platelets counts

normal 150,000-450,000 min count for oral surg 50,000

dentin dysplasia

normal enamel, atypical dentin, pulpal obliteration, defective root formation, multiple periapical radiolucencis type I- radicular- more common type involving both dentitions.mobile teeth. root dentin is disorented. pulpal obliteration by excess dentin. chevron shaped root chambers type II- coronal involves both dentitions. bluish gray opalescent appearance. obliterated pulp chambers

a properly sharpened instrument with no rounded surface area will

not reflect light

bupivicaine .5%

not safe in children longest duration

prevalence

number of old cases

Facebow record

objective to duplicate the relationship of the maxillary arch to the skull and the mandible to the rotational center of the TMJ

altered cast impression

obtain the max support possible from the edentulous ridges in class I and II designs captures edentulous ridge tissues in relation to the way the framework fits in the mouth

added filtration

obtained by placing thin sheets of aluminum in the cone to filter the useful beam further, increase in quality decrease in quantity

occlusal schemes

occlusal point contacts preferred to be broad and flat to prevent wear cusp marginal ridge- seen in class I occlusion cusp fossa- seen in class II malocclusion

while eruptng the permanent teeth move

occlusally and buccaly

toxic effects of aspirin

occult bleeding from GI tract tinnitis nausea and vomiting metabolic acidosis decreased tubular resorption of uric acid

Hydrophobic interactions

occur between the drug, its receptor and the aqueous enviornment that can play a major role in stabilizing drug receptor binding

cleft palate

occurs in 6-8 week of embryonic life isolated cleft palates are more common in females, characterized by a fissure in the midline of the palate due to failure of the two sides to fuse during embryonic development. the most severe handicap caused by cleft palate is an impaired mechanism preventing normal speech and swallowing this speech problem is due to the inability of the soft palate to close airflow into the nasal area

residual cyst

occurs when a tooth with a radicular cust is extracted but the radicular cyst is left undisturbed and persisits within the jaw now as a residual cyst to prevent a residual cyst, you must curette the radicular cyst out of the tooth socket after extraction

imbibition

occurs when the impression absorbs water which expands the dimensions of the impression

reciprocation

occurs when the retentive arm and bracing arm contact the tooth at the same time duing seating and removing the RPD timing is critical in reciprocation

the odontogenic neoplasm which is composed of loose, primitive appearing connective tissue that resembles dental pullp is known as

odontogenic myxoma

total infiltration

of the xray beam before it reaches the patient consists of the inherent filtration + added filtration. the recommended total is the equilvant of .5 mm (below 50 kvp_ and 2.5 mm over 70 kVp of aluminum

silver

offsets the color contributions of copper in a gold casting alloy 2nd most ductile and malleable metal

zinc phosphate cements

oldest luting cement with longest track record powder is zinc oxide while liquid is orthophosphoric acid used as a cement for cast restorations varnish applied prior to placing the base clean from crown margins after the cement is completely set

where do the occlusal contact possibilities occur during a protrusive movement?

on the maxillary distal inclines and mandibular mesial inclines

where is the greatest contour of the cervical lines and ginigval attachments occur

on the mesial surface of anterior teeth

wiskott-aldrich syndrome

only boys and causes eczema, low platelet count and a combined deficiency of B and T lympocytes that lead to repeated infections

partial thickness flap

only the mucosa epithelium and a layer of the underlying CT the mucosa is separated from the periodteum by sharp dissection alveolar bone is not exposed used when attached gingiva is thick (>2 mm wide)

tissue borne appliance

only tissue borne funcional appliactions whose function is to expand the arch

secobarbital and pentobarbital

oral administration short acting barbs

Benign Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid

oral and ocular mucous membranes women 50+ better prognosis than pemphigus desquamative gingivitis act against basement membrane and destruction is below the epithelium

oral surgery

oral surgery

periodontal knives that are used specifically in giving the third incisin are

orban and merrifield knives

mandib labial frenum

orbicularis oris

buccal frenum

orbicularis oris, buccinator

inverse square law-

original intensity= new distance^2 new intensity original distance^2 the intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the radiation source

suprabulge

originate above survey line circumferential ring combination embrasure

infrabulge

originate below survey line I bar Tbar bar type y type

reciprocal clasp (stabilizing clasp)

originates from minor connector and rest contacts tooth above HOC/survey line braces abutment tooth so it is not torqued by retentive clasp

retentive clasp

originates from minor connector and rest contacts tooth below height of contour/survey line shoulder and middle should be above HOC, only the tip should be under HOC tip is designed to engage in undercut and resist dislodging forces--only active when dislodging forces are applied to them, otherwise seat passively

ortho

ortho

methyldopa adverse effects

ortho hypotension, bradycardia sedation and fever cloitis and possible hepatitis and cirrhosies

which presents radiographically as a sub burst lesion, and can cause paresthsia, loosening and displacement of teeth along with a localized swelling in the posterior mandible

osteosarcoma

most common osseous malignancies

osteosarcomas--> chondrosarcomas --> fibrosarcomas and ewings sarcome

nasopalatine duct cyst (incisive canal cyst)

oval or heart shaped radiolucency in the midline of the hard palate most common non odontogenic /developmental /fissural cyst teeth are vital tx: surgical excision/enucleation radiographically: a circular (round) well demarcated oval or heart shaped between and above the maxillary central incisors. the lesion crosses the midline

horizontal angulation error

overlapping-interproximal areas are overlapped due to incorrect horizontal tube angulation

what is more preferable for amalgam titration

overtiturated mix

amyl nitrate is used in the emergency treatment of cyanide poisoning becayse it

oxidizes hemoglobin

laryngospasm is treated by administering

oxygen

what is the pH does enamel demineralization occurs

pH 5.5

free unmyelinated endings in PDL

pain

what muscles are influential in border molding the lingual border of the mandib impression

palatoglossus, superior pharyngeal constrictor, mylohyoid and genioglossus muscle

insulin

pancreatic hormone secreted by pancreatic beta cells of islets of langerhand decrease gluconeogenesis and increase triglyceride storage, glycogen synthesis and protein synthesis

lesions of the hypoglossal nerve

paralize the tongue on one side on protrusion, the tongue deviates to the ipsilateral or contralateral side dependin on the lesion side lower motor neuron lesion- deviates to the paralyzed side upper motor nerson lesion- pparalysis on the contralateral side

oral irrigation devices are contraindicated in

patients with periodontal inflammaiton as it can cause bacteremia

what tends to occur following an intra arterial injection of anesthetic

penetration of the vessel is met with resistance and elicits pain the needle moves with the rhythm of the heartbeat injection of the test done elicits acute pain aspirated blood is bright red in color NOT: vessels tend to collapse and obstruct

Adrenal gland suppression

people of small doses (5 mg prednisone/day) will have suppression when they have been on it for a month people whotake 100 mg will have abnormal funciton in a week short term therapy (1-3 days) will not alter adrenal cortical function a preon who has been on suppressive doses of steriod will take as long as a year to regain full adrenal cortical funciton patients with adrenal insufficency are hyperpigmented adrenally insufficient patients have adqauete steriod replacement since the stress of oral surgery can precipitae adrenal crisis

ACTH stimulation test

performed to examine the response of the adrenal gladnd to an exogenously administerd dose of ACTH normal patients have a doubling of the serium cortisol level after a dose of ACTH. the serum should rise to >20 if there is adequate adrenal function

perio

perio

ginko biloba

peripheral artery vasodilator

sclerotic dentin

peritubular dentin pulps inital defence mechanism

headgrea

permits posterior movement of teeth in one arch without adversely disturbing the opposing arch

postherpetic neuralgia

persistent nerve pain from herpes infection that lasts for months after lesions disappear after an attack of herpes zoster involves CN 7 and geniculate ganglion that produces Ramsey Hunt Syndrome

bleeding that consists of pinpoint dots of blood

petechiae

weight loss

phenermine is used

the propylene glycol in IV valium can cause

phlebitis which is an irritation or inflammation of a vein

attrition

physiologic wearing away of enamel and dentin due to normal function or mainly excessive grinding polished facets

drugs that treat glacuoma

pilocarpine- causes papillary constriction latanoprost- a prostaglandin analog. reduce introcular pressure by increasing aqueous humor outflow betaxolol- beta blocker. redudce intraocular pressure by reducing aqueous humor production

class I

pit and fissure

thyrotoxicosis caused by secondary thyroid hyperfunction is seen in individuals with

pituitary adenoma

direct pulp capping

place calcium hydroxide base directly on a pulp exposure very successful in immatrue teeth should not be attempted on teeth with a history of pain, sensitivity to percussion or periapical radiolucencies

double lingual bar (with continuous bar)

placed above the cingula and below inter proximal contacts need 7-8 mm above the mouth floor or cannot use best inducated for perio surgery cases for wide embrasures must have rest seats on the superior bar on at least the canines

extra coronal retainer

placed on external surfaces of abutment teeth retentive clasp arm that is flexible and placed in areas below cervical to the tooth's height of controu (tooths gingival 1/3)

straight pull headgear

places a force in straigh distal direction from max molar, indicated for class II div I

the most severe tissue reaction occurs with what kind of suture material

plain catgut suture

D-HMO

plan most commonly associated with dental managed care aka capitation dental plan

gingivectomy

pocket depth elimination by resecting the tissue coronal to the pocket base final aspect is to bevel the coronal margin to provide the most physiological shape and marginal thickness so adequate oral hygeien techniques can be performed

conical pontic

pointic of choice for a thin mandibular ridge in a non appearance zone

ovate pontic

pointic of choice with a broad, flat ridge to give appearance it is growing from the ridge good for max incisors, canines and pm requires surgival preparation

PMMA

polymer (powder)

cellular phase of inflammation

polymorphonoculear neutrophils (leukocytes) predominate and are first to migrate to the injured tissue via chemotaxis

which impression material is uniquely radiopaque

polysulfide

hygiene pontic - fish belly

ponitic of choice in non appearance zone occlusogingival thickness must be at least 3 mm with adequate space under it for cleaning

modified ridge lap pontic

pontic of choice in appearance zone has all convex surfaces for easy cleaning and preventing food impaction

lymphepithelioma

poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma involving lymphoid tissue in the tonsils and nasopharynx regions high frequency in young adults of east asian decent primary lesion is very small. swelling of lymph nodes, followed by sore throat, nasal obstruction metastasis at an early stage to the cervical lymph nodes tx: radiatoin. poor prognosis

zinc phosphate cement

porcelin crowns high pH is a problem bc two layers of varnish must be appiled to protect the pulp

the distobuccal extension is determined by the

position and action of the massater muscle

Centric Relation

position in which condyles articulate with the thinnest avascular position of their respective discs in the most anterior superior position against the articular eminences independent of teeth

what converts electrons into x-rays

positive anode

during the calcification of plaque the calcifcation foci exhibits

positive periodic acid schiff reaction

zygomatic arch fracture

possible slight shrinkage of the cheekbone area

what is the best inidcator of success of a periodontal flap procedure

post operative maintenance and plauqe contorl by the patient

greater palatine nerve block

posterior hard palate greater palatine foramen

which surgical approach is the best to expose the TMJ

preauricular

what is the best incision to expose the TMJ

preauricular incision

the abesence of which layer of dentin predisposes it to internal resorption by cells present in the pulp

predentin

corticosteroids

prednisone, hydrocotrisone trimcinolone dexamthasone1

chamfer margin

preferred finishing line for cast full gold restorations preferred for veneer metal

rigid connector

preferred for teeth with decreased periodontal attachemnt

what is the most common cause of generalized irritation of the basal seat

premature occlusal contacts

hypercementosis involves mostly

premolars

rest seat

prepared into the O, L, or I surface of an abutment tooth in order to receive and support a rest

encapsulated, myelinated nerve ednings in PDL

pressure

preservative = sodium sulfite-

prevents the deterionation of the fixing agent

which is contradicated in hepatic disease

prilocaine

distal shoe

primarly second molar space maintenace

rests

primary function is to provide rpd vertical support. prevents vertical dislodgement need a min of 3 for any partial denture

what is the only anterior tooth in either dentition to have a shorter incisocervical height than the mesiodistal width

primary max central incisor

what is the most comon congentially missing primary tooth

primary max lat

lateral pterygoids

primary protactors of the mandible

mandibular complete dentures

primary support stress bearing area is the buccal shelf a secondary peripheral seal area for a mandibular complete denture is the anterior lingual border

calcification (minerlaization)

primary teeth clcify during the 2nd trimester of prgnanacy

Varicella Zoster Virus( VZV)

primary--> varicella aka chickenpox, self limiting and childhood latent in trigeminal ganglion recuurent--> herpes zoster aka shingles Ramsay Hunt Syndrome= herpes zoster reactivation in geniculate ganglion affecting cranial nerves VII and VIII resulting in facial paralysis, vertigo, deafness Tx: acyclovir

Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)

primary-->pan oral, self limiting and childhood Tx: pallative latent in trigeminal ganglion recurrent--> keratinized herpes labialis (cold sore) vermillion border recurrent intraoral herpes-- attached gingivia, hard palate reactivation is triggered by stress, sunlight or immunosuppression herpetic whitlow-->finger herpes gladiatorum--head Tx: acyclovir in prodromal period

which is co administered with antibiotics to delay the renal clearance of the antibiotic

probenecid

positioned flaps

procedures in which the flaps coronal margins are advanced (lifted but the flap is not freed up) apically, coronally or laterally

a depressor response

prodeces a decrease in Bp and is mediated by B2 receptors

long wavelength (low energy)

produced at lower kilovoltages thus have low penetrating power (are easily absorbed) aluminum discs are used to filter out these useless long wave rays to increase the overall quality of the x ray beam

silabants (ch,j,s)

produced by max and mandib incisors approximating each other . palate and tongue controlling valve

"Pressor response"

produces an increase in BP and is mediated by alpha receptors,

gingival changes during pregnancy result from the effect of

progesterone and an increase in the number of mast cells increase levels of prevotella intermedia

erythromycin

prolong the QT interval of cardiac electricla conduciton and can increase the risk of cardiac arrhythmias

calcium hydroxide

promotes formation of a hard substance at the root apex by creating an alkaline environment that promotes hard tissue deposition

What is the most useful when polishing an amlagam restoration

prophylaxis cup with tin oxide abrasive impregnated rubber points sof lex disks

what is not found in the pulp

proprioceptors nerve fibers

cavity linerss

protect the pulp seals the dentinal tubules

which test is most valuable for evaluating the surgical risk of a patient on warfarin who needs a tooth extracted?

prothrombin time normal is 12-13 seconds INF is used in conjunction and its normal is .8-1.2

woodbury rubber dam frame

provdes more retraction of soft tissues

investing

provess of surrounding a wax pattern with a material that can be accurately duplicate its shape and anatomical features

replacement of defective amalgam with a cast gold restoration can achieve which of the following

provide better marginal seal provide more ideal contours

sprue former

provides an ingate or sprue in the investment rhough which the molten alloy can reach the mold after the wax has been eliminated the diameter of the sprue pin should be equal to or greater than the thickest portion of the pattern attach the sprue at the point of greatest bulk

major connector

provides rigidity unities all other components not placed on movable tissue

the functional cusp bevel

provides space for restorative material of adequate thickness in an area of heavy occlusal contact

CR record for edentulous patient

provides the ability to increase or decrease the VDO more accurately in the articulator by establishing a radius of the mandibles arc of closure facebow transfers the relationship between the hinge axis and maxilla from the patient to the articulator `

class III

proximal of anterior (no incisal edge)

class IV

proximal of anterior with incisal edge

class II

proximal of posterior

nausea, pallor, cold perspiraiton, widly dilated puplis, eyes rolled up and brief convulsions are indicative of a patient having a ____ rxn

psychogenic this is caused by psychological factors rather than physical factors

the venous return of both dental arches is the

pterygoid plexus of veins

venous return of both dental arches is the

pterygoid plexus of veins

the buccinator and superior pharyngeal constrictor muscles of the pharynx are attached to each other at the

pterygomandibualr raphe it extends from the hamulus and passes inferiorly to attach to the posterior end of the mandibles mylohyoid line

periapical cemental dysplasia in its early stages is best differentiated clinically from an apical abscess by

pulp testing

waters projection

purpose is to evaluate the maxilllary sinus area

reverse towne projection

purpose is to identify fractures of the condylar neck and ramus

altered cast techinique

purpose is to record the form of the edentulous segment without tissue displacement and to accurately relat the edentulous segment of the teeth via the metal framework helps to obtain soft tissue support

larger flat areas where blood has collected under the tissue up to a centermeter in diameter

purpura

circumferential filling

push pull filing action that scrapes canal walls to create a smooth, tapered prepatation enhances prepatatio when a flaring mehtod is used

LeFort II

pyramidal fracture signs: preiorbital edema, ecchymosis, subconjunctival hemorrhage, and nose bleeding a common finding is parestheisia over the distribution of the infraorbital

information about differences in the sensitivity of individuals to incresing doeses of a drug is determined by

quantal dose response curve

apical fibers

radiate apically from cementum to bone offer inital resistance to tooth movement in an occlusal direction

stafne bone defect

radiolucency in posterior mandibular canal due to lingual concavity of jaw

complex odontoma

radiopaque mass with a thin radilucent rim at the junction most common in the posterior mandible 20-30 years in mandib pm/molar area asymptomatic but may delay eruption of permanent teeth well defined radiopaque mass surrounded by a narrow radiolucent zone

the edge angle is formed between the ______face and the _face

rake; clearance

squamous odontogenic tumor

rare benign odontogenic tumor from ectoderm painless or mild painful gingival swelling assoicated with tooth mobility radiolucency lateral to the roots of an unerupted or erupted tooth

median palatal cyst

rare but may occur along the median palatal raphe, usually in the hard palate midline, posterior to the pre maxilla may produce swelling on the palate. clinically this lesion presents as a firm, painless swelling

dentinogenesis imperfecta

rare disorder found in only 1: 7000 children mesodermal defect of dentin opalescent hue pulp chambers completley obliterated type 1- blue sclara type 2- most common. no bone involvement type 3- only a dentin abnormally exists. there are clinical and radiographic variations that include multiple pulp exposures in the primary dentition

verrucous carcinoma

rare form of SSC. does not metastasize men 60+ whitish cauliflower or coal like papillay appearance slow growth pattern non aggressive, very well differentialed tumor that does not metastasize can be seen on the upper alveolar ridge

Mikulicz's disease

rare salivary gland lesion related to sjogrens syndrome asymptomatic enlargement of the parotid and submandibular gland overtimes becomes bilateral middle aged women histo: epimyoepithelial islands within

odontogenic myxoma

rare slow growing, usually asymptomatic mantibular tumor patients are usually <35 years of age causes localized jaw expansion tx: curettage

median alveolar cyst

rare, but occurs in the bony alveolus between the central incisors distinguished from a peripical cyst by the fact that the adjacent teeth are vital

rubella virus

rash swollen and congested tonsils and red macules1

c factor

ratio of sound to unsound surfaces

chloroform

reagent of choice to dissolve gutta percha

peripheral giant cell granulom

realtively uncommon, pedunculated broad based growths with a smooth surface always on gingiva between 1st permanent molar and incisors or alveolar process reddish blue in color most patients older than 20 yrs females 2x males tx: complete surgical excision

body temperature is taken the most accurate way

rectally

Blepharochalasis

recurrent swelling of the eyelid cauing stretching and atrophy

carcinoa invasive

red area in mouth of floor. not flat

nicotine stomatitis

red dots are inflamed salivary duct openings only premalignant if related to reverse smoking (lighted end in mouth)

primary support denture bearing areas on max denture

redisudal ridges and palate secondary support is the palatal rugae

anemia associated with infections and inflammatory disease present with

reduced MCV, reduced MCH, normal MCH concentration

what is the most significnat advantage of acid etch

reduction of microleakage

anterior guidance

refers to both incisal and canine guidance

quality of xray

refers to the average energy or penetrating power of the xray beam and is controlled by KVp

Christensen's phenomenon

refers to the distal space created between the maxillary and mandibular occlusal surfaces when the mandible is protruded, due to downward and forward movement of condyles down their articular eminences

masseteric notch

refers to the distobuccal area on the impression/denture masseter contracts when the mouth closes against resistance

xray quantitiy

refers to the number of xrays produced and is controlled by the miliamerage mA

Protrusive record

registers the anterior inferior condyle path in the translation movement of the condyles

Enviornmental protection agency

regulates waste treansportaion from the dental office

Dentifrice associate sloughing

related to surfactant ingrediant sodium lauryl sulfate suggest toms of Maine or Rembrandt toothpaste

dermoid cyst

relatively uncommon cyst in the oral cavity. this cyst contains hair, sebaceous and sweat glands and tooth structures most common site is the floor mouth

dental wax patterns should be invested as soon as possible after fabrication to minimize changes in the shape caused by

relaxtion of internal stress

debridement

removal of foreign material and contaminated or devitalized tissue chemomechanical debridement of the root canal system is the most crucial aspect of root canal treatment glassy, smooth canal walls is the best and most reliable indictor of root canal debridement

ostectomy

removal of osseous defects or infrabony pockets by elinination of bony pocket walls the bone removed is supportive in nature dont do if the removal will weaken an adjacent tooths bony support

filtration

removal of parts of the x ray sepctrum using absorbing materials in the x ray beam filtration reduces patient dose, contrast and film density

EDTA

remove smear layer on walls of the canal after preparation with instruments

NaOCL

remove vital and necrotic tissue

free gingival graft

removes attached gingiva from another area of the mouth used to increased the zone of attached gingia and possibly gaining root covergae recieves its nutrients from the viable CT bed main reason it fails is disruption of the vascular supply before engraftment. infection is the second most common reason

reaming

repeated clockwise instrument rotation canal is round in shape

submarginal triangular and rectangular flap

requires at least 4 mm of attached gingivia and a healthy periodontium flap is raised by a scalloped incision not better than a full mucoperiostal flap

digital radiography

requires nearly 90% less radiation than traditional radiography becuase the sensor is more sensitive to x rays radiation exposure is reduced 50-80%

hypophosphatasia

resembles osetogenesis imperfectia. its an inherited metabolic chemical bone disease that resulrs from LOW LEVELS OF ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE (enzyme essential to the calcification of bone tissue) loosening, hypocalcification and premature loss of deciduous teeth are characteristic radiographically, large pulp chambers and alveolar bone loss are present

gingivoplasty

reshape the gingiva and papilla of a tooth to correct deformities and provide the gingiva with normal functional form provides more physiological tissue contour

osteoplasty

reshaping or recontouring the laveolar bone that does not provide attachment for periodontal fibers without removing supporting alveolar bone

which luting agent (cement) has the lowest solubility

resin modified glass ionomer

retention form

resist dislodgement of displacement of the restoration

circular fibers

resist rotational forces and help form the gingival ligament encircle the tooth around the most cervical part of the root and inset into the cementum and lamina propria of the free gingiva and alveolar crest

stability

resistance to horizontal dislodiging forces for upper and lower: ridge height and depth of vestibule denture: denture flange

what do guiding grooves in the crown prep provide

resistance to rotation, retention and path for seating the crown improve crown retention

retention

resistance to vertical dislodging forces denture: peripheral seal

support

resistance to vertical seating forces for upper: palate and alveolar ridge for lower: buccal shelf and retromolar pad for denture: denture base

chromium

responsible for corrosion resistance in colbalt crhomium alloys a RPD made of a base metal alloy is resistant to tarnish and corrosion bc of its surface oxide layer

indirect retention

rest seat located as far anterior as possible the function is to prevent vertical dislodgement of the distal extension base of a removable partial denture

RPA

rest, proximal plate, Akers clasp

RPI system

rest, proximal plate, I bar used only with kennedy class I or II (distal extensions) mesial rests are placed on the terminal abutment tooth for all distal extensions

RPI

rest, proximal plate, I bar (ideal class II level system)

RPC

rest, proximal plate, circumferential clasp

direct retainer (clasp assembly)

rest= support minor connector= stability clasp arms retentive clasp arm=retention reciprocal clasp arm= stability

ionic bonds

result from the electrostatic attraction between ions of opposite charge

lateral cefting of the lip

results from failure of the maxillary and frontal nasal process to merge cleft lip occurs during the 5th-6th week of embryonic life

foreshortening

results when the vertical angulation is too steep - teeth look short

gingival third of retentive clasp

retention

mechanical

retention form resistance form

which component of the TMJ has the most vasculature and innervation?

retrodiscal tissue

Glycoprotein IIb, IIIa inhibitor antiplatelet agents

reversibly block platelet aggregation to prevent thrombosis

rest

rigid extension of a RPD framework that contacts the O, L or I surface of an abutment tooth direct forces through long axis= support

clinical characteristics of malignant hyperthermia

rigidity, fever, hypermetabolism, myoglobinuria treated with dantrolene

periapical abscess

rises from pulpal infection of a tooth due to carious involvement of the tooth or traumatic injury clinical features: acute periapical abscess- tooth is extremely painful to percussion and is mobile. radiograph presents only a slight thickening of the peridontal membrane (PDL) chronic periapical abscess-presents as a granulma or cyst but there are no clinical features or symptoms Tx: establish drainage by openingthe pulp chamber or extracting the tooth

Modified Stillman Method

roll technique bristles on the cervical area of the teeth and partially o the ginigiva pointing toward the ginigval margin brush moved with short back and forth strokes

incisal rest

rounded notch at incisal angle 2.5 mm MD length 1.5 mm deep used as indirect retainer less favorable leverage than lingual rest not used often because of esthetic compromise

max tuberosity

rounded prominence of bone that extends distal to the third molar region on max molar PA appears as a rounded radiopaque bulge distal to third molar region

occlusal rest

rounded, semi-circular outline form (spoon shaped) one third MD width one half intercuspal width 1.5 mm deep for base metal floor inclines apically toward center angle formed with vertical minor connector is <90

horizontal fibers

run perpendicular from alveolar bone to cementum and resists lateral forces

lidocaine 2%

safest in children

incisive nerve block

same as mental nevrve block except hold pressure for 2 mins after injection to force anesthetic into mental foramen

fungiform papillae

scattered among filiform papallie. flattened mushroom shaped and found mainly at the tongue tip and lateral margins. have taste buds

zinc

scavenger of oxygen during processing

highly infectious stages of the syphillis is/are

secondary stage

Terazosin

selective to block alpha 1 receptors to manage mild to moderate hypertension and treat benign prostate hyperplasia

Tolazoline

selectively blocks alpha 2 receptros a parenteral anti hypertensive agent whose actions are caused by a direct peripheral vasodilation treats persistant pulmonary hypertension of the newborn

prazosin

selectivly blocks alpha 1 receptors and rarely used to treat hypertension due to unwanted adverse effects

root surface

senile caries found in older patients and attacks cementum and radiular root dentin actinomycyes viscosus

bases

serve as a replacemtn or rubstitiute fro the protective dentin destoryed by caries or cavity preparation

cretinism

servere hypothyroidsm in child, due to lack of thyroid hormone causieng retardation of growth and abnormal bone development. sevre mental retardation is caused by improper CNS development dental findings: large tongue, under developed mandible, over developed maxilla, delayed teeth eruotopm and longer retained decidusous teeth

masseter muscle in border molding

shapes DB area overextension of a mandib denture base in DF area causes a dislodgement of the denture as a result of the Masseter

superior constrictor muscle in border molding

shapes DL border modeling overextended lingual flange can cause a sore throat most critical area in border molding a max denture is the mucogingival fold above the max tuberosity area

reamers

shave dentin using only a reaming action to enlarge canals remove debris in a clockwise action

hardening agent- potassium alum

shirnks and hardens the gelatin in the emulsion

anterior guidance ____ be avoided in complete dentures

should it can cause dislodgement of bases

when extracting maxillary teeth, the patients maxilla is at the same height as the dentists

shoulders

denture processing

shrinkage always occurs, but even more shrinkage if excessive monomer ideal ratio of monomer to polymer is 1:3 porosity is due to underpacking with resin at time of processing or being heated too rapidly

dose equivalent is expressed in terms of

sievert (Sv)

pink tooth

sign of internal resorption and cervical root resportion

verruca (warts)

similar to a papilloma but is NOT pedunculated caused by a viral infection. do excision and biopsy

balanced occlusion for complete dentures

simultaneous anterior and bilateral posterior contacts (tripodization) in centric and eccentric movements to maintain seating of dentures

where should max anterior denture teeth be placed

slightly anterior to the ridge

posterior teeth have contacts

slightly buccal to middle third

condylar guidance

slope of articular eminence represented by HCI on articular posterior determinant of occlusion

central ossifying fibroma

slow growing painless benign lesion that may ooccur in the maxilla or mandib most commonly only involves one kind of bone more common in young adults well circumscribed and demarcated from surrounding bone teeth displacement

when a force is applied to a tooth in occlusion and discontinued, the recovery stage of the tooth is described as

slow, asymptomatic and pulsating

local anesthetic depress which of the following nerve fibers first

small unmyelinated fibers (which conduct pain and temperature)

for mandib extractions, the pattient is positioned

so the occlusla plane of the mandib arch is parallel to the floor

irrigants

sodium hypochlorite- most commonly used irrigant toxic to vital tissue so always use a rubber dam hydrogen peroxide- much less oslvent action than NaOCl-bubbling action , liberation of oxygen urea peroxide-useful irrigant available in an anahygroud glycerol base to prevent decomposition excllent irrigant for treating canals with normal periapcal tissue and wide apices

the primary action of local anesthetics in producing a conduction block is to decrease the permeability of the ion channels to

sodium ions

PDL

soft fiberous CT containing numerous cells, blood vessels, nerves and etxracellular substances and ground substances a highly vascular and cellular CT that surrounds the roots of teeth and briges root cementum with alveolar bone hour glass shaped most abundant cells in PDL are fibroblasts

rake angles

soft materials want positive rake angle burs hard and birttle materials- negative rake angle burs

epulis granulomatosum

soft, non painful beed easily. most often caused by retained foreign materal (bone or tooth fragment) due to an latrogenic error tx: curettage microscopic features: granulation tissue in bone, dentin,cementum or foreign material

osteomalacia (adults rickets

softening of bones in adults because osteoid tissue in bones failed to calcify due to lack of vitamin D. more common in women and may be asymptomatic until a bone fracture occurs Steatorrhea- one of the most common causes of osteomalacia due to fat malabsorption where the body cannto absorb fats so ats are passed directly out of the body in stool causing poor absorption of vitamin D (fat soluble) and calcium osteomalacia affects all bones, specifically at their epiphyselal growth plats

copper

solution hardening, orange color, ranks 3rd in malleability

combination syndrome

specific pattern of bone resorption in the anterior endentulous maxilla when it is opposing mandibular anterior teeth only overgrowth of tuberosities papillary hyperplasia in hard palate extrustion of lower anterior teeth loss of bone under the partial denture base

what ligament is most often damaged in an IAN block

sphenomandibular ligament

what is a pharmacologic antagonist of aldosterone in the collecting tubule

spironolactone (Aldactone)

primary indicator of the accuracy of border molding is the

stability and lack of displacement of the tray in the mouth

middle third of retentive clasp

stabilization

Geudels Stages of Anesthesia

stage 1- amnesia and analgesia--administration of anesthetisa dn continues to the loss of consciousness stage II- deliruium and excitement- loss of consciousness to the onset of total anesthesia stage III- surgical anesthesia- establishment of a regular pattern of breathing stage IV- signals danger

stages of fracture healing

stage 1- inflammation (immediately following fracture) stage 2- soft callus (2-3 weeks after) stage 3- hard calllus (4-8 weeks after stage 4-bone remodeling (8-12 weeks after)

in 1996, Universal Precautions were revised and renamed

standard precautions

submandibular approach (Risdom approach)

standard surgical approach to the andibular ramus and neck of the condyle

friable

state of mineralization

under States Childrens Health Insurance Program (SCHIP)

states can cover up to 300% of the federal poerty line

black branching lines appear on a processed film. what is the likely cause

static electricity

what is the most severe form of asthma

status asthmaticus

indirect pulp cap differs from stepwise caries excavations how?

stepwise involves the placement of temporary filling whereas an indirect pulp cap involves the placement of the permanent restoration

glass beed sterilizer

sterilizes endo files in 15 sec at 220 C

Xanthines

stimulants like caffeine, throphylline and theobromine used to improve mental alertnesss, reduce urge to sleep and leevate mood Theophylline is the only xanthine important in asthma treatment

Guanfacine and Guanabenz

stimulate a2 adrenergic receptors to inhibit sympathetic nervous system outflow, reducing peripheral vascular resistance and are used either alone or with a thiazide diuretic

x-ray fixing solution

stops development and remove remaining unexposed crystals 1. clearing agent( sodium or ammonium thiosulfate) 2. antioxidant preservative (sodium sulfite)- prevents decompostion of the fixer chemical 3. acidifier (acetic acid)- correct action of other chemicals and neutralizes any alkaline developer 4. hardner (potassium alum) shrinks and hardens the gelatin in the emulsion

all oral mucosa is

stratified squamous epitholim regardless if it is keratinized or onkeratinized

dential caires is initiated at the tooth surface by the growth of

streptococci these produce dextran sucrase which catalyzes foramtion of extracellular glucans from dietary sources. glucan production contributes to dental plaque formation which then holds the lactic acid produced by streptococci against the tooth

the most abundant bacteria in a healthy sulcus are

streptococcus and actinomyces species

what is the universal sign of laryngeal obstruction

stridor (crowing sounds)

for zinc phosphate cements, they should be mixed on a cool mixing slab bc

stronger final set and lower solubility

composite resin cement

strongest bond use with ceramic crowns

curettes

subgingival

which oral landmark marks the opening of the submandibular duct

sublingual caruncle

ludwigs angina

submadib, subling and submental spaces

which lymph nodes directly receive lyph from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue (except the tip)

submandibular lymph nodes

congeners

substances that are closely related in composition, function or origin

behavior shaping is also called

successive approximation

what is the most common type of malignant melanoma

superficial spreading melanoma

36 year old pt suddenly has seizure. dentist should put him in what position

supine

occlusal third of retentive clasp

support

the lingual cusps of the maxillary posterior teeth are

supporting and working

The experimental gingivitis model

supports the non specific plaque hypothesis demonstrates the relationship between plaque formation and gingivitis demonstrates that the bacterial ecology changes as plaque accumulates demonstrates that gingivitis is a reversible disease

the strength of a solder joint is proportional to its

surface area

durig condensation of cold

surface hardness of gold foil is always increased

when a broken instrument file protrudes past the apex

surgey should be performed

Caldwell-Luc approach

surgical procedure in which an opening is made into the max sinus by way of an incision into the canine fossa above the level of the premolar roots

Alveoloplasty

surgical reshaping of alveolar bone useful for sharp, sping or extremly irredular edges

Amphetamines

sympathetic amines that stimulate CNS and PNS increase systolic and diasoltic blood pressures and act as weak bronchodilators and respiratoyr stimulants have high abuse potential pass rapidly into CNS and cause a rapid release of NE in the brain

eccrine sweat glands are primarily innervated by

sympathetic-cholinergic

resistance form

take to resist forces of mastication to prevent fracture of the restoration and tooh

working side

teeth on the side the mandible is moving towards a denture must have the canaine and at least 4 other cusps contacting opposing teeth

what correlates with a steep mandibular plane

tendency toward a class III malocclusion

what is associated with liver damage

tetracycline

what is the most sensiitve area of the tooth during vavity prep

the DEJ

Antimetabolites act on

the S phase of the cell cycle by interfering with the biosynthesis of the purine and pyrimidine bases

what is the most critical factor to determin if a tooth should be extracted or have surgery

the amount of attachment loss (the amount of apical migration of the epithelium attachment)

deductible

the amount of eligable expenses a covered person or family must pay each year from his own pocket before the plan will make payment for eligable expenses

half valve layer

the amount of material required to reduce the intensity of an x ray beam to half HVL is an indicator of QUALITY of an xray beam not constant

how to sharpen your instrument

the angle between the blade face and stone is kept at 100-110 . when sharpening with a flat stone the angle between the insturment and stone is 100-110

rake angle

the angle made between the line connecting the edge of the blade to the axis of the bur and rake face most important design characteric of a bur blade

as caries spreads laterally into dentin

the base of the triangle at the DEJ and apex pointed toward the pulp chamber

sprue

the best angle to attach the sprue pin to the proximal wall of a eax pattern is 45 degrees the purpose is to provide an ingate or sprue in the investment through which the molten alloy can reach the model after the wax has been eliminated smaller than 1.5 mm are contraindicated the sprue pin diameter should be equal to or greater than the thickest portion of the pattern most related to the turbulence of molten gold

ridge

the best indicator for success of a denture is the ridge wide broad ridge is the best situation

Townes view

the best view to visualize the condyles and neck of mandible from an AP projection assess the condyles, condylar neck and rami

hamular process

the bony projection that arises from the sphenoid bone and extends downward and slightly posterirly

boundaries of the buccal shelf

the buccal foramen to the retromolar pad crest of the residual ridges to the external oblique line

internal finish line

the butt joint between the metal and acrylic on the tissue side of the edentulous area

the carotid sheath contains

the carotid artery jugular vein vagus nerve it does not contain the sympathetic trunk

atelectasis

the collapse of part or all of a lung most common anesthetic complication occuring within the first 24 hours can lead to pneumonia

oligodontia

the congenital absence of many but not all teeth

collimnation

the control of the size and shape of the x ray beam radiation beam be as small as practical the diamater of a circular beam of radiation at the patients skin can not be longer than 2.75 inches

tipping

the crown moves in one direction while the root tip/apex id displaced in the opposite direction

max canine from perm to primary teeth

the cusp on the primary max canine is much longer and sharper than the cusp on the perm max canine

PDL is derived from

the dental SAC

during non working, excusrive movements, the permanent max first molars ML cusp escapes through

the distobuccal groove of the mandibular first molar

lethal dose

the dose that kills 50% of the people who receive the drug, as determined by mice experimentation

margin #1

the edge or shelf at the base of a crown prep

effective dose ED

the effective dose at which 50% of people will respond

resillence

the energy that a material can absorb

external finish line

the external junction (butt joint) of the metal framework and denture base

in an ideal intercuspal position, the facial cusp tips of permanent max premolars oppose

the facial embrassure between their class ocunterpart and the tooth distal to it

inherent filtration

the filtration of an x ray beam by any parts of the x ray tube or tube shield thorugh which the beam must pass the parts include the glass envelope of the x ray tube and OIL surrounds the x ray tube to cool the tube to dissipate heat

mantle dentin

the first formed dentin that is ladi before the odontoblast layer is organized

convenience form

the form the cavity prep takes to aid the operator in preparing, placing or finishing the restoration

pins

the function is to retain the resorativematerial do not increase the strength of the restorative material pin retention increases as the pin diamater increases Dentin only!

gingival apparatues

the ginigval fibers and epithelial attachment

therapeutic index

the greater a drugs therapeutic index, the less likely fatalities will follow an accident overdose

INR

the higher the INR, the greater the anticoagulant effect (greater clotting) INR of 1: means normal prothrombin times of about 12 sec, normal clotting would be present INR>1 indicates an anticoagulant effects exists many patients taking anticoagulants have INR values of 2,3,4,5 and even 6 for surgical procedures and INR of 1-1.5 indicates a normal prothrombin time (12-16 sec) this is within a safe range

acute inflammation

the initial protective response of tissue to irritation or injury involving vasuclar and cellular response

zone 1 Normal dentin

the innermost zone of normal dentin with no bacteria in the tubules

inverse square law

the intensity of the radiation is inversly proportional to the square of the distance from the source of radiation when the target receptor distance is increase, the intensity is decreased doubling the distance the distance results in a beam that is 1/4 as intense

stippling

the irregular surface texture of the attached gingiva that resembles an oragne peels surface

flourides are mainly elimnated from they body via

the kidneys

parotid gland

the largest salivary gland and pure serous gland supplied by general visceral effernt nerve fibers of the glosspharyngeal nerve drained by stensons duct

circumvallate papillae

the largest, least numerous papillae. circular shaped arranged in the inverted v shaped row toward th eback of the tongue. associated with ducts of von ebners glands. have taste buds

exposure time

the length of time x rays are produced and the time the patient is exposed to them

when establishing a balanced occlusion, the lingual cusps of maxillary posterior teeth on the balancing side should contact

the lingual inclines of facial cusps of mandibular posterior teeth`

the most important enzyme systems for the biotransformation of drug molecules are found in

the liver by the P540 system

kertanized tissue in a denture

the more keratinzied tissue the better denture support and comfort

superoxol

the most common bleaching agent for endo treated teeth 30% aqueous solution by weight of H2O2 in distilled water

charged coupled device (CCD)

the most common digital image receptor a solid state detected with a silicon chip embedded within it

Von Recklinghausens disease (neurofibromatosis)

the most common feature is NEUROFIBROMATOSIS (multiple tumors of nerve tissue origin autosominal dominant characterized by multiple neurofibromas, cutaneous cafe au lait macules, bone abnormalities and CNS changes clinical signs: 6 or more cafe au lait macules tx: none

localized actute gingivitis

the most common form of gingival periodontal disease in school aged children

autogenous tooth transplantation

the most common idication for a tooth transpolantation is severe decay of a 1st molar most likely cause of failure is a chronic, progressive external root resorption universal sequelae of an allogenic tooth transplant in akylosis and progresisve root resorption

dental granuloma

the most common sequelae of pulpitis at the root apex. only distinguished from a radicular cyst histologically asymptomatic necrotic tooth but may be percussion sensitive

bisphenol A -glycidyl methacrylate

the most common to most compostie resins, sealants , bonding and glazing agents and resin cements for otho bands

hypoglycemia

the most serious and common complication of insulin therapy

malignant melanoma

the most severe and potentially serious type of skin cancer often developed from or near a mole skin cancer is the most common malignancy in the US uncommon in the oral cavity but has a prediclection for the hard palate and maxillary alveolar ridges(hard palate is the most common intra oral site)

boundaries that define the attached gingiva extend from

the mucogingival junction to the free ginigval groove (base of the sulcus)

which nerve can also serve as an afferent nerve for the mandib first molar

the mylohyoid nerve

flush terminal plane

the normal relationship of the primary molars in primary dentition

as plaque ages

the number of gram positive aerobic bacteria decreases while the number of gram neg anaervbic bacteria increases

what is an unfavorable consequence of placing mandib molars on the ascending border of the ramus during the fabrication of a complete denture

the occlusal forces over the inclined ramus would dislodge the mandib denture

campers line significance

the occlusal plane, established by the wax occlusion rims surfaces is parallel to campers line and inter pupillary line

alveolar process

the part of the maxilla and mandible that houses teeth and consists of two main parts alveolar bone proper and supporting alaveolar bone

margin 2

the part of the restoration which forms its outer limit that adjoins to the cavosurface margin of the prepared tooth

coinsurance

the portion of covered dental care costs for which the coverd person has a financial responsibility, usualy a fixed percentage

pneumothorax

the presence of air in the pleural cavity

kilovoltage (kVp)

the quality or penetrating power of the x ray beam that controls the speed of electrons affects the contrast and predominately determines the penetrating ability of the xray beam

primary radiation

the raditaion generated at the ANODE of the x ray tube that is attenuated by the filter and the object

open reduction

the reduction of a fractured bone by manipulation after incision into skin and muscle over the fracture site the most common site for open reduction is at the angle of the mandible

closed reduction

the reduction of a fractured bone by manipulation without incision into the skin maintained in place by intermaxillary fixation (pre-fabricated arch bars)

reliability

the repeatability and reproductibility of the test

most designs of streebreakers will rather effectively dissipate vertical forces to terminal abutments, However, this occurs at the expens of what supporting entitiy?

the residual ridge

balancing side

the side opposite to the side the mandible is moving toward at least 3 cusps touch but not the canine

distal wedge flap

the simplest distal flap procedure used for retromolar reduction wedge base is the periosteum overlying the bone and the apex is the coronal gingival surface

Wrought wire retentive clasp

the simplest form of stress relief advantages: higher yeid strength, greater flexibility, more ductile and resillent often used with M rest in class I and II deisgns on the most posterior abutment tooth if occlusion prevents using a mesial rest on the most posterior abutment in a distal extension only a WW can be used with a distal rest bc it is okay for its retentive tp to be in front of the axis of rotation tip of its retentive arm should engage the undercut anterior to the fulcrum line (axis of rotation). terminal end of its retentive arm is optimally placed in the middle of gingival 1/3 of clinical crown the retentive arm should be passive and applying no pressure on the teeth not used in class III and IV do not use wrought wires thorugh embrassures or with embrasure claps has a tensile strength at least 25% greater than the cast alloy from which it was made

Barton bandage

the simpliest form of immobilization. primarily a first aid measure until definitive therapy can be instituted

Moyers mixed dentiion

the size of unerupted canines and premolars id predicted by knowing the size MD width of the mandibular inciors that have already erupted into the mouth early in the mixed dentition

focal spot

the small area of tungsten on the anode from which x rays emanates and that recieves the impact of speeding electrons focal spot is 1 of 3 factors that influences image sharpness the size of the x ray tube focal spot influences radiographic definition

palatine papilla cyst

the soft tissue variant of the nasopalatine duct cyst

Waters view

the standard radiograph of choice for showing an anterior view of the paranasal sinus and of th emid face and orbits water is one of the best films for radiographic diagnosis of mid facial fractures , sinus infections and lesions of the max sinus

in fabricating complete dentures, if the teeth are too far lingually placed then

the t will sound more like a th

linguodental sounds (this, that and those)

the tip of the tongue should protrude slightly between the maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth

prognosis of a tooth with a broken insturment is best if

the tooth had a vital pulp and no periapical lesion

gold foil

the traditional and oldest type of gold

Roentgen (R)

the traditional unit of radiation exposure measure in air only applies to x rays and gamma rays

zone iV turbid dentin

the zone of bacterial invasion as the dentinal tubules are filled with bacteria this dentin cannot reminerlaize and must be removed prior to restoration

the earliest and most common symptom assoicated with an inflamed pulp is

thermal sensitivity- sensitivity to hot and or cold stimuli

why are vasoconstrictors included in local anesthetic

they prolong the duration of action of the local anesthetic they reduce the toxicity because less local is necessary they reduce the rate of vascular absorption by causing vasoconstriction they make the anesthesia more profoudn by increasing the concentrations of the local anesthetic at the nerve membrane

which barb is ulta short acting compound

thiopental

which is a system where a provider of coverage contracts to pay for some of the patient's dental treatment

third party dentistry

coronoid process

this image of the mandible often appears in the periapical radiographs of the molar region of the maxilla tapered or traingular radiopacity

why should the powder be sprinkled onto the water in the bowl

this process results in better powder mixing and reduced chance for air bubbles

retention form

those features that prevent removal of crown along long axis of the tooth prep (sticky food)

resistance form

those features that prevent removal of crown by apical, horizontal, or oblique forces (occlusal forces)

functional appliances

those that change the posture of the mandible, holding it ope or open and forward frankel bionator clarks twin block herbst activator

the absolute max number of posterior teeth which can be safely replaced with a fixed bridge is

three

flouride levels in excess of _________ begin ot pose a risk for fluorosis

three parts per million

what is the highest risk associated with use of oral contraceptives

thromboembolic disorders

lingual thyroid

thyroid tissue mass at midline base of tongue located along embryonic path of thyroid descent

creep

time dependent deformation or strain relaxatoin deformation with time in resposne to a constant stress main causes for margin fractures on amalgam restorations time dependent high copper and low mecury contant decrease creep undertitrutation and overtrituration increase the creep rate

S sound

tip of tongue approaches the anterior plate and lingual surfaces bring the mandible and maxilla close together

T and D anterior lingual palatal sounds

tip of tongue touching the anterior palate

z springs

tipping anterior teeth but deliver excessibely heavy forces and lack range of motion

a pt who places aspirin directly in the oral vestibule often see a well circumscribed white patch on the mucosa where the aspirin was placed. The best description would be

tissue necrosis

periodontium

tissues that surround and support the teeth consisting of gingivia, PDL, cementum, alveolar and supporting bone functions are to support, protect and nurish the teeth

what is the function of silanes in resin composites

to bind inorganic and organic materials with hydrogen and covalent bonds

what is the main reason to take bitewings?

to detect interproximal caries

function of a post

to provide a platform for the crown (retain the core)

facebow

to record the patients maxilla/hinge axis relationship

which way does the mandible deivate in an injury

to the side of the injury upon opening

cancer of which oral cavity structure is most commonly associated with mortality

tongue

Th linguodental sound

tongue should protrude slightly 2-4 mm

the tongue receives its blood supply from

tonsillar branch of the facial artery longual artery ascending pharygneal artery

what is the primary reason for choosing a veneer over crown

tooth structure is spared

what is the most common etiologic factor/cause of gingival recession

toothbrush abrasion left canines of right handed people

anodontia

total abscence of teeth

toughness

total energy absorbed to the point of fracture

condylar guidance is dictated by who?

totally dictated by the patient and cannot be varied or adjusted by the dentist

Graves disease

toxic diffuse goiter most common that occurs mostly in women 20-40 typical signs of hyperthyroidsm plus Goiter (buldging neck) and exophthalmos (buldging eyes)

Plummers disease

toxic multinodular goiter caused by the presence of many toxic thyroid nodules (adenomas) within the thyroid gland uncommon in adelosecents and young adults increases with age no exophthalmos (bulding eye) super rare

direct intraosseous wiring combined with a period of IMF

traditional method of bone stabilization after open reduction

zone III

transparent dentin softer than normal dentin and show futher demineralization no bacteria present capable of remineralization

free mucosal autograft

transplant is CT without an epithelial covering often used on canines where little keratinized gingivva exists to create a band of gingiva like tissue

Lefort II

transverse fracture or crainofacial dysfunction a fracture in which the entire maxilla and one or more facial bones are completly separated from the crainofacial skeletion resturcted mandibular movement

amalgam tattoo

traumatic implantation of amalgam particles into mucosa tiny radiopaque particles in xray

Propranolol

treats hypertension decrease BP by decreasing CO nonselective B blockers are contraindicated in patients with asthma or other chronic obstructive airway disease as they cause fatal bronchospasm and in pt with insulin dependent diabates as they block hypoglycemia recovery BLOCKS BETA ADRENERGIC heart receptors

T/F Fluoride mouth rinses are the most popular school based fluoride regimin in the US

true

for an onlay preparation, the most effective means for verifying adequate occlusal clearance is a wax bite chew in

true

Angioma

tumors composed of blood vessels or lymph vessels

multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes (MEN syndrome)

tumors of various endocrine glands that occur in association with a variety of other pathologic features. medullary carcinoma of the Thyroid due to its ability to metastasize and cause death MEN I syndrome- tumors or hyperplasias of the pituitary , parathyroids, adrenal cortex and pancreatic islets (pancreas) MEN II (Sipple's Syndrome) parathyroid hyperplasia or adenoma, but NO tumors of the pancreas MEN III- mucocutaneous neuromas, pheochromocytomas of the adrenal medulla and medullary carcinoma of the thyroid glans the most constant feature is neuromas (especially in the oral cavity) most commonly of the lips, tongue, and buccal mucosa

multiple clasp

two opposing c clasps joined at the terminal end of the two reciprocal arms

ADA alloy classification

type 1- used for small inlays type II- larger inlays and onlays type III-onlays, crowns and short span FPD type IV: thin veneer crowns, long span FPD and RPS

gingival fibers

type I collagen fibers ginigval fibers are only found within the free gingivia are continuous with the PDL designated by their orientation

what is the most important factor when selecting a clasp for distal extensions

undercut location

retention in a cavity prepared for composite resin usually is gained by what?

undercuts in dentin and acid etching

kennedy class III

unilateral bounded edentulous space

kennedy class 2

unilateral distal extension

condylar hyperplasia

unilateral enlargemtn of the condyle unilateral slowly progressive elongation of the face with deviation of chin away from the affected side

Pagets Disease

unknown etiology, bone resportion and repair leading to deformities dentures not fitting--need to be remade periodically

Nonarcon-

upper and lower members are rigidly attached not anatomical

Zinc Oxide Eugenol cements

used as a sedative filling material as an insulative base and in interim caries treatment pallative effect on pulp powder is zinc oxide liquid is eugenol do not have thermal insulation qualities that compare to dentin cant be used as a liner with composites

Mat gold (crystalline gold)

used for bulk filling of cavities not as good as gold foil or powdered gold

alloy

used for cast restorations

external skeletal fixation

used in cases in which the management of a fractured bone segment is not satisifactory accomplished by intermaxillary fixation

reverse action Hairpin clasp

used on abutments of tooth borne dentures where a proximal undercut is below the point of origin only iwhen a bar clasp is ocntraindicated due to a tissue undercut, tilted tooth, shallow vestible or high tissue attachment

embrasure clasp

used on sound teeth with retentive areas or when multiple restorations are justified requires at least 1.5 mm marginal ridge reduction to prevent fracture of clasp assembly used with double occlusal rests wrought wires are never used with embrasure clasps

whip spring appliances

used to de rotate one or two teeth

Pantograph

used to follow patients border movements

reverse townes view

used to idenify fractures of the condylar neck and ramus area

PMA index

used to record the prevalence and servity of gingivitis in school children

coronally positioned flap

used to restore gingival height and the zone of attached igingiva over isolated areas of gingial recession

band and loop

used when primary first molar has to be extracted

ring clasp

used when undercut is adjacent to BES

gypsum bonded investments

used with types I,II,III gold alloys refractory filler- quartz or cristobalite. it regulates and provides thermal expansion 2. binder- adds strenhth. it will decrease the setting expansion, increase setting time, increase porosity and weaken the set material 3. modifiers- added to modify various physical properities of the investment

begg appliance

uses round wires that fit loosely into the brackets vertical slot

third party reinbursement

usual, customary and reasonable fee a third party determins what fees it will pay for each procedure

polyostoti cfibrous dysplasia

usually displays a segmental distribution of the involved bones occurs during childhood affects long bones, face, clavicles, and pelvic bones

congenital epulis of newborn (congenital gingival granular cell tumor)

usually on the anterior gingiva of newborns as a pink, non inflammed , pedunculated or broad based mass females>males does not exhibit pseudo-epithliomatous hyperplasia of the overlaying epithelium

which technique is best for a wide based frenectomy

v-y advancement

the consent dentist should obtain before beginning any dental treatment procedure is

valid

shade is determined by

value, chroma and then hue

cocaine

vasocinstrictor

what is the most common premedication prior to general anesthetia for a child

versed

hemisection

vertical sectioning of the tooth through both the crown and root 50% of the tooth is extracted if one specific root has excessive loss in osseous support and the remaining half of the molar tooth is treated as a premolar

featheredge margin

very actue and thin less invasive best marginal seal insufficient clearance for most materials difficult to visualize

traumatic ulcer

very common erosion=incomplete break ulcer= complete break through epihtelium

Myxedema-

very severe in adults, more common in women than men puffiness of face and eyelids, swelling of tongue and larynx

combined narcotics

vicoden- hydrocodone+ APAP Percocet= oxycodone+APAP Tylenol 1= 200 mg APAP + 8 mg Codeine tylenol 2- 300 mg APAP + 15 mg codeine tylenol 3- 300 mg APAP+ 30 mg codeine tylenol 4- 300 mg APAP + 60 mg codeine

when using a disinfectant what kind of gloves should be used

vinyl exam gloves

hand foot and mouth disease

viral infection (coxsackie A) that affects infants and children produces red erythematous lesions in mouth, foot and hands fever , malaise, vomitting and fatigue

what is the ideal abutment

vital teeth with no mobility optimum crown root ratio for a tooth to be used as a fpd is 2:3 crown to root ratio 1:2 is idea root configuration with the widest FL dimension 1st molar is best abutment and canine is 2nd

which drugs inhibit blood clotting by affecting the coagulation pathway to prevent fibrin formation

warfarin and heparin

what is th emost effective way to verify adequate occluslal clearance

wax bite chew in

Casts poured from alginate are more accurately mounted with

wax records

centifying fibroma

well defined radiolucency with scattered radiopaque foci occurs in the mandible of adults as a painless welling

peripheral fibroma

well demarcated focal mass of hyperplastic tissue with either a sessile or pedunculated base 3 forms 1. peripheral ossifying fibroma- gingival mass with visible characteritic calcified islands of bone and an ulcerated surface. the gingivia naterior to th epermanent molars is most often affected. Young adult females 2. peripheral odontogenic fibroma- ginigval mass composed of well vascularized non encapsulated fibrous CT 3. giant cell fibroma- a fibrous hyperplasia composed of multi nucleated CT cells

lingual plate

when depth of lingual vestibule is < 7 mm additional loss anticipated lingual tori all posterior teeth are missing bilaterally

lingual bar

when depth of lingual vestibule is greater than or equal to 7 mm simpliest and most common

Canine guidance

when in lateral movements all posterior teeth are immediately discluded as contact occurs solely between the upper and lower canines on the working sided

when is the ideal time to reove impacted 3rd molars

when the root is about 2/3 formed

labial bar (swinglock)

when there is a missing canine unfavorable soft tissue contour questionable periodontal prognosis

K and G velar sounds (posterior palatal sounds)

when toungue touches posterior palate tooth set up does not affect these sounds

elongation

when vertical angulation is too flat- teeth look long and stretched

lingualized occlusion

where only the palatal cusps of maxillary posterior teeth contact the mandibular posterior teeth theoreticaly eliminating the destablizingb buccal force vectors

validity

whether questions asked by the study are answered by the method a valid test is sensitive, specific, and unbiased

radiopaque

white inhibit x rays to pass through

linea alba

white line in buccal mucosa type of focal hyperkeratosis due to chronic friction on mucosa

leukoedema

white or whitish gray edematous lesion of buccal mucosa dissipates when cheek is stretched

in the intercuspal position, the ML cusp of a permanent max first molar occludes

with the centra fossa of the mandib first molar

inlay

within cusps

the bennet movement refers to the

working side condyle only it roates with a slight lateral shift in the direction of the movement

clasp selection

wrought wire used for perio compromised and endo treated teeth BES use Akers clasps with rest seats located adjacent to endentulous space distal extension use in order of preference: RPI, RPA, and wrought wire

after administration of an IAN block and lingual nerve block

you can extract canaine and 1 PM on the injection side you would need to do a long buccal injection to extract the molars

zone II carious dentin sub transparent

zone of demineralization created by acid from caries capable of remineralization

_________are second only to nasal fractures in frequency of involvement

zygomatic fractures

for most cities, every $1 invested in water flurodation saves ___ in dental treatment

$38

what angulation should vertical bitewings be

+8 and +10 degrees

hereditary gingivofibromatosis

- a rare GENETIC DISEASE that is a progressive proliferation of the gingiva (especially collagenous elements). Clinically, there is generalized diffuse gingival enlargement, often extensive enough to cover the teeth. The tissue is dense and firm , with considerable distortion of normal contour. Gingival color is normal, but erythematous changes are a result ,of secondary bacterial involvement. • There is a striking lack of inflammatory cells, proliferating capillaries, and vascular engorgement commonly seen with most types of gingivitis.

doxazosin

-Selective α1-blocker -Uses: urinary symptoms of BPH; -Hypertension -Toxicity: 1st-dose orthostatic hypotension, dizziness, headache longer duration of actino

what is the thickness of a good class II amalgam restoration

.002 inches

the optimal thickness of the opaque layer of porcelin should be

.3 mm

light chamfer

.3-.5 mm thick gold crowns wide gold collars of PFM crowns

min metal thickness of crown

.5 mm at margin 1 mm non contact areas 1.5 mm contact areas

what is the min porcelin thickness

.7 mm ( 1 is ideal)

slow injection

1 carp per min

Cleft palate

1 in 2000 births lack of fusion between palatal shelves

calculating local anesthetic

1 mL of liquid at sea level weighs 1 g carpule/cartrige of anesthetic contains 1.8 mL so one carpule is 1.8 g for 1% LA, then 18 mg then multiple by whatever percent of the anesthetic you are using ex: 2% lido= 36 mg 4%articaine= 72 mg

slow injection technique is defined as the deposition of

1 ml of local anesthetic solution in no less than 60 sec

heavy chamfer

1-1.5 mm thick PFM crowns and some all ceramic crowns if not given enough room, lab will be forced to overcontour crown

shoulder

1-1.5 thick porcelain of PFM restorations all ceramic crowns maximizes esthetics-eliminate display of metal aggressive preparation-potential for pulpal embarrassment

bases have a final application thickness of

1-2 mm

opioid receptors

1. Mu- morphine 2. delta- enkephalins 3. kappa- dynorphins

principles of prep

1. all faults or caries removed 2. all friable or weakened enable should be removed 3. all margins should be placed in a position to allow good finishing of the margins of the restoration

the body contains 3 naturally occuring endogenous opioids ppeptides

1. beta endophins 2. Enkephalina- bind to delta receptors 3. dynorphins- most powerful opioids found throughout the CNS and PNS that bind to kappa receptors

stages of shock

1. compensatory (increased heart rate and peripheral resistance) 2. progressive stage: metabolic acidosis occurs 3. irreversible- organ damage-- survival is not possibel

x ray developming solution contains 4 chemicals

1. developing agent (hydroquinone) - a chemical compound capable of changing the exposed silver halide crystals to black metallic silver. gives detalis to the x ray image 2. antioxidant preservative (sodium sulfite)- prevents developer solution from oxidizing in the presence of air 3. accelerator (sodium carbonate)- an alkali that activates the developing agents and maintains the alkalinity of the developer at the correct value 4. restrainer (potassium bromide)- is added to developers to control the action of the developing agent so it does not develop the unexposed silver halide crystals to produce fog

Rheumatoid Arthritis drugs

1. etanercept (enbrel) binds to tumor necrosis factor 2. Infliximab (remicade)- binds to TNF alpha to reduce inflammatory action 3.prednisone- corticosteriod that decreases inflammatory response 4. piroxicam-NSAID drug that inhibits prostaglandin synthesis. adverse effects: gastric irritation, heart burn and nausea 5. gold injections- decreases prostaglandin production 6. methotrexate- may affect immune functiont

diagnostic aids to idenify vertical root fracture

1. fiberoptic light 2. wedging the tooth in question and take an xray 3. persistant periodontal defects 4. tooth slooth

ideal wire material for otho

1. high strength 2.low stiffness 3. high working range 4. high formability

3 major phenomena of inflammation

1. increased vascular permeability 2. leukocytic cellular infiltration- involves mainly neutrophils 3. repait

sequence of radiation injury

1. latent period period of time between radiation exposure and onset of symptoms 2. period of cell injury- comes after the latent period. cellular injury may cause cell death , changes i cell function or abnormal mitosis of cells 3. recovery period- some cells recover from the radiation injust, expically if radiation is low level

3 reasons to use cantilever brudge

1. missing max lateral 2. missing mandib 1 pm 3. can replace missing 1 molar to avoid unilateral rpd or prevent supraeruption

parts of a flame obtained from a gas air blow torch to melt alloys

1. mixing zone- 1st zone that is cool and colorless 2. combustion zone- 2nd zone thta is grenish blue and surrounds the inner cone 3. reducing zone- 3rd zone which has a dim blue tip and is the hottest area in the flame and is the only part of the flame that should be used to heat the alloy 4. oxidizing zone- outer zone where final combustion between the gas and surrounding air ocurs

vasoconstrictor

1. prolong numbness 2 reduce toxicity 3. promote hemostasis

4 types of melanoma

1. superficial spreading- most common form. lesion is tan, brown, black or admixed 2. nodular- there is no radial growth-- only vertical. more often on back head and neck of men 3. lentigo maliga melanoma- most common in the elderly population 4. acrolentiginous melaoma- occurs on hands and feet

3 ligaments that support and reinforce the TMJ and involve in complex jaw movements

1. temporomandibular ligament (lateral ligaments)- major ligament that runs from the articular eminence to the mandibular condyle to provide direct support to the capsule. (the only ligament that gives direct support to the TMJ capsule). prevents posterior and inferior displacement of the condyle 2. stylomandibular ligament- an accessory ligament that separates the infratemporal region anteriorly from the parotid region behind (posterior border of the mandible) 3. sphenomandibular ligament -an accessory ligament attached to the spine of the sphenoid bone and lingula of the mandible (located on the medial surface of the mandible)

Signs of incipient malocclusion

1. the lack of interdental spacing in the primary dentition 2. the crowding of the permanent incisiors in the mixed dentition 3. the premature loss of the primary canines, particulary inthe mandib arch

4 zones of an incipient carious lesion in enamel

1. translucent zone- the deepest zone that represnets the advancing front of the enamel lesion 2. dark zone- does not transmit polarized light. areas of demineralization and remineralization 3. body of the lesion- the largest portion of the incipient lesion that has areas of demineralization 4. surface zone- relatively unaffected by the caries attack

stages of hemostasis

1. vascular phase 2. platelet phase 3.coagulation phase

three types of SSC

1. verrucous carcinoma 2. carcinoma in situ 3. carcinoma invasive

min porcelain thickness

1.5 mm

the min labial reduction on a PFM crown is

1.5 mm

ferrule

1.5-2mm of sound root structure apical ot the core that the margins of the crown should engage to protect against root fracture

golden proportion

1.618:1:.618

how many hours are required to kill bacterial spores when a dental instrument is placed in a 2% solutin of glutaraldehyde

10 hours aka cold sterilization

for local anesthetics, for every 1% of solution there is

10 mg/mL of anesthetic

MI and CR coincide in only --% of the population

10%

the gingival margin trimmers used for inlay-onlay preparations with steep gingival bevels are

100 and 75 pairs

what is the acceptable max exposure level allowed by OSHA for nitrous oxide

1000 ppm

in good health, what is the ratio of calcium to phosphrous in the blood

10:4

when gutta percha is heated, the transition form its beta phase to alpha phase occurs at

115 F

autoclave

121 C or 250 F at a pressure of 15 psi for 20 mins or 132 C or 270 F at a presusre of 30 psi for 8 mins

patients with a fasting plasma glucose level higher than _____ or a random plasma glucose of greater than _____ have diabetes mellitus

126 mg/dL, 200 mg/dL

normal platelet count is

150,000-450,000

functional integration of the gingival graft occurs by the

17th day

when is the closure of apicies

18 months after eruption

Applegates Rule

1: classification should be assigned after any extractions 2: missing third molars are not considered 3: abutment third molars are considered 4: missing second molars are not considered 5: most posterior edentulous area determines the classification 6: other edentulous areas are referred to as modifications 7: extent of modification does not matter, only number 8: class IV cannot have any modifications by definition

the optimal incisal reduction for a PFM crown is

2 mm

to ensure adequate strenth for the marginal ridge, the distopulpal line angle should NOT apprach the distal surface of the tooth closer than

2 mm

occlusal rest

2 mm deep in center outline form: rounded triangle, with apex toward the center of the occlusal surface concave (spoon shaped) occlusal surface triangle base is at least 2.5 mm wide rest floor is inclined apically (deeper) angle formed by occlusal rest and vertical minor connector must be less than 90 degrees always prepared after the proximal guide planes

the placement of a retraction cord should be under the free gingiva at

2 mm facial to the facial margin

rule of thumb for pins

2 mm in dentin 2 mm in amalgam and 1 mm from DEJ

how much is a custom tray on a preliminary cast trimmed

2 mm short of the mucosal reflection and frenae the primary indicator of border molding accuracy is stability and lack of displacement of the custom tray in the mouth

the prep for a full veneer crown is begun with occlusal reduction there should be ___ clearance on the functional cusps and about ___ on the non function cusps

2 mm, 1.5 mm

cobalt chrominum

2.3% shrinkage which causes irregularities and porosity cold working involves manipulating the metal while at abient temperature clasp assembly is cold worked every time it is seated and dislodges main reason why clasps break

a short arm clasp should be made in what gauge of wire for optimum function below its proportional limit

20 gauge

what is the range of the lethal dose of flouride

20-50 mg/kg

what kind of needle is used for IV sedation

21 gaugae needle with valium

have to lose about __% of enamel mineral before you can see a radiolucency

25

the strength, hardness and tensile strength of wrought wire is approx

25% greater than the cast alloy from which it was fabricated

condylar neck fractures

25% of fractures

the long axis of FPD abutments must converge no more than 1

25-30 degrees

autoclave

250 F for 15-20 mins

chemical vapor sterilizer

270 F at 20 psi for 20-40 mins requires use of orgainc solvents instead of water no corrosion or dulling instruments must be completly dired before processing

unsaturated chemical vapor sterilacation

270 F for 20-40 mins does not rust or corrode metal instruments and carbon steal

when are the best trimester for preggo work

2nd and 3rd for elective treatment

calcification of primary teeth begins during which of the following time periods

2nd trimester

amalgam has a coefficent of thermal expansion that is

2x tooth structure

how many teeth can be safely replaced with a fixed bridge

3

the minimal amount of tissue between the suture and the edge of the flap should be

3 mm

impant

3 mm both mesially and distally to the implant if next to another implant total space of >7 mm MD buccal and lingual have 1 mm of bone 2 mm from vital structrues

bone grafting procedure is most likely to be successful with

3 walled defect

per OSHA guidelines, what is the min amount of time required for employeers to keep employee trainig records

3 years

acidulated phosphate fluoride is most effective at what pH

3.2

max dose of ibuprofen

3.2 g/day

maximum allowable dose of 2% lidocaine with 1:000,000 Epi is

3.2 mg lidocaine per lb

the crowns of all 20 primary teeth begin to calcify between

3.5-6 months in utero

most self cured composite restorations require approx

30 sec for mix 1 min for insertion 3 min for final set

How much bone loss must occur before a standard X-ray can detect it?

30%a reduction of .5-1 mm thicknes of cortical plate is sufficient to permit radiographic visualization of destruction of inner cancellous trabeculae

dry heat oven

320 F for 120 mins sterliizes much less efficiently than moist hear a higher temp and a longer cycle time is required for sterilization to occur no dulling or corrosion of metals

dry heat sterilzation

320 F for 2 hours, 340 for 1 hr causes coagulation of proteins

the ave settings or values of the condylar inclination on the articulator for sagittal and lateraly condyle path inclinations respectivelya re

33 ad 15 degrees

microfill composite

35-50% filled

Prior to direct bonding, ______is used as an etching agent. Prior to placing bands, _________is used as an etching agent

35-50% unbuffered phosphoric acid nothing

rapid heat transferr sterilization

375 F for 12 mins for wrapped 6 for unwarpped

rule of 4

4 teeth every 4 months begining with 4 teeth at 7 months

the optimal absorption of energy for the activation of camphorquinone is which of the following ranges

400-499

visible light curved

410-500 nm with a peak intensity at 470 nm can cause retinal damage most serious limitation is polymerization shrinkage

flowable composite

44-54 % filled

the bevel angulation and width in a class IV composite prep is

45 degree .25-2 mm

packable composite

48-65%filled

max dose of acetaminophen

4g/day

max exposure of radiation per year

5 REM (.1 REM per week)

immediate dentures should be scheduled for relines at

5 and 10 months post extraction

a teaspoon can hold what volume of liquid

5 ml

per OSHA guidelines what is the min amount of time required for amployers to keep a sharps injury log

5 years

what is the ideal taper for a crown

5-6 degrees

sutures placed intraorally are normally removed

5-7 days postoperatively

microhybrid

50-66% filled

the minimal depth of a detectable carious lesion on a radiograph is about

500 micrometers

when taking radiographs the operator should stand at least

6 feet away from the patient

the definite threshold duration of force for tooth movement per day below hwich no bone remodeling takes place is

6 hrs

the min amount of protrustion for condylar guidance adjustment is

6 mm

how long does it take for a periapical radiolucency to reduce in size upon RCT treatment

6-12 months

time required to upright a molar

6-12 monthss

collagen

60% of gingival protein vitamin C is required for hydroxylation of praline and lysine which are essential for collagen formation most common it type 1 collagen

A full E cylinder of oxygen contains approx

600 L at a pressure of 2000 psi

the normal value for blood urea nitrogen is

7-18 g/DL

hybrid composite

70-77% filled

what generation bonding eliminates the need for separate etching rinsing and mixing for light cured

7th

at age of 6, a child's head is what percentage of its adult size

90%

what percentgae of 6 year old children have a median (maxiollary) diastema

98%

normal prothrombin time PT

<11 sec + 2 sec best test to determine if oral surgery can be safely performed on a patient taking Coumadin should be within 5-7 seconds

low gold alloys

<25% gold

base metal alloys

<25% noble metal content (no gold required)

bleeding time

<9 min

noble alloys

>25% noble metal content (no gold required)

high noble alloys

>60% noble metal content (gold >40%)

ADA type III alloys

>75% noble metals onlays and crowns

ADA type IV >75% noble metals. bridges and RPDs hardest high gold alloy

>75% noble metals. bridges and RPDs hardest high gold alloy

ADA type II alloy

>78% noble metals used for larger inlays on onlays

? Arc-Fixed Partial Denture ( Perel Pontic )

?concave M-D & convex underside F-L ( HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID )

clarks twin block

?two piece appliance that postures the mandible forward ?the vertical seperation of the jaws also configured by the height of the bite blocks.

Maryland bridge

A conservative, prepared resin-retained prosthesis using a bonding procedure to hold to adjacent teeth; may be used in either anterior or posterior area. grooves for a resin bonded FPD provide mainly resistance form by preventing BL rotation cant use in patients with deep vertical overbite, extensive caries and nickle sensitivity, mobility

Herbst appliance

A fixed appliance that improves the overbite by encouraging lower jaw growth

glossopharyngeal neuralgia

A painful disorder of the ninth cranial nerve (glossopharyngeal nerve). Irritation of this nerve causes intense pain on one side of the throat near the tonsil area that can radiate to the ear. unilateral pain

Plummer vinson syndrome

A rare disorder associated with severe and chronic iron deficiency anemia, characterized glossitis, koilonychia (thin, spoon-shaped nails and dysphagia. Has been associated with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

ABC model

A= antecedents (trigger) B=behaviors C= consequences

Adderal

ADHA mixture of dextroamphetamine and amphetamine

Which odontogenic tumor is defined based on the presence of both odontogenic epithelium and odontogenic ectomesenchyme without a hard tissue formation?

Ameloblastic fibroma Ameloblastic fibroma is a benign odontogenic tumor arising from epithelial and ectomesenchymal tissues and produces no mineralized product. It is more common in patients 10-20 years old with unerupted teeth in 50% of cases. It appears radiographically as a sharply demarcated radiolucent lesion. Ameloblastomas are benign tumors derived from strictly odontogenic epithelium and not ectomesynchymal tissue.

antibiotics that treat sinus infections

Ampicillin- due to upper respiratory infections Penicillin and ammoxicilian- due to odontogenic foci

campers line

An imaginary line traced from the inferior border of the ala of the nose to the tragus of the ear

Therapeutic Effects of Aspirin

Analgesic-->inhibit COX 1 and 2 (PG synthesis) Anti inflammatory--> same Antipyretic (fevers)-->inhibits PG synthesis in temperature regulation center of hypothalamus bleeding time-->inhibit TXA 2 synthesis thereby inhibiting platelet aggregation

the mandible will deviate TOWARD the side of injury with

Ankylosis of the condyle (the most common cause of TMJ anklyosis is trauma) a unilateral condylar frecture damage to the lateral pterygoid muscle

8 year old patient fractured max central incisor after traume. There is a 3 mm opening into the pulp. What do you do?

Apexogenesis a pulpotomoy is performed and the chamber is filled with a layer of MTA, leaving the root intact and allows it to finish forming

isoproterenol

B1,2 agonist and the most potent bronchodilator

which syndrome classically contains lesions on oral, ocular and genital regions

Behcets syndrome

Semiadjustable Articulator

Bennet angle- 15 HCI- 30

Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) cause tissue damage while protecting host tissues because of the release of proteases during the degranulation process.

Both the statement and the reason are correct and related. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes or PMNs are the white blood cells of the immune system that actively engulf foreign bodies that enter the body. PMNs are the first defense cells to migrate to the site of injury and fight against pathogens during an acute inflammatory reaction. Although PMNs engulf and eliminate most of the pathogen, some pathogen are able to evade phagocytosis, causing an accumulation of PMNs in the affected area. The excess PMNs that are unable to engulf the pathogens die and degranulate which results in the release of host proteases which also may damage the hosts' cell matrix. The uncontrolled and destructive potential of host proteases released by the PMNs can kill pathogens and at the same time damage the host's tissue. Severe uncontrolled PMN functions may lead to endotoxic shock and disorders mediated by the immune complex.

vertical root fractures are best detected by

CAT scan

CREST syndrome

Calcinosis, Raynaud's, esophageal dysmotility, Sclerodactyly, Telangiectasia

Long-term exposure to low, chronic doses of X-radiation poses which of the following serious risks?

Carcinogenesis Repeated low doses of ionizing radiation may induce irreparable DNA damage which leads to errors in replication and transcription that result in carcinogenesis. Persistent low dose radiation can induce a type of genomic instability in cells that may trigger viral interactions leading to premature aging and carcinogenesis. Ionizing radiation results in the enhancing of the frequency of mutation and other genetic changes in the descendants of the irradiated cell after many generations of replication. Gap junction mediated cell-cell communication and activation of the p53 damage response pathway may result in carcinogenesis.

which two NSAIDs are only COX 2 blockers

Celecoxib and Meloxicam

nitrous oxide works on the

Central nervous system excteted solely via the lungs, unchanged nontoxic to body tissues main effects on the reticular activating system and limbic system MAC is 104

what classes have a fulcrum line

Class 1 and II

inflammatory gingival enlargement

Clinical findings include an Increase in gingival size, distortion of normal form, and change in tissue tone. There is significant increase in sulcular depth and pocket formation occurs (pseudopocket or relative pocket).

what should not be filled with composite

DL of canines is a class III lesion that should not be filled with composite resin

Dental Pharm

Dental Pharm

Which of the following conditions exhibit globular dentin, early pulpal obliteration, defective root formation, periapical granulomas/cysts, premature exfoliation, and appear to be normal clinically?

Dentin dysplasia is a hereditary disease characterized by a disturbance in normal dentin formation causing pulpal chamber obliteration, alteration or absence of root formation, and premature tooth exfoliation. Amelogenesis imperfecta affects ONLY the formation of enamel and NOT dentin. Dentinogenesis imperfecta is also a form of dentin dysplasia which causes dicoloration or some sort of translucency to affected teeth.

Christensen's phenomenon

Disarticulation of posterior teeth upon protrusion

burkitts lymphoma (HSV 4)

EBV non hodgkins lymphoma with a viral etiology endemic in africa! moth eaten appearance with poorly marginated bone destruction older abdominal mass and intestinal obstruction first human cancer with strong evidence of viral etiology

ENDO

ENDO

what is the doc to treat/reverse anaphylactic reactions

EPI

Bronchodilators

EPI, Albuterol, Salmeterol, Metaproterenol they stimulate beta receptors in the airway to cause bronchodilation

Each of the following aids in the diagnosis or evaluation of Sjögren's syndrome EXCEPT ONE. Which is the EXCEPTION?

Exfoliative cytology uses the scraped off or exfoliated tissues to evaluate and examine lesions through cytopathologic analysis and CANNOT be used to diagnose Sjögren's syndrome. Labial salivary gland biopsy is an important diagnostic tool in identifying affected salivary glands and is performed by taking a small sample of the salivary gland for analysis. Determining any abnormality in saliva flow rate may hint for the presence of Sjögren's syndrome. Sialograms are used to determine any blockage or clogged structure at the salivary ducts and glands. It is a helpful tool to diagnose or rule out Sjögren's syndrome.

Bass method: Sulcular Brushing

Filaments directed apically, positions the sides of the filaments parallel with the long axis of the tooth, brush head toward gingival margin to make a 45 degree angle to the long axis of the tooth. most effective and preferred

What reverses benzodiazepines?

Flumazenil

thalassemia major and minor

Hemolytic anemias low level of erythrocytes and abnormal Hg -Anemic pallor & flaring of maxillary anterior teeth

hemophilia

Hemophilia A- factor VIII Hemophilia B- factor IX hemophilia C- not sex linked and factor XI

Verruciform Xanthoma

Hyper plastic epithelium of mouth, skin, and genitalia, lipid-laden macrophages beneath epithelium, papillary but not associated with HPV

what is the most abundant immunoglobolin in gingivitis

IgG

Pt is experiencing inflammation at max molar interproximal areas. What immunoglobulin would be found during the primary immune response in this area

IgM

Pharmacokinetics

Increased blood flow--> shorter duration of action increased lipid solubility/hydrophobicity--> more potent, longer duration of action increase protein binding--> longer duration of action decrease pKa--> faster onset of action Mepivicane: 7,6m lido, prilo and articane 7.8 and bupivicaine: 8.1

to determine the number of clasps to use in a rpd

Kennedy class +1 does not apply to class IV

Measles (Rubeola)

Koplik's spots (buccal mucosa dot ulcers) precede skin rash primary--> self limiting and childhood

Parkinson's disease drugs

Levodopa bromocriptine selegiline amatadine Anticholinergic drugs (benztropine and trijexyphenidyl)

thyroid supplements to treat hypothyoridism

Levothyroxine sodium liothyronine Liotix

Amides (local anesthetics)

Lidocaine, mepIvacaIne, bupIvacaIne , articaine, prilocaine (amIdes have 2 I's in name)

Acinic cell carcinoma

Low-grade malignancy that consists of mature-appearing serous acinar cells; low clinical aggressiveness PAROTID GLAND

class I amalgam

M and D walls must diverge alightly towaards to the occlusal surface to provide support for mesial and distal marginal ridges

wall convergence on a class I prep

M and D walls should diverge B and L should converge

fibroma

MOST COMMON INTRA ORAL BENIGN neoplasm oF CONNECTIVE TISSUE most common tumor in the oral cavity most common on buccal mucosa, lateral border of tongue, and lower lip

radicular cyst

MOST COMMON ODONTOGENIC CYST mostly found at the root apex asymptomatic. tooth is necrotic, can be sensitive to percussionnnn

max 1 molar innervated by

MSA and PSA nerves

which type of cephalometric analysis provides a straightfoward way to etsablish skeletal relationship without having the movement affected by tooth position

McNamara analysis

A 42-year-old asthmatic patient who smokes and is human immunodeficiency positive (HIV+) presents to your office for a routine evaluation. Upon examination, you notice an asymptomatic red patch on the midline dorsum of their tongue and a marked loss of lingual papillae. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Median rhomboid glossitis is a condition characterized by a midline erythematous patch on the dorsum of the tongue immediately in front of the circumvallate papillae combined with a loss of lingual papillae. Median rhomboid glossitis is thought to be created by a chronic fungal infection, and usually is a type of oral candidiasis. Risk factors include: Smoking Denture wearing Corticosteroid sprays or inhalers Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection

Oral Pathology

Mental Dental

Thyroid suppresants to treat hyperthyroidism

Methimazole Propylthiouracil

arteries that vascularize the TMJ

Middle meningeal artery Ascending pharyngeal artery Deep auricular artery Superficial temporal artery

therapeutic and side effects of morphine

Miosis Out of it Respiratory depression Pneumonia Hypotension Infrequency Nausea and vomiting Euphoria and dysphoria

pleomorphic adenoma

Most common benign salivary gland tumor Mix of more than one cell type ( epithelial and ct) Palate is most common site for minor gland lesions

if NE or EPI stimulate or combine with eye alpa receptors they cause

Mydrasis (pulpil dilation)

is there necrotic slough of positioned flaps

NO bc positioned flaps carry their vascular suppy with them

with onlays preps is showing a functional cusp indicated

NO DUH capping is always preferred

should solution liners be placed under composite restorations?

NO bc they inhibit the polymerization of the resin

can areas of support be determined by surverying

NO. DUH

pharmacodynamics of local anesthetic

Na channel blockers! only non ionized (free base) form can penetrate neuron membrane critical length ( better when 3 consecutive nodes of raniver are blocked

overdose and addiction

Nalxone- inverse agonist, emergency naltrexone- antagonist, treat addition methadone- treat addiction pentazocine- mixed agonist antagonist nalbuphine-mixed agonist-antagonist buprenophine-mixed agonist-antagonist

What is not always visible on radiographs?

Nasolabial cyst Nasolabial cysts are NOT always visible on radiographs because of their soft tissue origin and extraosseous occurrence. Nasolabial cysts are rare, non-odontogenic, soft-tissue, developmental cysts that occur inferiorly to the nasal alar region. They are also known as nasoalveolar cysts or Klestadt`s cysts.

two cystic radiolecencies in the mandible of a 16 yr old boy were lined by thin parakeratinized epithelium showing palisading of basal cells. all teeth were vital, and pt had no symptoms. what is likely the cause

OKC

Operative Dentistry

Operative Dentistry

PEDO

PEDO

multiple myeloma

PUNCHED OUT fatal malignant neoplasm/lesion of bone marrow and plasma cells. elevated Bence JOnes Protein and multiple radiolucent areas in the mandible and skull 40 + years old. Males 2x- females mandibular molar ramus area is the most cmomone intra oral site lateral skull radiograph best confirms

A patient exhibiting a "cotton wool" appearance of the bone on X-ray and an elevated level of alkaline phosphatase with normal calcium, phosphate, and aminotransferase concentrations in their blood is most probably suffering from which of the following diseases?

Paget's disease of bone is a chronic disorder that can result in enlarged and misshapen bones, pain, fractures, and arthritis. Paget's disease of bone is diagnosed by the presence of an elevated level of alkaline phosphatase and normal calcium, phosphate, and aminotransferase levels in the blood. The pathognomonic sign for Paget's disease is a radiopaque "cotton wool" appearance of the bone on X-ray. Other signs of Paget's disease include: •Enlarged skull and facial bones •Enlarged maxilla and alveolar ridges •Displaced teeth •Hypercementosis

Patient Mang

Patient Mang

full thickness flap

Periosteum is reflected to expose the underlying bone. Indicated in resective osseous surgery. -Flap is elevated by blunt dissection with periosteal elevator used where attached gingiva is thin (<2 mm wide) apically and coronally positioned flaps are full thickness

instruments used for implant debridement are

Plastic resin instruments Graphite instruments Gold-tipped (titanium nitride) instruments Ultrasonic scaler with plastic tip

A patient presents to your office with an indurated submucosal tumor that when biopsied, suggests a neoplasm of glandular and myoepithelial origin. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Pleomorphic adenoma Pleomorphic adenoma is a common benign salivary gland neoplasm of glandular cells along with myoepithelial components, that can potentially become malignant. It is the most common variety of salivary gland tumor and also the most common tumor of the parotid gland. Pleomorphic adenoma derives its name from the architectural pleomorphism (variable appearance) observed with light microscopy. The tumor usually presents as a slowly proliferating, painless, indurated, single nodular mass. Schwannomas and mucoceles are not indurated or firm. Fibromas, mucocoeles, and schwannomas do not present microscopically with glandular or myoepithelial cells.

Albright syndrome (McCune-Albright syndrome)

Polyostotic fibrous dyslasia Patchy skin pigmentation i.e. cafe-au-lait spots Endocrine abnormality e.g. precocious puberty in girls 25% facial symmetry

W arch

Porter appliance used for expansion of upper and lower teeth widens only the teeth in the arch form and reduce crowding efficient for correction of posterior crossbite

Esters (local anesthetics)

Procaine, cocaine, tetracaine, benzocaine more toxic and more allergic due to presence of methylparaben

Prosth

Prosth

POMP regimen

Purinethol, Oncovin, Methotrexate, Prednisone treats ALL

polycythemia vera

RBC too big= blood clots and stroke

Hep A

RNA enterovirus fecal-oral route young adults shellfish damage to liver causes increased serum levels of enazymes like transaminases recovery in 4 months

Which diagnostic test would best allow a clinician to differentiate between amelogenesis imperfecta from dentinogenesis imperfecta?

Radiographic appearance Amelogenesis imperfecta is a hereditary tooth development disorder in which the teeth are covered with thin, abnormally formed enamel. Amelogenesis imperfecta involves weak and abnormally formed enamel. The enamel is avascular and highly calcified and does not contain the proteins ameloblastin, enamelin, tuftelin, and amelogenin. •The affected teeth are often yellow or brown. •The teeth of patients with osteogenesis are more likely to have a blue hue. •Severity of amelogenesis imperfecta ranges from complete absence of enamel to minor defects. •The enamel is deposited, but fails to fully mature. •The crowns of these teeth are often subject to rampant caries and excessive attrition. Radiographically amelogenesis enamel may appear totally absent. When present may appear as a thin layer, chiefly over the tips of the cusps and on interproximal surfaces. Squarish type of crown but devoid of the normal mesial and distal contours. Radiographically dentinogenesis appear with bulbous crowns with constricted short roots. Initially pulp chambers may be abmormally wide and resemble shell teeth but will progresseively obliterate.

Radiology

Radiology

eaton lambert syndrome

Similar to myasthenia gravis, but is caused by inadequate release of Ach

Metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue will likely migrate to which of the following sites first?

Squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue most commonly migrates to the cervical lymph nodes because the lingual lymph drainage occurs through the cervical lymph nodes. The spread of carcinoma in the cervical lymph nodes typically results in its poor prognosis. Surgical neck dissection is typically used to treat this type of cancer.

the mucoginigval surgical technique of choice for root ocverage in isolated upper teeth is

Tarnow technique

curve of spee

The anterior- posterior anatomic curvature of the occlusal surfaces of the teeth

density-

The overall darkness or blackness of an image increases as Ma, kVp or exposure time increases and decreases as mA, kVp or exposure time decreases

most common cause of TMJ ankylosis is

Trauma

Syphilis

Treponema pallidum 1 primary : non painful ulcer/canker that appears 26 weeks after exposure 2: a highly infectious stage that occurs 6 weeks after non treatment of primary syphilis. skin rash with brown penny sized sores 3. tertiary : a gymma!

Alginate Irreversible Hydrocolloid

Trisodium phosphate controls the setting rate Diatomaceous earth adds strength more bulk means less susceptibility to unwanted dimensional changesd 2-3 min remove tray within 15 mins--> pour impression 30-60 min cast setsd

Four types of High Gold Alloys

Type 1: highest gold content- 83% noble metals. easily burnished and intended for small inlays type 2: greater than 78%. larger inlays and onlays type 3- greather than 75%. for onlays and crowns type 4- greater than 75%. for bridges and partials. hardest of all!

Hypothyroidism

WEIGHT GAIN, cold intolerance, lowered pitch of voice, slowness, puffiness of face, eyelids, and hands Myxedema, cretinism

sensitivity

WITH the disease

specificity

WITHOUT disease

highest incidence of fractures occurs in

Young males ages 15-24

in order to produce a 1:100,000 concentration of vasoconstrictor

a 1 ml of 1:10,000 concentration is added to 9 ml of solvent

Acebutolol

a B1 cardioselective antagonist that treats hypertension and controls ventricular arrhythmias. it has low lipid solubility which reduces its liklihood of producing adverse CNS effects

Analeptic

a CNS stimulant with the ability to overcome drug induced respiratory depression and hypnosis

Aminophylline

a Theophylline compound administered orally as bronchodilators in reversible airway obstruction due to asthma or COPD relax bronchial smooth muscle to improve airway function a CNS stimulant that treats asthma

first order bend

a bend of ortho wire in horizontal plane

aneurysmal bone cyst

a benign bone lesion generally regarded as a reactive process a rare expansile bone lesion consitening of a proliferation of vascular tissue that forms a lining around blood filled cystic lesions equal males- females lesions are tender and painful blood soaked sponge radiographically: cystic with a honeycomb or soap bubble

papillary fibroma

a benign neoplasm of CT origin

neurilemoma (schwannoma)

a benign soft tissue tumor of Schwann cells around the nerve that presents as an asymptomatic lump most common on the TONGUE!. covered by normal mucosa, sessile and does not metastiase but still do biopsy Tx: conservative excision

Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor

a benign tumor of ectodermal origin children and teenagers females 2x anterior maxilla snowflake calcifications

central giant cell granuloma

a benign tumor. occurs almost exclusively in the jawbones after trauma 0-20 years (females) most common in anterior segment of females slight to moderate bulging of the jaw tx: curettage or surgical excision

lymphangioma

a benign yellowish tan tumor composed of a mass of dilated lymph vessels most common site is the tongue painless, nodular, vesicle like swelling that equally affects both sexes

thrombocytopenic purpura (Werlhof's disease)

a bleeding disorder characterized by a deficiency in the number of platelets resulting in multiple bruises, petechiae and hemmorrhage into the tissues may be caused by heparin (warfarin ) therapy

idiopathic throbocytopenic purpra

a bleeding disorder due to a deficiency in the number of platelets causing multiple bruises, petechiae, and hemorrhage bleeding time is abnormally prolonged

fibrous dysplasia

a bone disorder of unknown cause that destroys normal bone structure and replaces it with fibrous tissue GROUND GLASS monostotic- involves one bone polyostotic- involves more than one bone albrights syndroms- involves more than one bone with endocrine disturbances a symtomatic alteration of bone need to do skull radiograph and blood chemistries to confirm the diagnosis tx: surgery you never see the lesions borders it blends with the bone

giant cell tumor

a bone tumor of multi nucleated giant cells that resemble osteoclasts scattered in a matrix of spindle cells

indirect pulp capping

a calcium hydroxide base is placed on a thin layer of questionable dentin remaining over the pulp

Zinc Oxide EUgenol

a cement that has been used as a base root canal sealer acts as a lubricant to facillitate gutta percha cone placement forms a bond betwen the gutta percha and dentin walls exerts antibacterial activity

developer solution

a chemical solution that converts the invisible image on a film into a viisble image composed of minute masses of black metallic silver. its function is to reduce silver halide crystals to black metallic silver

myasthenia gravis

a chronic condition of extreme muscle weakness due to an autoimmune disorder where the body creates antibodies against its own nicotinic ACh receptors in the neuromuscular junctions muscles are quicly fatigues with repetitive use flattened smile and droopy eyes xerostomia and rampant caries may be present because ACh needed for proper transmission of nerve impulses is destoryed, so salivary glands no not recieve adequate stimulation

sickle cell anemia

a chronic disease marked by crescent shaped red blood cells characterized by fever, leg ulcersm jaundice and episodic pain due to production of abnormal hemoglobin (hemoglobin S) due to a genetic defect primary affects african americans radiographs show enlarged bone marrow medullary spaces because of loss of many bony trabeculae lamina dura and teeth are unaffected

Pagets disease

a commone, chronic, non metabolic bone disorder characterized by an increase in serum alkaline phosphatase levels bones become enlarged and deformed, dense, but fragile due to excessive breakdown and formation of bone has potential to undergo spontaneous malinant transformation COTTON WOOL on pan effects males and females equally, but rarely under 40 yo signs and symptoms: pain in affected area, bone deformity and susceptibility to fractures in the affected area, headache and heaing loss. occur slowly increase in hat size or need for new dentures bones warm to touch due to increased vascularity lab tests show highly increased serum alkaline phosphatase, urinary calcium, and hydroxyproline with normal levels of serum phosphate and calcium tx: anti metabolites or CALCITONIN ti decease bone resportion or teat with a high protein and high calcium diet

concrescence

a condition where only the cementum of two or more teeth are joined

Methacholine is related to acetylcholine as

a congener

down syndrome

a congenital defect caused by chromosmal abnormality Trisomy 21, marked by various degrees of mental retardation and characteristic features: short, flattened skill, slanting eyes, thickened tongue/fissured , broad hands/feet) oral manifestations: mandibular prognathism, increased periodontal disease, thickened or fissured tongue, delayed teeth eruption, high incidence of congeitally missing teeth, malocclision and enamel dysplasia

Cystic fibrosis

a congenital/genetic metabolic disorder that causes exocrine glands (glands that secrete fluids into a duct) to produce abnormal secretions mainly affecting GI and respiratory systems mucous producing glands produce secretions that clog airways allowing bacteria to multiply. CF is the MOST COMMON genertic disease causing death among white people in the US and is equally common in boys and girls Oral manifestations- staining of teeth as patients with CF are usually subjected to large amounts of tetracyclines during childhood. a high % have dark colored teeth. there is a greatly reduced caries rate in CF patients, probably due to saliva laterations and long term use of antibiotics

a periodontal probing defect that may not be managed by endo treatment alone is

a conical shaped probinb-- this is typically primarily of periodontal problem

copayment

a cost sharing arrangmenet in which an insured pays a specified charge for a specified service

translation

a coupled force applied to control root movement in same direction as crown movement

bisphosphonate osteonecrosis (BON)

a dental phenomenon that may lead to surgical complications (bone necrosis) due to impaired wound healing after extractions, perio surgery, or RCT caution with patients taking IV bisphosphonates (Zometa and aredia) caution for patients taking oral bisphosphonates (fosamax, actonel and bonica)

capitation

a dentist is paid a fixed amount, usually on a monthly basis

stress breaker

a device that relieves the abutment teeth to which an FPD or RPD is attached of all or part of the forces generated by occlusal the functional stress in directed onto the residual ridge and only minimal transfer of functional stress to abutment teeth occurs

storage phosphor imagine

a digital imaging system that uses a reversible imaging plate rather than a sensor to record the image

Albright's syndroms (McCune Albright Syndrome)

a disease of unknown cause female premature puberty most severe form of polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, cafe au lait skin spots and endocrine abnormalities

gemination (twinnind)

a dividion of a single tooth germ b invagination causing incomplete formation of two teeth (usually the incisors)

pharmacologist agonist

a drug that binds to physiologic receptors to result in specific cellular effects

pharmacologist antagonist

a drug that binds to the physiologic receptor, but does not trigger an effect

chloral hydrate

a drug widly used for pediatric sedation by acting on the CNS to induce sleep children often enter a period of excitement and irritability before becoming sedated

capitation fee

a fixed monthly payment paid by a carrier to a dentist based on the number of patients assigend to the dentist for treatment

aplastic anemia

a form of anemia where bone marrows cpacity to produce RBC is defective the most serious and life threatening blood dyscrasia associated with drug toxicity 1. primary anemia- unknown cause 2. secondary enamia-caused by exposure to toxic agents

apically positioned flap

a full thickness mucoperiostal flap that is the work horse or perio surgically eliminates pockts by positioning the flap apically while retaining the attached gingivia crown lengthening!

cerebral palsy

a group of disorders affecting body movementand muscle coordination due to an insult of anomaly of the barins motor contorl centers spastic paralysis over voluntary muscles no oral pathologic manifestations are present but several conditions are more common or severe including: high incidence of peio, caries, bruxism and malocclusion prone to ginigival hyperplasia if Dilantin is used to control seizures more suspectible to trauma, especially max anterior teeth

porphyria

a group of disordes involving abnormalits in the production of heme pigments, myoglobin and cytochromas can result in discoloration of teeth 1. photodermatitis 2. neuropsychaitric complaints visceral complais

muscular dystrophy

a group of genetic diseased marked by progressive weakness and degeneration of skeletal or voluntary muscles that control movement oral manifestations: increase in dental disease of OH is neglected, weakness in muscles of mastication causeing decreased maxillary biting force, higher incidence of mouth breathing and open bite

enamel hypocalcification

a hereditary dental defect where the enamel is soft and undercalcified yet normal in quantity due to defective maturation of ameloblasts teeth are chalky, surfaces wear down rapidly and a yellow brown stain appears due to underlying exposed dentin

a drug with a high LD50 and low ED50 has

a high therapeutic index, thus is relatively sade

Acromegaly

a hormonal disorder that occurs when the pituitary gland produces excess growth hormone due to a benign tumor after adeloscence (fusion of long bone epiphyses) most commonly affects middle aged adults and can cause serious illness and premature death in >90% of patients GH overproduction is caused by a benign tumor of it pituitaty gland (adenoma) oral manifestations_ enlarged tongue, mandibular prognathism (Class III), teeth are tipped to buccally or lingually due to enlarged tongue and roots may be longer than normal gigantism- caused by a benign tumore before adolsecence (non fusion of epiphyses)

for a custom post and core place

a keyway or groove to prevent roation

labial melanotic macule

a lesion on the lips (mainly lower lip) and almost always near the midline

suspension liner (ZOE)

a liquid where calcium hydroxie and sometimes zinc oxide are suspended in a solution of natural or synthetic resins are thicker 15 microns than solution liners (1-5 microns) pallive effect on pulp Dycal-- most commonly used usupension liner that prevents thermal shock

Concerta

a long acting form of Ritalin

basal cell carcinoa

a malignant epithelial cell tumor that begins as a papule that enlarges peripherally forming a central crater that erodes, crusts and bleeds only found on the skin, and never in the mouth due to excessive sun exposure most common skin cancer. rarely produces metastasis

quenching

a metal is rapidly cooled from an elevated temperature to room temp or below

malleability

a metals ability to be hammered into a thin sheet without rupture depends on plasticity increases as temperature increases

Methylphenidate (Ritalin)

a mild CNS stimulant that increases attention span, reduces hyperactivity and improves behavior in children with ADHD

dental porcelin

a mixture of Feldspar, quartz and metallic oxides

vacuum investing

a mthod of investing that is more dependable in preventing surface nodules/ defects on a casting

keratoacanthoma

a non painful crater formed lesion (viral) growing for 2-3 months in the SKIN that looks like squamous cell or basal cell carcinoma and can heal by itself but must still do biopsy

phentoalmine hydrochloride

a non selective blocker of both alpa 1 and alpha 2 receptors pre surgical management of Pheochromocytoma

prolonged bleeding time conditions

a patient taking Dicumarol- inhibits formation of prothrombin in the liver a patient taking heparin- acts as an antirhombin by preventing platelet aggregation idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura often assoicated with leukemia von willebrands disease- deficiency of vWF results in impaired platelet adhesion long term treatment with asprin

tongue position and dentures

a patient with a retracted/retruded tongue is a poor denture candidate the tongue affects stablility and retention

actinic cheilits

a pre malignant condition cause by chronic and excesisve exposure to the UV sunlight there is a thick whitish discoloration of the lip at the border of the lip and skin may lead to SCC so must be treated

intraconronal retainer

a precision attachment with key and keyway pattern more esthetic because no clasps

body osteotomy

a procedure that involves extractingmandibular teeth bilateraly, a piece of bone is removed form the mandible and everything lides back corrects mandibular prognathism (class III)

filing

a push pull action with emphasis on the withdrawal stroke prodeces a canal that is irrgular in shape

rhabdomyoma

a rare benign tumor of skeletal muscle tongue is most common sessile nonpainful and covered by normal mucosa

gingival cyst

a rare circumscribed swelling of the gingiva usually found in the canine and premolar areas on the mandible. can be easily excised

calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor (Pindborg tumor)

a rare lesion purely from ectoderm 30-50 years old mandible (molar-pm area), painless, slow growing swelling is the most common clinical sign scalloped margin impacted tooth (3rd molar mandib)

osteoporosis

a reduction of total skeletal mass due to increased bone resorption causing a predisposition to pathologic fractures by calcium or estrogen deficiencies bone becomes less dense and brittle most common in thin, eldery white eomen Tx: estrogen therapy, calcium and vitamin D

scleroderma

a relatively rare autoimmune disease affecting the blood vessels, and CT characterized by hardness and rigidity of the skin and subcutaneous tissue clinical features: middle age in females!. the skin is affected first and becomes indurated

frankels appliance

a removable functional appliance used for abnormal hyperactive soft tissue patterns

back action clasp

a ring clasp modification use is difficult to justify bc you can use a c clasp

thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

a severe and fatal form characterized by thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, renal insufficiency, fever and neurologic ambornamlities.. low platelet count in the blood and thrombosis in the terminal arterioles and capillaries of many organs

stevens johnson syndrome

a severe bullous form of erythema multiforme where systemic symptos are severe acute onset of fever, and eruptive ulcerative lesions on skin, oral mucosa and eyes BULLS EYE SHAPED LESIONS tx: IV fluids, systemic steroids, pallative rinses and antibiotics

erythoblastosis fetalis

a severe hemolytic disease of the fetus or newborn caused by the production of maternal antibiodies for fetal RBC usually involves the Rh factor incompatability in between mother and fetus hemolytic reaction only occurs when the mother is Rh - and infant is Rh + oral manifestations- teeth have a green, blue or brown hue. enamel hypoplasia

sialoscintigraphy

a simple, non invasive procedure that seperates benign tumors of the salivary glands from malignant tumors and greatly affects the course of treatment

oncocytomas

a small, benign, rare glandular tumor composed of large cells with a granular and eosinophilic cytoplasm due to the presence of many mitochrondria development may be due to aging process cells have bright pink cytoplasm

nasolabial cyst (nasoalveolar cyst)

a soft tissue cyst of the upper lip superficially located in soft tissue of the upper lip that histologically develops from epithelial remnants from the inferior and anterior portion of the nasolacrimal duct cannt see this cyst on a radiograph

oral traumatic neuroma

a soft tissue tumor due to trauma to a peripheral nerve, usually appearing as a very small nodule of the mucosa near/over the mental foramen on the alveolar ridge in edentulous areas.!! but they can occur whereever a tooth has been extracted may be due to trauma from a surgical procedure painful when palpated as applied digital pressure elicits a response described as electic shock multiple neuromas on the lips, tongue or palata may indicate MEN III Tx: surgical excision of nodule

eruption cyst

a soft tissue variant of the dentigerous cyst, invariably associated with an erupting tooth reddish pink or bluish pink black, fluctuant, localized swelling of the alveolar ridge over the crown of an erupting primary or permanent molar

hydrogen bonds

a special type of interaction between polar (water) molecules

actinomycosis

a subacture to chronic bacteria infection with Actinomycoses which are gram positive filamentous bacteria that are normal inhabants of the oral cavity SULFER GRANULES chronic suppurative lesions about the jaws lumpy jaw!

where there is a point to surface contact of the cusps, it should be changed to

a surface to surface contact

frequency distributions

a tabulation of values that one or more variables take in a sample

cholinergic

a term for a nerve ending that releases Ach stimulation of sweat, salivary, tear and bronchial glands stimulation of smooth muscles of the bronchi, GI tratc slowing of heart constriction of pupils

compound odontoma

a tumor of enamel and dnetin common in the anterior maxilla derived from ectodermal and mesenchymal components of tooth germ 20-30 years miniture teeth mandible premolar/canine area groups of small radiopacities

gomphosis

a type of fibrous joint where a conical process is inserted into a socket like portion

tylenol

a weak inhibitor of prstaglandin synthesis lacks anti inflammatory effects of aspriin, but is a good analgesic when aspriin or ibuprofen are contraindicated better to used in GO, bleeding disorders, asthma, young children and pregnancy no peripheral anti inflammatory effects does not affect platelet aggregation or the coagulation pathway 2 major pharm actions: analgesic and antipyretic large doses= liver toxicity does not affect bleeding time

specificity

ability of the test to classify health

sensitivity

ability of the test to diagnose correctly with a condition or disease that actually exists

abrasion

abnormal, pathologic wearing away of tooth structure 1. toothbrush abrasion- V shaped wedges at cervical margins 2. occlusal abrasion- flattened cusps on posterior teeth and worn incisal edges

PDL ave thickness in an adult

about .25 mm

when does periodontium remain healther when crown margins are

above the gingival crest

hypodontia-

absence of only a few teeth

strep mutans are _______ and therefore ___________--

acidogenic; cariogenic

antimetabolites

act in the S phase of the cell cycle by interfeing with the biosynthesis of purine and pyrimidine bases

constructive aggression

act of self assertiveness

chelating agents

act on calcified tissues with little effect on periapical tissue act by substituting Na_ ions that combine with dentin to form soluble salts for Ca_ ions that are bound in a less solutble concentration EDTA0 removes the mineralized portion of the smear layer EDTAC- is EDTA + cetavolon RC-PREP- a foamy solution that combines funciton of EDTA +urea perxide to provide chelation and irrgeation. has a natural effervescence

which is more likely to develop into a malignant lesion

actinic cheliitis

the distobuccal extension is limited by the

action of the superior constictor muscle

dimethyl-p-toluidine

activator

Antivirals and antifungals

acyclovir and valcyclovir->herpes fluconazole, ketoconazole--> candidasis clotrimazole (mycelex) is in the troche form

effects of radiation are

addative

the principal feature of a sealant required for success is

adequate retention

first step in fitting a gold inlay casting in the mouth is to

adjust proximal contact areas

what is the first step in fitting the casting

adjust proximal contacts

addisons disease

adrenal cortex hypofunciton of cortisol-- not enough cortisol is produced the hypofunciton is either due to an andrenal gland disorder or inadequate secretion of ACTH by the pituitary gland causes bronzing of entire skin main dental concern is that patients adrenal cotetx has no capacity to produce extra cortisol in response to stress, which may result in addisons crisis

giantiform cementoma

affects middle aged black women. multiple, often symmetrical , may cause jaw expansion large dense lobulated readiopaque masses

osetogenesis imperfectia (brittle bones)

affects the collagen production person either has less collagen than normal, or poorer quality of collagen than normal causeing weak bones that fracture/ break easily main clinical characteristic is extremly fragility and porous bones with a proneness to fracture due to the effects of inadequate osteoid production additional clinical features: blue sclera, deafness , loose joints, low muscle tone, triangular face teeth have bulbous crowns with a cervical constriction, partially or completely obliterated pulps and narrower or shorter roots, may be linked to dentinogenesis imperfectia Tx: no known cure

insufficient VDO

aging appearance of lower third of face because of thin lips, wrinkles, chin too near nose angular chelitis

what does the optimal concentration for flouride for community water depend on

air temperature

primoral cyst

aka follicular cyst well defined, oval radiolucent lesion that differs from other cysts since it contains no calcified structures found in the mandibular 3rd molar space found in place of a tooth rather than direclty associated with a tooth

glutaralhyde

alkalizing agent highly lethal to all microogansima can be used on heat sensitive materials

for a rubber dam to be stable what must contact the tooth ginigval to the height of contour

all 4 points of the clasp

Palatal strap

all major connectors should cross the midline at a right angle

shoulder margin (butt joint)

all porcelin/emax crowns poorest finish line used with cast metal restorations

erythema multiforme

allergic hypersensitivity in response to medications, infections and illness damaged skin blood vessels with subsequent damage to skin tissues bulls eye shaped lesion

wegeners granulmoatosis

allergic reaction to inhaled antigen strawberry gingivitis tx: corticosteroids and cyclophosphadmie

which of the following osseous grafting materials is harvested from a human donor and placed in another human

allograft

inferential statistics

allows someone to generalize from the sample of data to a larger group

nasal decongestant

alpha 1 agonist causes vasoconstrictor with Phenylephrine

Phenylephrine

alpha 1 selective agonist. a nasal decongestant and mydriatic in ophthalmic preparations to treat chronic orthostatic hypotension 100 x less potent then EPI

clonidine

alpha 2 selective agonist. used as a anti-hypertentive agent

clonidine

alpha 2 selective agonists works by controlling nerve impulses along certain nerve pathways to relax blood vessels so bood flows through them easier to help lower Bp reduces Hr, co and total peripheral resistance

centrally acting anti hypertensive agents

alpha 2 selective agonists that inhibit adrenergic nerve transmission through actions within the CNS they reduce BP by reducing cardiac output, vascular resistance or both

Traumatic Bone cyst

also called simplle bone cyst and idiopathic bone cavity large radiolucency scalloped around roots no epithelial lining (dead space) in mandible of teens usually associated with jaw trauma Tx: aspirate to diagnosis, just monitor

Candidiasis

also known as thrush pseudomembranous-white plaque that rubs off atrophic- red median rhomboid glossitis-loss of lingual papillae angular cheilitis- corner of mouth Tx: antifungal (azole or statin)

I bar

always place the tip of I bar retentive arm Mesial to the greatest MD curvative on the abutments facial surface to ensure retention in the undercut the undercut must be mesial the greatest MD curvature on the abutments facial surface the foot of the i bar is completely below the height of contour in distal extension designs when a patient bites down the I bar should release from the undercut

reduction

amount of occlusal tooth structure removed during the prep (1.5-2)

clearance

amount of space left between tooth prep and opposing tooth (1.5-2)

agranulocytosis

an abnormal condition due to severe reduction in the number of granulocytes caused by ingesting a drug prounced leukopenia WBC <2000 with almost complete absence of PMN neutrophils begins with high fever, chills and sore throat necrotizing ulcerations of the oral cavity eliminate the causative drugsic

odontogenic myxoma

an aggressive tumor derived from the papilla, dental sac or PDL adults 30-40 yrs as a painless welling in the mandible tx: curettage with cautery. high rate of recurrence if inadequatly treated

dental managed care

an arrangement whereby a third party payer mediates between doctors and patients, negoitating fees for service

pyogenic granuloma (pregnancy tumor)

an elevated ulcerated mass that bleeds easily pregnant woman caused by minor trauma tx: excision. has exuberant granulation tissue microscopically benign most common site is the inter dental gingiva- but may also occur on the lower lip, tongue and buccal mucosa

trigeminal neuralgia

an excruciating, painfull illness where the person feels sudden stab like pains in the face that usually last only moments. but are among the most sevre pain humans can feel paroxysmal episodes may last hours Tx: Carbamazepine which is an analgesic and anticonvulsant

Pierre-robin syndrome

an inherited disorder with the following findings in the neonate: -micrognathia-smallness of the jaws -glossoptosis- downward displacement or retracted tongue - breathing problems and cleft palate

amelogenesis imperfecta

an inherited heredity ectodermal defect transmitted as a dominant trait that affects the deciduous and permanent dentition causing enamel to be soft, thin and yellow due to exposed dentin though the thin enamel layer radiographic findings are often distinctive and pathognoonic dentin pulp, and cementum are not affected by AI AI will only show pulp obliteration if there is advanced abrasion with secondary dentin formation 1 Hypoplastic AI- enamel has not formed to full normal thickness. defective formation of the enamel matrix 2. hypomaturation AI-immature crystallites 3. hypocalcifed AI- quantity of enamel is normal but so soft it can be removed during prophylaxis due to the defective minerralization of the enamel matrix

globulomaxillary cyst

an inverted pear shaped radiolucency in bone between the roots of the maxillary lateral and canine (often causes roots of the involved teeth to diverge) usually asymptomatic . regional teeth are vital occurs within bone inverted pear shaped radiolucency

DMFT index

an irreversible index applied only to permanent teeth groups caries susceptibility cant be used for root caries or sealed teeth

dentigerous cyst

an odontogenic cysts always associated with the crown of an unerupted or developing tooth or dental anomaly most commonly found with a developing 3rd molar the bulging the cyst produces on the ridge is an eruption cyst found in children and teenagers 2nd most common odontogenic cyst

Osteopetrosis -Albers-Schonberg disease -Marble bone disease

an uncommon genetic disorder that manifests in infancy characterized by an overgrowth and denseness of bones due to a defect in osteoclasts which are needed for bone marrow formation. the long bones become dense and hard to the extent that bone marrow is obliterated bones are hard but brittle and dense clinical signs: abnormal bone and dental development, fragile bones, stunded growth anemia, spleen, and liver enlargement. blindness and progresisve deafness

granular cell myoblastoma (tumor)

an uncommon neoplasm of unknown etiology, presenting as an uninflamed, asymptomatic mass tongue is the most common location in the head and neck region females>males

freys syndrome (auriculotemporal syndrome)

an uncommon phenomenon due to damage to the auriculotemporal nerve can occur after surgery gustatory sweating is the chief complaint

condensing osteitis (chronic focal sclerosing osteomyleitis)

an unusual bone reaction to an infection (most often associated with a long standing periapical infection) occuring in instances of extremely high tissue resistance or in cases of low grade infection. there may be no signs and symptoms of the disease. Mandibular 1st molar is the tooth most commonly involved periapical radiographs show pathognomonic, well circumscribed radiopaque mass of sclerotic bone surrounding and extending below the apex of one or both rooths. the entire root outline is always visible (important feature that distinguishes it from a benign cementoblastomia) can be treated with RCT or extracted. the sclerosis bone remains after the tooth is treated or removed

therapeutic effects of steroids

analgesic-->inhibit phospholipase A2 (AA synthesis) anti-inflammatory--Same

where is the most common anatomic site of fracture in the mandible

angle

bennet angle

angle obtained after nonworking side condyle has moved anteriorly and medically relative to the sagittal plane 15 on articulator

taper or parallelism

angle of convergence formed between two opposite prepared axial surfaces, most operator control

what is the most common complication of rheumatoid arthritis

anklyosis

Determinants of Occlusion

ant. guidance post guidance cuspal anatomy tooth arrangement

all cast claps both suprabuldge and infrabula are never placed where

anterior to the fulcrum line bc they would release during functin and toque the abutment

curve of spee

anteroposterior curve to ensure loading into long axis of each tooth more mesial inclination as you move distally

midazolam

anti anxity and makes child sleepy and relaxed

Warfarin (coumadin)

anticoagulants that antagonize vitamin K to prolong blood clotting time, causing decreased liver synthesis of vitamin K dependent factors (II, VII, IX, X) warfarin inhibits blood clotting by affecting the coagulation pathway to prevent fibrin formation used after myocardial infarction to prevent coronary occlusion, treat pulmonary embolisn and venous thrombosis

drugs that cause orthostatic hypotension

antihypertensives phenothiazines tricyclic antidepressants narcotics antiparkinsons drugs gamma blockers

the type of patients who are poor candidates for home care instructions are

anxious

odontoma

any odontogenic tumor often assoicated with an unerupted tooth. 14 years old

Catecholamines

any one of a group of sympathomimetic coumpounds composed of a catechol molecule and the aliphatic portion of an amine EX: Epi Norepinephrine Isoproterenol Dopamine DObutamine

true pocket

apical migration of the epithelial attachment beyone its physiological level which is noramlly at or near the CEJ

which portion of the pulp contains more collagen

apical portion

which locations would a perforation demonstrate the best prognosis?

apical third of the root the more apical the perforation, the more favorable the prognosis for the tooth, except for perforations of the crown

infrabuldge retainers

approach abutment undercut from a gingival direction below the height of contour contra indicated: if a tissue undercut exists or with high frenum attachments or excessive buccal or lingual tilt of the abutment tooth

Cleft lip

approx 1 in 1000 births unilateral (80%) bilateral (20) lack of fusion between medial nasal process and maxillary process

the b,p and m sounds

are made by the contact of the lips

alpha receptors

are mainly excitatory in nature

indirect retainers

are placed as far away from the distal extensin as possible to prevent vertical dislodgement of the base from the tissue increases the effectiveness of direct retainers and prevents the RPD from rotating around the fulcrum line the greater the distance between the fulcrum line, and IR the more effective the IR prevents vertical dislodgement!

K files

are the strongest and cut the least aggressibely

epilus fissuratum

area of the denture borders more common in the maxilla

secondary radiation

arises from interactions of the primary radiation beam with atoms in the object being imaged most scattered x rays in diagnostic x ray imagine arise from Compton scattering. a leaded, rectangular cone best reduces the amoutn of scatter radiation

branchiogenic cyst

arises from the persistence of the second branchial arch cleft cyst is located along the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle at any level in the neck tx: surgical excision

Dwarfism

arrested growth caused by under secretion of growth hormone oral manifestatios: delayed eruption rate and shedding of teeth, clinical crowns and roots appear smaller, dental arch is smaller causing malocclusion and under developed mandible most common type is Acondroplasia = child is very short, fingers are stubby, bowed legs, bulging forehead, bossing of frontal bones, saddle like nose and mandibular prognathism

sensitivity and specificity are inversely proportional

as the specificity of a test increases, the sensitivity decreases

chemical burn

aspirin, hydrogen perocxide, silver nitrate

when a diagnosis of OKC is made, the pt should be advised regarding the ____

associated recurrence rate

hypoparathyrodism

associated with congenital thymic hypoplasia (DiGeorge's syndrome). most commonly caused by accidential surgery excision during thyroidiectomy

when should immediate dentures be scheduled for relines

at 5 months, 10 months post extraction to compensate for contour changes

when do permanent 1st molars begin to calcify

at birth

the trigeminal ganglion is located

at the apex of the petroud part of the temporal bone in the middle cranial fossa

diminished volume afecting all of part of a lung is called

atelctasis occurs when mucus or a foreign object airflow in a main stem bronchus causing collapse of the affected lung tissue into an airless state

adhesion

attraction of unlike molecules salivia to tissues, saliva to denture bases intimate contact of denture base to tissues creates best seal occlusal prematurities may break retention

hydrocodone

avoid in asthmatics poor anti inflammatory

oxycodone

avoid in asthmatics treat mod to severe pain HIGHEST DEPENDNECY liability

Fluoroquinolones

bactericidal DNA synthesis inhibitor Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin

Monobactams

bactericidal cell wall synthesis inhibitor , B lactam Aztreonam

Carvapenems

bactericidal cell wall synthesis inhibitor, b lactam imipenem

Penicillians

bactericidal cell wall synthesis inhibitor, B lactam cross allergenic with cephalosporins- because they are chemically related Penicillin G- IV more sensitive to acid degradation Penicillin V- oral amoxicillian-broad spectrum augmentin- amoxicillin_ clavolanic acid (beta lactamse resistant) methicillin/ dicloxacilin-B lactamase resistant ampicillin- best/broadest gram neg spectrum carbanicilli- used specifically against peseudomonas

cephalosporins

bactericidal cell wall synthesis inhibitor, b lactam 1st gen= cephalexin (keflex) 2nd gen- cefuroxime 3rd gen= ceftriaxone 4th gen= cefepime 5th gen= ceftaroline

tetracyclines

bacteriostatic protein synthesis inhibitor (30 S ribosomal subunit) Tetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline broadest antimicrobal spectrum

Lincosamides

bacteriostatic protein synthesis inhibitor (50s rubosomal subunit) Clindamycin, Lincomycin Link also hides mice

Sulfonamides

bacteriostatic (slows growth of bacteria) folate synthesis inhibitor (completes with PABA) Sulfadiazine, Sulfamethoxazole

macrolides

bacteristatic protein synthesis inhibitor (50 s ribosomal subunit_ Erythomycin, clarithrymycin, azithromycin Mac likes to throw mice

modified T bar

bar of choice for DB undercuts below the height of contour immediatel next to edentulous space indicated when undercuts are immediately next to an edentulous area and no tissue undercuts vertical arm must approach and engage mesial to the greatest MD curvature on the abutments facial surface

glass ionomer cements

based on the reaction of silicate glass powder and polyalkenoic acid useful in restorations of carious lesions in low stress areas such as smooth surface and small anterior proximal cavities in primary teeth

hue

basic colors. orange stain is most often used to change the hue

why are ZOE cements good temporary sedative restorations

bc their pH is about 7

why is there no free mercury in titurated amalgam

bc tritutation coats the alloy particles with mercury

a master cast for a rpd should be blocked out and duplicated

before the framework is waxed up

behavior science, public health , osha and infection control

behavior science, public health , osha and infection control

in amelogenesis imperfecta there is in error in what stage

bell stage

cherubisn

benign genetic autosominal dominant diease. typically by age 5 (males 2:1) most occur in the mandible. the jaws are firm and hard to palpation and regional lymphadenopathy may be present. Bilateral expansion of the jaws gives the child a very round face. the tumors stop growing shortly after puberty histologically:: lesions closely resemble central giant cell granulomas. Perivascular collagen cuffing is pathognomonic for cherubism radiographically: lesions appeak as multiple, well defined, multi locular radiolucencis of the jaw. deciduous dentition may shed spontaneously and there is delayed eruption of permanent dentition. Tx: cautious waiting as it regresses. DO NOY TREAT w/ RADIATION

Melanotic Macule

benign hyperpigmentation in mucous membrane basically a feckle of mucosa Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome= freckles_intestinal polyps

Warthin's tumor

benign parotid tumor arising from heterotopic ductal epitheliium within lymph nodes or near the parotid gland cigarette smoking 60-70 yr nodule over angle or ramus of the mandible

osteochondroma

benign tumor of bone and cartilage

leiomyoma

benign tumor or smooth muscle. non painful, sessile

cementoma

benign tumor that occurs most frequently in anterior mandible and affects multiple vital teeth an unusual response of the periapical bone to some loca factor no tx required occurs at apex or vital anterior teeth. women over 30 (especially black women) stage 1- lesion is periapical radiolucency stage 2- lesion begins to calcify and become more radiopaque (mixed) stage 3- well defined radiopacity borded by a thin radiolucent line

finger springs

best method for tipping max and mandib anterior teeth

the heart is generally considered to have predominatnly which type of adrenergic receptors

beta 1

dobutamine

beta 1 selective agonist

albuterol

beta 2 selective agonist primarly used in long term treatment of obstructive airway dieases, emergency treatment of bronchospasm or to delay premature delivery

terbutaline

beta 2 selective agonist administered orally, subcutaneously or by inhalation primarily used in long term treatment of obstructive airway diseases or emergency treatment of bronchospasm emergency treatment of status asthmaticus and to delay premature delivery

acrylic denture teeth

better retention because can bone to acrylic resin of denture base

Alvelolingual sulcus

between mandibular alveloar ridge and tongue Anterior region: from lingual frenum to the premylohyoid foss sublingual gland sits above mylohyoid muscle in thie region so the flange is shorter anteriorly and should touch the mucosa of the floor of the mouth middle region: from premylohyoid fossa to distal end of mylohyoid ridge flange is deflected medially away from mandible due to prominence of mylohyoid ridge in this area and contraction of mylohyoid medially posterior region: extends into retromylohyoid fossa although mylohyoid attaches higher posteriorly, the posterior fibers are directed more vertically so the denture seats deeper and the lingual flange is longer -flange is deflected laterally toward the ramus of the mandible to form typical S form of lingual sulcus denture extension in this area is limited by palatoglossous and superiror constrictor muscles

what is the occlusion for complete dentures

bilateral balanced occlusion

kennedy class IV

bilateral bounded edentulous space which means it crosses the midline

Kennedy Class 1

bilateral distal extension

signs and symptoms of a zygomatic fracture

binocular diplopia difficulty with masrication due to masseter spasm or bony impingement of the coronoid process ipsilateral epistaxis

characteristics of sealant materials

bio-compatible with oral tissues resistant to dissolution by oral fluids last for a long time in the oral cavity not technique sensitive when applied

articular disc

bioconcave fibrous saddle shapped structure composed of dense fibrous ct

three principles of tooth prep

biologic-health of oral tissues esthetic- appearance of restoration mechanical- integrity and durability of restoration

ZOE

biologically compatable cements

Deep fungal infections

blastomycosis- US northeast, spores Coccidiodomycosis- US SW, valley fever Cryptococcosis- US West Histoplasmosis- US Midwest

what is the most reliable indicator of gingival or periodontal inflammation

bleeding

oral contraceptives

block ovulation by inhibiting the anterior pituitary hormones FSH and LH highest risk with use of oral contraceptives: thromboembolic disorders

non selective alpha antagnoists

blocks alpha 1 and alpha 2 do not treat cardiac conditions as blocking both alpha receptors can cause tachycardia and palpatations used in pre surgical management of pheochrmocytoma and Raynauds phenomenon

warfarin

blocks vitamin K binding sites and injihits the synthesis of vitamin K dependednt coagnulation factors VII< IX , X and II (prothrombin)

hep c

blood to blood contact with IV drug use, poorly steralized equipment and transfucion no vacinne

ginigval cyst of the newborn

bohns nodules= lateral palate epstein pearls- midline palats rests of dental lamina- epithelialize the small lesions

osteonecrosis

bone death or necrosis. a rare complication of cancer patients, patients with tumors or infectious embolic events or osteoporosis taking IV or oral bisphosphonates

which is found between the bone and implant of an endosseous dental implant

bone implant interface

mandib arch after extraction

bone loss occurs in vertical direction (downward and forward/outward) bone loss is oriented along the cross sectional shape of the mandible mandibular bone resorption is 4x faster than in the maxilla severe bone resorption can cuase a pseudo class III malocculsion appearance

max arch after extraction

bone loss/resorption occurs in a vertical and palatal direction (upward and inward) (.1 mm/year is sustained)

cantric relation

bone to bone relation aka retruded contact terminal hing position and is when the condyles articulate with the thinnest avascular portion against the shapes of the articular eminences independent of tooth contact

In the treatment of Adult periodontitis, the use of tetracycline as an adjunct to scaling and root planing initally reduces the inflammation.but after several weeks does not result in substantial clinical benefit

both are true

Periapical granuloma lesion can be considered as an expression of delayed hypersentivity because much of the bone and tooth resportion associated with this lesion is due to the production of osteoclast activating factor

both statement and reason are correct and related

humulin

brand name for insuiln

charters method

bristles pointed away from the gingival margin at a 45 angle

what is most likely to cause superinfection

broad spectrum antibiotics

non rigid connector-

broken stress mechanical untion of a retainer and pontic used for a short span bridge replacing one tooth

if you have a short clinical crown prep

buccal grooves for retention proximal grooves for resistance

a patient walks in saying "when I smile, my upper denture does not hold" what needs to be adjusted

buccal notch and buccal flange

buccal vestibule

buccinator

initiation of tooth development

bud stage formation of dental mainia

taurodontism

bull like found usually in molars apical shift of the pulpal floor and tooth furcation down the tooth rooth caused by fialure or late invagination of Hertwigs epitherlial rooth sheath that is responsible for root formation

value

c olors brightness them ost critical characteristic that is checked first

the max occlusion rim should be parallel to

campers line

intrinsic staining-

can be caused from all of the following except diabetes mellitus dentinogenesis imperfecta erythroblastosis fetalis porphyria fluorosis pulpal injury internal resorption tetracyclines

powdered gold

can be placed in a very short time period and a gold foil veneer is not required example of atomic attraction

St Johns Wort

can inhibit the re-uptake of serotonin mild antidepressant can decrease the efficetness of medications

condylar hypoplasia and aplasia

can occur unilaterally or bilaterally shifts toward the affected side during opening

leukemias

cancers of white blood cells with most of unknown cause. uncontrolled proliferation of leukocytes causing a diffuse and almost total replacement of the red bone marrow with leukemic cells classified by the dominant cell type and by duration from on set to death. ionizing radiation, viruses (epstein barr) and genertic mutations (philidepphia chromosome 22 and 9) oral manifestations: oral lesions. the most common is seen in acute monocytic leukemia. where 80% have gingivitis, gingival hyperplasia, petechiae and hemmorhage

which teeth should ideally provide the predominant guidance through the full range of movement in lateral mandibular excursion

canines

cingulum rest

canines>incisors rounded inverted V at junction of gingival and middle 1/3 of lingual surface 2 mm wide FL 2.5-3 mm MD length min 1.5 mm deep

Apthhous ulcer

canker sore nonheratinized minor- heal without scarring major- heal with scarring Sutton Disease- another name for major form Behcet's syndrome= multisystem vasculitis that causes aphthous type ulcers of oral and genital and inflammation of eye Tx: corticosteroids for Behcets

Phenytoin is indicated for treatment of epilepsy and

cardiac arrhythmia Phenytoin is commonly prescribed as an anticonvulsant and has an antiarrythmic effect. It decreases the activity of the motor cortex, thereby controlling seizures. Phenytoin can treat cardiac arrhythmias secondary to digitalis intoxication but cannot treat arrhythmias related to cardiac diseases.

when is antibiotic prohlaxis not required

cardiac pacemaker rheumatic fever WITHOUT valvular dysfunction mitral valve prolapse without valvular regurgitation

when is antibiotic prophylaxis required

cardio conditions: prosthetic heart valve history of endocardidits heart transplant with valvulopathy/valve dysfunction congenital heart problems compromised immunity organ transplant neutropenia cancer therapy

residual caries

caries that remains in completed preparation either by the dentists intention or accident

bevel (feather edge) margin

cast full gold least marginal strength

Alpha blockers

cause tachycardia, lower Bp, vasodilation and orthostatic hypotension any a antagonist can cause EPI reversal decreases BP , elicting reflex tachycardia act by competitively inhibiting catechloamine actions at the alpha receptor site to cause blood vessels to relax (dilate_ hypotension is the major adverse effect

Actinomycosis

caused by Actinomyces israelii (filamentous) NOT FUNGAL opportunistic infection, chronic and granulomatous periapical--jaw infections cervicofacial- head and neck infections sulfer granules in purulent exudate tx: long term high dose penicillin

Oral Hairy Leukoplakia

caused by EBV white patch on lateral tongue that does not wipe off opportunistic infection associated with HIV associated with Burkitts lymphomia

Focal epithelial hyperplasia (Heck's disease)

caused by HPV 13 and 32 multiple small dome shaped warts on oral mucosa Tx: excision with excellent prognosis

Condyloma Acuminatum

caused by HPV 6 and 11 genital wart or from oral sex with someone with genital warts Tx: excision with high recurrance

measeles (rubeola)

caused by RNA paramyxoviruscharacterized by formation of Kopliks spots in the oral cavity clustered white lesions on the buccal mucosa near each stenson duct

combination syndrome with dentures

caused by an edentulous maxilla is opoosed by a partially dentate mandible (anterior teeth only) causing severe bone resorption of anterior maxilla during chewing, the denture tips anterioly compress the mucoperiostium of the premaxilla

Syphillis

caused by contact with Treponema pallidum primary lesion--chancre secondary lesion- oral mucous patch, condyloma latum, maculopapular rash tertiary lesion--gumma, CNS involvement, CV involvement congenital syphilis- hutchinson's triad (notched incisors and mulberry molars, deafness, ocular keratitis

dens in dente

caused by deep invagination of the enamel organ Hertwigs epithelial rooth sheath max lat incisor!!

herpes simplex type 4

caused by epstein barr causes mono and hairy leukoplakia

Scarlet fever

caused by group A step (streptococcus pyogenes) this is when strep throat becomes a systemic infection strawberry tongue= white coated tongue with red inflamed fungiform papillae Tx: penicillin

pernicious anemia

caused by inability to absorb adequate amounts of vit B12. lack of secretion of intrinsic factor in normal gastric juice characterized by a triad of symptomes- weakness, sore painful tongue

Tuberculosis

caused by inhalation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis oral nonhealing chronic ulcers follow lung infection primary--> Gohn complex (inhaled bacteria surrounded in granuloma that undergoes caseating necrosis and infected hilar lymph node draining the first lesion) Hilum= root of the lung secondary= more widespread lung infection with cavitation miliary= systemic spread HIV patients are at high risk of getting progressive disease Tx: multidrug therapy (isonizid, rifampin, ethambutol)

Gonorrhea

caused by neisseria gonorrhoeae oral pharyngitis rarely seen

Cushing syndrome

caused by prolonged exposure of the bodys tissues to high levels of the hormone cortisol moon facies, truncal obesity, muscular wasting and hirsutism hypoer cortisolism female>> and adults 20-50 hypertensive because of lfuid retention most common cause is a tumor in the pituitary gland

cervical burnout

caused by relatively low x ray absorption on the mesial or distal surfaces, between the edges of the enamel and adjacent crest of the alveolar ridge

Papilloma (Wart)

caused by several strains of HPV Benign epithelial pedunculated or sessile proliferation on skin or mucosa

Verruca Vulgaris

caused by several strains of HPV Common skin wart

mepivicaine 2% and 3%

causes least vasodilation

metamerism

causes teeth/porcelin to appear color matched under one light and different under another source

Rickets

causing skeletal deformities and usually accompanied by irritability and generalized muscle weakness bowlegs, pigeon breast, and protruding stomach are signs. teeth are affected by delayed eruption, maloccllusion, and developmentla abnormaliites of dentin and enamel with a higher caries rate

apposition

cells begin to dposit the specific dental tissues majority of cells are fibroblasts

which teeth can not be used as an abutment

central max incisors due to the anatomical structure of the root

which will cause extrucion of the max first molar which can cause an open bite

cervical pull headgear

class V

cervical third

which occurs only at 70kVp or higher and accounts for a very small part of the xrays produced in dental xray machines

characteristic radiation

cracked tooth syndrome

characterized by a sharp but brief pain occuing unexpetedly only when the patient is chewing

acute caries

characterized by rapidly progressing, little or no staining, often multiple, soft to touch lesions and most common in children

EPT

checks tooth sensibility and vitality low current and high potential difference acute pulpitis- indicated by a ower than normal current chronic pulpitis- responsic at a higher current than normal hyperemia- lower than normal current pukp necrosis- no response

erosion

chemical loss of tooth structure from non mechanical means

Smoking Associated Melanosis

chemicals in tobacco stimulate melanocytes brown, diffuse, irregular macules typically seen in anterior gingiva Tx: reversible if smoking discontinued

petit mal epilepsy

children under 16 years 5-10 seconds little to no danger to victim

hemophilia B

chirstmas disease factor 9

_________ is the most common sedative agent used in pediatric dentistry

chloral hydrate

patients with G-6-PD deficency have increased sensitivity to

chloramphenicol

what is associated with aplastic anemia

chloramphenicol

postganglionic sympathetic nerouns are the only ones that are not

cholinergic

pemphigus vulgaris

chronic rare skin disease vesicles and bullae produced by acantholysis jewish people oral lesions are first Nikolskys sign intraepithelia tzank cells must do biopsy

drug interactions

cidal and static drugs cancel each other out penicilin and probenecid tetracycline and antacids/dairy broad spectrum and anticoagulants antibiotics and oral contraceptives macrolides and seldane/digoxin

the antibiotic of choice in the treatment of rapidly progressing periodontitis is assoiated with non oral gram negative facultative rods is

ciprofloxacin

circumferental clasp

clasp of choice in class III and IV when the most posterior abutment undercut is away from the endentulous space (MB surface) undercut must always be on opposite side of the tooth/rest from where the clasp originates do not use when an undercut is adjacent to the edentuous space (DB or DL)

Vaughan Williams classification system

class 1- Sodium channel blockers class II- beta blockers classIII- Potassium channel blockers Class IV- Ca channel blockers

mesial step

class I

which caviaites can involve both anterior and posterior teeth

class I, V, VI

classification of heart failure

class I- no cardiac symptoms with activity class II- symptoms with marked activity class III- symptoms with mild activity class IV- symptoms at rest

four classes of cleft palate

class I- only soft palate class II- soft and hard palate but no alveolar process class III- same as class II but with alveolar process class IV- soft palate and continues through the alveolus on both sides of the premaxillia

classes of cleft lip

class I- unilateral notching of the vermillion not extening into the lip class II_ same as class I but the cleft extends into the li but not the floor of the nose classIII_ same as class II But extending into the floor of the nose class IV- any bilateral clefting of the lip

distal step c

class II

what class does not have a fulcrum line

class III

fixing agent-

clears all unexposed and underdeveloped silver halide crystals from emulsion

syndroms with supernumary teeth

cleidocrainal dysplasia gardner syndrome down syndrome crouozon disease sturge weber oral facial digital syndrome i hellermann streiff syndrome

disc displacement without reduction

clicking and popping has disappeared with limited and pain (<35 mm) consistent limited opening (hard end feel) not a reproducable reciprocal click most disc displacements are anterior and medial

disc displacement with reduction

clicking joint disc is out of place patient has normal opening or an S shaped opening TMJ is only rotating reciprocial clicking on opening is a sign

what causes GI upset and pseudomonas colitis

clindamycin

drug concentration

clindamycin--> bone tetracycline-->gingival crevicular fluid

cohesion

clinging of like molecules saliva to saliva thick and ropey saliva is unfavorable, thin and watery saliva causes better retention

the distance from the CEJ to the depth of the gingival sulcus

clinical attachment level

Globulomaxillary lesion

clinical term denoting any radiolucency between max canine and lateral incisor

26 year old female has failed to become pregnant, what drugs would be effective in treating infertility due to anovulatory cycle

clomphene

Van der Waals forces

collectively describe the weak interactions that develop when two atoms are placed in close proximilty

hybrid and microfill resins use

colloidal silica fillers to increase hardness and wear resistance of the base resin material while maintaining high polishability and esthetcis

surface tension

combination of adhesion and cohesion froces that maintain film integrity

ante's law

combined abutment teeth root surface area must be equal or greator than the edenutlous space

hyperparathyroidism

common complication is Kidney stones kidney stones form due to an increase in urinary excreteion of calcium and phosphate. osteoperosis, Giant cell granulomas and metastic calcifications are manifestations of hyperparathyroidism blood values: increase Ca, decrease serum phosphours, increase serum alkaline phos, increase serum PTH the main cause is an adenoma (tumor of the gallbladder epithelium) clinical findings-cystic bones lesions, nephrocalcinosis, kidney stones and peptic deudental ulcers excess loss of calcium in urine stimulates parathyroid glands to undergo hyperplasia because the feedback mechanism that detects low serum calcium elicits growth of the gland

chronic caries (slow or arrested caries)

common in adults dark pigmentation with leathery dentin, shallow lesion (small lesion) and pain is uncommon

verruca vulgaris (squamous papillmoa)

common wart of viral etiology that is a common skin tumor analogous to the oral papilloma may occur in the oral cavity sessile, soft, cauliflower like lesion

fibrous (pendulous) tuberosity

common when large tuberosities touch retromolar pads can limit interarch space corrected by surgicial excision of fiberous tissue and or bone

Metoprolol

competitive B1 cardioselective to treat hypertension

Maximum Intercucspation

complete interdigitation of teeth independent of condylar position aka centric occlusion

lipoma

completely benign tumor derived from adipose fat tissue yellow white nodular mass. floor of mouth, buccal mucosa, and tongue floats in formalin

masticatory mucosa

composed of free and attached gingiva, and mucosa of the hard palate the epithlium of these tissues is keratinized the surface epithlium of the gingiva is highly impermeable, which makes it resistant to bacterial invasion

articular fossa

concave fossa non functioning portion of TMJ

which impression materials is it advisable to wait 20-30 mins before pouring models for stress relaxation to occur

condensation silicones

Acorn articulator

condylar elements on the lower member of the articulator and condylar path elements on the upper member angle between condylar inclination and occlusal plane remains constant (more accurate) commonly used for study casts

the mandible will deviate away from the affected side with

condylar hyperplasia

Acron-

condyles are a part of the lower member, fossa are a member of the upper member

HPV has been found in all the follong lesions except one. what is the exception a. oral papillmoas b. verucca vulgaris c. condyloma latum d. condyloma acuminatum e. focal epithelial hyperplasia

condylmoa latum its secondary syphillis

initiatation errors

congenital absence of teeth and supernumary teeth

hemangioma

congenital focal proliferation of capillaries most undergo involution but persistant lesions are excised

Lymphangioma

congenital focal proliferation of lymph vessels -oral lymphangiomas are very rare, purple spots on tongue called a cystic hygroma when occurs in the neck sturge weber syndrome= angiomas of leptomeninges(arachnoid and pia mater) + skin along the distribution of the trigeminal nerve

oligodontia

congential absence of many but not all teeth

transseptal fibers

connect two adjacent teeth (tooth to tooth) and are sometimes classified withi n the PDL principal fibers not found on the facial maintain integrity of dental arches

minor connector

connects major connector to rests, indirect retainers, and clasps

steptococcus viridans

consist of a variety of al[ha hemolytic steptococci that are common oral flora

gingival ligament

consists of dentogingival, alveologingival and circular fibers

specialized mucosa

consists of non keratinixed epithleium thatcovers the tongue dorsum and taste buds

attachment apparatues

consists of the alveolar bone proper, PDL fibersand cementum that attaches the root to alveolar bone

optimal PFM thickness

contact areas 2.0 (1.5 mm porcelain, .5 mm metal)

guttural sounds= g,k

contact between back of tongue and throat

bilabial sounds= b,p,m

contact between both lips insufficiant lip support by the teeth or labial flange can affect production of these sounds

Fricative or labiodental sounds f,v,ph

contact between max incisors and wet/dry line of lower lip help determine position of incisal edges of max anterior teeth have pt count up from 50-60

sibilant or lingualveolar sounds= s,z,sh,ch,j

contact between tip of tongue and the anterior palate or lingual surface of the teeth help determine vertical length and overlap of anterior teeth whistling--> too narrow arch form lisp where s becomes sh--> too wide arch form closest speaking space= also want to evaluate vertical dimension during pronunciation of s sound, the interincisal separation should be 1 to 1.5 mm count in the 60

linguodental sounds= th

contact between tip of tongue and upper and lower teeth help determine labiolingual position of the anterior teeth tongue is not visible=teeth are set too far forward tongue sticks out= teeth arfe set too far back

medium gold alloys

contain 25-75% gold or other noble metals

attached gingiva

contains keratinized epithlium and lamina propria of dense well organized fiber bundles with few elastic fibers firmly joined to underlying tooth structure , periosteum and bone and structures to withstand frictional stresses of mastication and brushing narrowest band of attached gingiva is found on F surfaces of the mandib canine and 1 PM

kVp

contorlls the speed and energy of the electrons and determins the penetrating power of the beam

torque

controlled root movement Fl or MD

milliamperage (mA)

controls the number of x rays produced suitable ranges are 7-15 mA

articular eminence

convex ridge linked with a thick layer of fibrous ct functional and articular portion of the TMJ

cavity varnish

copalite is the most commonly used and reduces inital microleakage of a restoration not used under composite because it inhibits the polymerization of the resin reduces marginal leakage to improve the marginal seal for the short tetm

attached gingiva is normally

coral pink color varies depending on the degree of keratinization, thickness of epithelium, presence of melanin and number of blood vessels

which type of cells can be categorized as radio responsive

corneal cells

Sialolithiasis frequenctly seen involveing the submandib duct bc of its long and irregular course in the oral cavity

correct and related

vertical ramus osteotomy

correct mandibular prognathism

what type of bone provides greater success with implants?

cortical bone provides greater implant bone contact and fixation

manibular condyle

covered with a vascular layer of fibrous CT

onlay-

covers cusps

ibuprofen (motrin/advil)

cox 1 and 2 blocker (reversible) kidney

Apert syndrome

crainal limb anomalies blindness is not a clinical feature supernumary teeh, fused fingers

creep

creep is a process that happens over time undertituration tends to increase the creep rate increasing the condensation pressure decreases the creep

glycol dimethacrylate

cross linking agent

syndromes with both hyperdontia and hypodontia

crozons down syndrome oral facial digitial syndrome 1 hallermann streiff syndrome

files

crush or fracture heavy calculus buccal and lingual surfaces, next to edednutlous areas and reduce amalgam overhags

which disease is associated with a decrease in caries

cystic fibrosis

punching holes too close together in rubber dam may cause

damage to gingival papilla

what are the first areas adjusted if the framework does not fit

damaged areas on the cast

secondary (recurrent) caries

decay appearing at and under restoration margins

DMFT or DMFS

decayed missing filled surfaces teeth

DMFS

decayed missing filled surfaces involves tooth surfaces

DEFT index

decayed, extracted, filled teeth- used for primary dentition

to decrease densitry and make it lighter

decrease mA, kVp and time

marginal leakage of an amalgam restoration___ as the restoration ages

decreases

when pins are included in amalgam cavity prep the strength of amalgam

decreases

local anesthetsia affects the nerve membrane by

decreasing the membranes permeability to Na and decreasing the membranes excitability

composite filler particle functions

decresae coefficient of thermal expansion and polymerization shrinkage, increase tensile and compressive stengths hardness and improve wear resistance

SNB

defines the sagittal location of mandib denture base 80 is ideal >80 mandib prognathism <80 mandib retrognathism

outline form of a class V amalgam prep

deformed trapazoid- kidney shape m,d g and I walls diverge outward retention form is provided by the gingival retention groove along the gingiovoaxial line angle and an incisal retention groove along the incisoaxial line angle

chroma

degree of saturation

which pharmaceutical is most closely associated with dermal photosensitivity

demeclocycline a tetracycline used in the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis may induce photosensitivity, interfere with bone development and discolor teeth causes nephrogenic diabetes insipidous binds to 30 s and 50 s ribosomal subunits, impairing protein synthesis by bacteria

etchant

demineralized enamel and dentin and removed smear layer creates a spongy low energy surface that is perfect for primer and adhesive

cap stage errors

dens in dente, geminnation, fusion, tubercle formation

open panel

dental services provided by any dentist willing to accept third party payment

closed panel

dental services provided by salaried dentists at specified locations only

which of the following odontogenic cysts occurs as a result of stimulation and proliferation of the reduced enamel epithelium

dentigerous cyst

pulp function

dentin formation

sclerotic dentin

dentinal tubules that become calcified

legally dental radiographs are property of the

dentist

overextension of denture

denture flange is too long get sore spot or ulcer after wearing tx: relieve denture and re-evaluate in a few weeks denture extends too far back- denture teeth are set so far back that they go to ramus. occlusal forces would dislodge denture

underextension

denture flange is too short lack of retention

the health belief model emphasizes that behavior such as visiting the dentist or tooth brushing and flossing are

dependent on the individuals cognition

odontogenic fibroma

derived from dental papilla, dental sacor PDL occurs as a painless welling in the mandible of children and young adults multilocular or unilocular that may be associated with unerupted or displaced teeth

the presentation, organization and summarization of data

descriptive statistics

inhalation anesthetic with a very low blood:gas partition coefficiency is

desflurane

which drug requires a heating component to allow delivery at room temperature

desflurane

Submental vertical x ray

designed to diagnose basilar skull fractures and provides info about the zygoma, zygomatic arches and mandible

anthracyclines

destroy DNA so cell cant replicate Daunorubicin and doxorubicin. commonly associated with the development of oral mucosititis

partial thromboplastin time PTT

detects coagulation defects of the intrinsic system. the basic test for hemophilia normal value is 25-36 sec

fusion

developmental joining of >2 teeth where dentin and another dental tissue are united

where is the most susceptible area on the tooth for plaque retention

developmental pits and fissues pit and fissure caries has the highest prevalance of all caries

narcolepsy

dextroamphetamine is used to prevent daytime sleepiness

conditions assoictaed with Parotid gland enlargement

diabetes mellitus, sjogrens syndrome, warthins tumor, ninfections, benign lymphoepithelial lesion, acute epidemic parotitis, malnutrition

strip perforations occu frequently due to excessive instrumentation on the

diatal aspect of the MB root of max 1 molar

interocclusal space

difference between VDO and VDR (ideally 2-4 mm) VDR= VDO+3 mm

ginigval hyperplasia

diffuse soft tissue overgrowth affecting both jaws with a pink to red color and firm consistency from the mucogingival junction to the free ginigval margin drugs: dilantin, valproic acid, cyclosporine and Ca Channel blocers

composite adhesive systems rely on which of the follow for proper bonding between dentin and resin composite

difunctional coupling agents

which muscles depress th emandible and displace the distal fractured segment inferiouly and posteriorly

digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid and laterla pterygoid

inward aggression

directed agianst oneself

destructive aggression

directed toward an external object or person

the force generated in a spring is ____ porpotional to the distance that a spring is deflected and the radius of the wire. the force is inversely proportional to the springs length

directly

the positive inotropic effect of Digoxin

directly increases the force of myocardial contractions

th e most common cause of class I malocclusion is

discrepancy between the tooth size and supporting bone

histoplasmosis

disease caused by fungi histoplasma capsulatum primarily affect the lungs may produce a benign, mild pulmonary illness

MS

disease that attacks the CNS due to an autoimmune response women 2x men facial and jaw weakness, Bells palsy and trigeminal neuralgia

Chlorhexidine

disinfect canal space

histocytosis X

disorders where abnoramal scavenger immune system cells hitiocytes and eosinophils proliferate in the bone and lungs causing scars to form

extrusion

displacement of tooth from its socket in direction of eruption

cercial pull headgear

distal and downward forces against maxillary teth and maxilla (possible extrusion of max molars) class II div I

high pull headgear

distal and upward force on maxillary teeth and maxilla class II, div I malocclusions with open bite

indirect retainer

distal extension area of a partial is "loose" and is not anchored posteriorly there is rotational movement centered around an imaginary line drawn through the most distal rests indirect retainer is directly perpendicular and anterior to the fulcrum line which provides bracing to resist rotational movement of distal extension area

Vertical dimension of occlusion

distance between nose and chin when biting together indicates superior inferior relationship of the maxilla and mandible when the teeth are occluded in MI

Vertical dimension of rest

distance between the nose and chin at rest where elevator and depressor muscles are in a state of equilibrium in this position there is usually 3 mm of space between upper and lower premolars

target film distance

distance from the source of radiation to the film 20 cm-is the short cone that exposes more tissue by producing a more divergent beam 41 cm- the long cone that reduces the amount of exposed tissue by producing a less divergent beam and a sharper image

a seven eights crown is a three quarter crown whose vertical

distobuccal margin is positioned slightly mesial to the middle of the buccal surface

simple fracture

divides the bone into two distinct parts with no external communication

gardners syndrome

dominant syndrome thousands of polps in the large intestinge, duodenum, colon and stomach polyps appear around 15 years and eventually become malignant eventually causing colon cancer multiple odontomas, cotton wool

thrombocytopenia

dominated clinically by petechiae cutaneous bleeding, intra cranial bleeding and oozing from the mucosal surfaces characterized by decreased platelt count causing prolonged bleeding time. the most common cause of bleeding disorders

buccal nerve block

done in tandem with IAN block to get soft tissue of molars

autogenous free gingival graft

donor site from where the graft is taken is an edentulous region or palatal area maturation is not complete until 10-16 weeks

Aschers syndrome

double lip, blepharochalasis and thyroid enlargement

gypsum bonded investment material can be used for

dowel crowns to be cast in silver palladium alloys

indirect acting agonists (sympathomimetics

drugs that cause release of stored NE at post ganglionic nerve endings to produce their effects Tyramine, Amphetamine, Methamphetamine, hydrooxyamphetamine, methoxamine and ephadrine pharmaceutical agents that bring about tissue responses resembling those produce by stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system

opioids

drugs without anti inflammatory properities most appropriate time to adminster inital dose of an analgesic to control post op pain is before the effect of local anesthttic wears off NAUSEA narcotic analgesics do not cause peptic ulcers or insomnia respiratory depression contraindicated in pts with severe head injury

the rate of at which carious destruction of dentin progress is slower in adults than young people . why?

due to generalized dentinal sclerosis which occurs with aging

a properly acid etched enamel surface appears

dull white and chalky

flexible RPD

duraflex, valplast and TCS fexible partial dentures offer unitque physical and esthetci properties clinically unbreakable, less likely for stains and odors

sympatholytic agents

durgs that acts in a way opposite to sympathetic nervous systems. 4 types all treat hypertension

hand schuller cristian disease

early childhood -- boys triad of symptoms: exophthalmos, diabetes insipidus and bone destruction oral signs: bad breath, sore mouth, loose teeth

a very large area of blood is called

ecchymosis

syndroms with hypodontis

ectodermal dysplasia chondroectodermal dysplasia achondroplasia reiger syndrome incontinential pigent sekel syndrome

syndromes with microdontia

ectodermal dysplasia chondroextodermal dysplasia hemifacial microsomia down syndromw

fordyce granules

ectopic sebaceous glands

the facial nerve carries what

efferent components afferent components parasympathetic components

Casts poured from elastomeric materials are more accurately mounted with

elastomeric materials PVS or ZOE paste

submentovertex projection

elevate fractures of the zygomatatic arch

platinum

elevates the melting range platinum ranks 3rd in ductility

hairy tongue

elongated filiform papilae

A mature pulp doesnt form

enamel

enamel hypoplasia

enamel developmental defect due to incomplete formation of the enamel matrix enamel is ahrd but thin and deficient in amount usually caused by illness or injury during tooth formation white and brown defects on tooth structure due to exposed dentin

apposition errors

enamel dysplaia , concresence and formation of enamel perals occur

cap-proliferation

enamel organ is formed fused or geminiation teeth occur during this stage

local infiltration

enter in vestibule aim for root apex works well in anterior because facial cortical plate is thin

how do you histologically differetniate free ginigiva from epithelial attachment?

epithelial attachment does not contain rete pegs while the free gingiva does

oral lymphoepithelial cyst

epithelial cyst within lymphoid tissue of oral mucosa palatine and lingual tonsils are common regions

A dose of 4 grays of X-radiation administered locally to a patients hand would likely result in

erythema

desquamative gingivitis

erythematous, eroise, vesiculobullous and desquamative involvement of the free and attached gingiva most pt are postmenopausal females aged 40-70 years tx: topical corticosteroids

what is associated with allergic cholestatic hepatitis

erythromycin estolate

intermaxillary fixation IMF

establishing proper occlusla relationship by wiring the teeth together. the method successfully treats most mandibular fractures-- wiring, arch bars and aplints

what is the primary role of anterior teeth on dentures

esthetics

S. sanguis

etiologically related to caries but is not a primary stiological agent in caries

child less than 8 has a pulse but breathless, rate of rescure breathing?

every 3 secons adults 8+ is every 5-6 seconds

hypercementosis

excessive cementum formation around or on root surface after tooth eruption thickening of cementum (root tissue) can be seen in acromegaly and pagets disease many affects vital teeth (mainly Premolars)

hyperthyrodism

excessive production of Thryoxin (T4) that stimulates cellular metabolism, growth, differentation of tissues it leads to high basal metabolism, fatigue, weight loss, elevated temp, tachycardia Graves disease and Plummers diesease

what is the cause of clicking of denture teeth

excessive vdo

beading

exclusive for maxillary major connector involves scribing a .5mm rounded groove in the cast at the boarders of the major connector add strength and maintain tissue contact to prevent food impaction

melanoma

exhibits a radial (horizontal) or vertical growht phases in skin 1. radial growth phase- the inital growth phase of melanoma just above and below the dermoepidermal junction in a horizontal plate 2. vertical growth phase- begins when neoplastic cells populate the underlying dermis. characterized clincally by an increase in size, change in color, nodularity and ulceration. Metastasis is possible when the melanoa reaches this phase

what is the only way to determine the number of walls left surrounding tooth

exploratory surgery