Neurology Chapter 10 TESTTEST
sympathetic division
"fight or flight" active when body is active or exercising increases mental alertness dilates pupils to optimize vision increases heart rate and metabolic rate raises BP bronchodilation increases air flow to the lungs increases respiratory rate causes release of stored glucose to meet increased energy needs
parasympathetic division
"rest and digest" decreases heart rate, BP, and metabolic rate constricts puplis increases peristalsis in the GI tract causes secretion of saliva, digestive enzymes, and insulin prepares the body for sexual activity contracts the bladder for urination
CNS
Brain and spinal cord
nervous system parts
CNS and PNS
TIA
TIA a temporary lack of oxygen blood to an area of brain. like a CVA but only lasts 24 hours
status epilepticus
a state of prolonged continuous seizure activity or frequently repeated individual seizures that occur without the patient regaining consciousness.
examples of neurotransmitters
acetylcholline dopamine endorphins epinephrine norepinephrine serotonin
radiculopathy
acute or chronic condition that occurs when the herniated nucleus pulposus of an intervertenral disk is forced out through a weak area in the disk wall and presses on spinal nerve roots. also known as sciatica.
postictal state
after a tonic-clonic seizure, the patient experiences sleepiness and confusion.
ALS
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis chronic, progessive disease of the motor nerves of the spinal cord. symptoms include muscle wasting, spasms, and eventual paralysis of all the muscles. also known as lou gehrig's disease.
AVM
arteriovenous malformation abnormally in which arteries in the brain connect directly to veins, forming a twisted nest of blood vessels. An AVM can rupture and cause a stroke.
guillain-barre syndrome
autoimmune disorder in which the body makes antibodies against myelin. acute inflammation of the peripheral nerves, loss of myelin with interuption of nerve conduction, muscle weakness, and changes in sensation. this disease is caused by a triggering event of an infection, stress, or trauma.
neuroma
begnin tumor of a nerve or any of the specialized cells of the nervous system.
white matter
beneath gray matter composed of the axons of neurons axons covered by fatty, white insulating layer of myelin
brain tumor
benign or malignant tumor of any are of the brain. arise from the neuroglia, meninges, or neurons.
narcolepsy
brief, involuntary episodes of falling asleep during the day while engaged in activity. there is a hereditary component and it may be autoimmune.
CTS
carpal tunnel syndrome chronic condition with tingling in the hand because of inflammation and swelling of the tendons that go through the carpel tunnel of the wrist bones to reach the hand.
CP
cerebral palsy caused by a lack of oxygen to parts of the baby's brain during birth. can be paralysis, seizures, mental retardation, lack in coordination of walking, eating and talking
CSF
cerebrospinal fluid a clear, colorless fluid that cushions and protects the brain and contains glucose and other nutrients
CVA
cerebrovascular accident disruption or blockage of blood flow to the brain, which causes tissue death and an area of necrosis. also known as stroke or brain attack
neurotransmitter
chemical released by axon crosses gap to stimulate dendrite of second neuron
parkinson's disease
chronic, degernative disease due to an imbalance in the levels of the neurotransmitters dopamine and acetylcholine in the brain. early symptoms include muscle rigidity, tremors, and a slowing of voulntary movements. treatment: drugs that increase amount of dopamine in the brain
CAT, CT
computed axial tomography uses xray to create many individual, closely spaced images. the computer can combine these into one three-dimensional image.
paresthesia
condition in which abnormal sensations like tingling, burning, or pinpricks are felt on the skin. often result of chronic nerve damage from pinched nerves or diabetic neuropathy.
hydrocephalus
condition in which an excessive amount of CSF is produced or the flow of CSF is blocked. treatment is to place a shunt in the brain to the cranial cavity to peritoneal cavity
hyperesthesia
condition in which there is an abnormally heightened awareness an sensitivity to touch and increased response to painful stimuli.
neural tube defect
congenital abnormality of the neural tube . the vertebrae form incompletely and there is an abnormal opening in the vertebral column through which the spinal cord and nerves may protrude to the outside of the body. the defect is only covered by the meninges.
down syndrome
congenital genetic defect in which there are three of chromosome 21, instead of the normal 2. affects almost every cell of the body. causes mild to moderate mental retardation.
synapse
connection between axon and dendrite
cell body
contains the nucleus, which directs cellular activities contains cytoplasm
ANS controls
contractions of heart smooth muscles within organs, glands, and other structures
medulla oblongata
controls respiratory rate and heart rate
functions of nervous system
coordinates and controls body functions receives sensory input makes decisions orders body responses
midbrain
coordinates immediate reflex responses maintains muscle tone and position of extremities
PNS
cranial nerves and spinal cords somatic and autonomic nervous system
cerebrum
deep fissure divides the cerebrum into right and left hemispheres contains gyri, sulci, cortex, white matter, corpus callosum
coma
deep state of unconscious and unresponsiveness caused by trauma or disease in the brain.
3 parts of a neuron
dendrites cell body axon
dyslexia
difficulty reading and writing even though visual activity and intelligence are normal.
dysphagia
difficulty swallowing
dementia
disease of the brain in which many neurons in the cerebrum die, the cerebral cortex shrinks in size, and there is progressive deterioration in mental function.
cerebrum
each hemisphere is divided into sections or lobes each lobe has the same name as the cranial bone that is above it
gyri
elevated folds
axons
extension of cytoplasm at the end of the neuron larger axons covered by myelin
subdural hematoma
forms between the dura mater and the arachnoid
ventricles
four interconnected cavities within the brain lined with ependymal cells that produce CSF
synaptic cleft
gap between two neurons in a synapse electrical impulse cannot cross
neuropathy
general category for any type of disease or injury to a nerve.
hypothalamus
has a stalk of blood vessels and nerves that connects it to the pituitary gland; functions as part of both the endocrine and nervous systems coordinates the activities of the pons and medulla oblongata that control the heart rate, BP, and respiratory rate regulates body temp, hunger and thirst, and circadian rhythm of the body plays a role in emotions and the sexual drive
cerebellum
helps maintain balance helps coordinate movement
neurofibromatosis
hereditary disease with multiple begnin tumors that arise from the peripheral nerves.
absence (petit mal)
impaired consciousness with slight or no muscle activity. a patient can have many abscence seizures during the day.
dysphasia
impairment that involves some difficulty speaking or understanding words
Neuron
individual nerve cell functional unit of the nervous system nerves are bundles of neurons
encephalitis
inflammation of the brain caused by a virus. most common virus to cause encephalitis is herpes simplex
meningitis
inflammation of the meninges of the brain or spinal cord by a bacterial or viral infection. fever, headache, stiff neck, lethargy, vomiting, irritability, and photophobia. treatment is antibiotics.
neuritis
inflammation or infection of a nerve.
CSF examination
lab test that examines the CSF microscopically for clarity and color, cells, and chemically for proteins and other substances.
hematoma
localized collection of blood that forms in the brain because of the rupture of an artery or vein. this can be caused by trauma to the cranium or an intercranial aneurysm ruptures.
thalamus
located near the center of the cerebrum acts as a relay station, receiving sensory information from the cranial nerves and the spinal nerves, and sending it to the midbrain and cerebrum part of the limbic system that deals with emotions
brain
located within the bony cranium fills the cranial cavity surrounded by the meninges
aphasia
loss of the ability to communicate verbally or in writing. caused by injury to the areas of the brain that deal with language and the interpretation of sounds and symbols. can be the result of head trauma, stoke, or alzheimer's disease.
brain stem is composed of
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
dendrites
multiple branching structures at the beginning of the neuron
MS
multiple sclerosis. chronic, progressive, degenerative autoimmune disease in which the body makes antibodies against myelin. there is actue inflammation of the nerves and loss of myelin with interruption of nerve conduction in the brain and spinal cord. the areas of demyelination eventually becomes scar tissue that is hard.
sulci
narrow grooves
simple partial (focal motor)
no impairment of consciousness. the patient is aware of the seizure but is unable to stop the involuntary motor activity such as jerking of one hand or turning the head. lasts 1-2 minutes
intraventricular hematoma
occurs within one of the ventricles.
corpus callosum
only connection between right and left hemispheres an arch of nerves that allows the two hemispheres to communicate with each other and coordinate their activities
cerebral cortex
or gray matter outermost layer of the cerebrum
neuralgia
pain along the path of a nerve and its branches caused by an injury. can be mild to severe.
cephalagia
pain in the head or headache.
2 divisions of ANS
parasympathetic and sympathetic
spinal cord
part of the CNS a long, narrow column of neural tissue within the spinal cavity or spinal canal protected by the vertebrae
cranial nerves
part of the PNS 12 pairs have sensory or motor functions
spinal nerves
part of the PNS 31 pair that originate along the spinal cord each has two different groups of nerve roots that connect ti to the spinal cord dorsal nerve roots, ventral nerve roots
amnesia
partial or total loss of memory of recent or remote experiences. often a consequence of brain injury or a stroke that damages the hippocampus where long-term memories are stored and processed
neuroglia
perform specialized tasks to help neurons do their work do not generate or conduct electrical impulses
left hemisphere
performs mathematical and logical reasoning and problem-solving coordinates the recall of memories contains the speech center and is important in language skills
what do the structures in the cytoplasm do
produce neurotransmitters as well as energy for the neuron
cerebral angiography
radiologic procedure in which a radiopaque contrast dye is injected into the carotid arteries and an x-ray is taken to visualize the arterial circulation in the brain.
reflex arc
rapid, involuntary muscle reaction that is controlled by the spinal cord
anencephaly
rare congenital condition in which some or all of the cranium and cerebrum are missing in a newborn. the infant breathes because the respiratory center in the medulla oblongata is intact.
dorsal nerve roots
receive sensory info afferent nerve root
right hemisphere
recognizes faces, patterns, and three-dimensional structures analyzes the emotional content of words but not the actual words
epilepsy
recurring condition in which a group of neurons in the brain spontaneously sends out electrical impulses in an abnormal, uncontrolled way.
pons
relay station that links the spinal cord to the midbrain, hypothalamus, thalamus and cerebrum
ventral nerve roots
send motor commands efferent nerve roots
pia mater
soft mother innermost layer; thin, delicate membrane next to the brain contains many small blood vessels
SNS
somatic nervous system controls the voluntary movements of skeletal muscles motor commands are the result of conscious thoughts in the brain
complex partial (psychomotor)
some degree of impairment of consciousness. involuntary contractions of one or several muscle groups. lasts 1-2 minutes
migraine headache
specific type of recurring headache that has a sudden onset with severe, throbbing pain, often on just one side of the head. caused by constriction of the arteries in the brain followed by sudden dilation.
SCI
spinal cord injury. trauma to the spinal cord with a partial or complete transection of the cord. this interupts nerve impulses to particular dermatomes, causing partial or complete anesthesia and paralysis.
arachnoid
subarachnoid space filled with CSF
synscope
temporary loss of consciousness.
meninges
three separate membrane layers that surround the brain
dura mater
tough mother outermost, tough, fibrous layer that protects the brain
concussion
traumatic injury to the brain that results in the immediate loss of consciousness for a breif or prolonged period of time.
tonic-clonic (grand mal)
unconsciousness with excessive motor activity. the body alternates between excessive muscle tone with rigidity and jerking muscle contractions in the extremities, with tongue biting and sometimes incontinence. it lasts 1-2 minutes.
bell's palsy
weakness, drooping, or actual paralysis of one side of the face because of inflammation of the facial nerve. probably due to a viral infection, possibly herpesvirus. condition lasts a month and resolves by itself.