Neurology Chapter 10 TESTTEST

sympathetic division

"fight or flight" active when body is active or exercising increases mental alertness dilates pupils to optimize vision increases heart rate and metabolic rate raises BP bronchodilation increases air flow to the lungs increases respiratory rate causes release of stored glucose to meet increased energy needs

parasympathetic division

"rest and digest" decreases heart rate, BP, and metabolic rate constricts puplis increases peristalsis in the GI tract causes secretion of saliva, digestive enzymes, and insulin prepares the body for sexual activity contracts the bladder for urination

CNS

Brain and spinal cord

nervous system parts

CNS and PNS

TIA

TIA a temporary lack of oxygen blood to an area of brain. like a CVA but only lasts 24 hours

status epilepticus

a state of prolonged continuous seizure activity or frequently repeated individual seizures that occur without the patient regaining consciousness.

examples of neurotransmitters

acetylcholline dopamine endorphins epinephrine norepinephrine serotonin

radiculopathy

acute or chronic condition that occurs when the herniated nucleus pulposus of an intervertenral disk is forced out through a weak area in the disk wall and presses on spinal nerve roots. also known as sciatica.

postictal state

after a tonic-clonic seizure, the patient experiences sleepiness and confusion.

ALS

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis chronic, progessive disease of the motor nerves of the spinal cord. symptoms include muscle wasting, spasms, and eventual paralysis of all the muscles. also known as lou gehrig's disease.

AVM

arteriovenous malformation abnormally in which arteries in the brain connect directly to veins, forming a twisted nest of blood vessels. An AVM can rupture and cause a stroke.

guillain-barre syndrome

autoimmune disorder in which the body makes antibodies against myelin. acute inflammation of the peripheral nerves, loss of myelin with interuption of nerve conduction, muscle weakness, and changes in sensation. this disease is caused by a triggering event of an infection, stress, or trauma.

neuroma

begnin tumor of a nerve or any of the specialized cells of the nervous system.

white matter

beneath gray matter composed of the axons of neurons axons covered by fatty, white insulating layer of myelin

brain tumor

benign or malignant tumor of any are of the brain. arise from the neuroglia, meninges, or neurons.

narcolepsy

brief, involuntary episodes of falling asleep during the day while engaged in activity. there is a hereditary component and it may be autoimmune.

CTS

carpal tunnel syndrome chronic condition with tingling in the hand because of inflammation and swelling of the tendons that go through the carpel tunnel of the wrist bones to reach the hand.

CP

cerebral palsy caused by a lack of oxygen to parts of the baby's brain during birth. can be paralysis, seizures, mental retardation, lack in coordination of walking, eating and talking

CSF

cerebrospinal fluid a clear, colorless fluid that cushions and protects the brain and contains glucose and other nutrients

CVA

cerebrovascular accident disruption or blockage of blood flow to the brain, which causes tissue death and an area of necrosis. also known as stroke or brain attack

neurotransmitter

chemical released by axon crosses gap to stimulate dendrite of second neuron

parkinson's disease

chronic, degernative disease due to an imbalance in the levels of the neurotransmitters dopamine and acetylcholine in the brain. early symptoms include muscle rigidity, tremors, and a slowing of voulntary movements. treatment: drugs that increase amount of dopamine in the brain

CAT, CT

computed axial tomography uses xray to create many individual, closely spaced images. the computer can combine these into one three-dimensional image.

paresthesia

condition in which abnormal sensations like tingling, burning, or pinpricks are felt on the skin. often result of chronic nerve damage from pinched nerves or diabetic neuropathy.

hydrocephalus

condition in which an excessive amount of CSF is produced or the flow of CSF is blocked. treatment is to place a shunt in the brain to the cranial cavity to peritoneal cavity

hyperesthesia

condition in which there is an abnormally heightened awareness an sensitivity to touch and increased response to painful stimuli.

neural tube defect

congenital abnormality of the neural tube . the vertebrae form incompletely and there is an abnormal opening in the vertebral column through which the spinal cord and nerves may protrude to the outside of the body. the defect is only covered by the meninges.

down syndrome

congenital genetic defect in which there are three of chromosome 21, instead of the normal 2. affects almost every cell of the body. causes mild to moderate mental retardation.

synapse

connection between axon and dendrite

cell body

contains the nucleus, which directs cellular activities contains cytoplasm

ANS controls

contractions of heart smooth muscles within organs, glands, and other structures

medulla oblongata

controls respiratory rate and heart rate

functions of nervous system

coordinates and controls body functions receives sensory input makes decisions orders body responses

midbrain

coordinates immediate reflex responses maintains muscle tone and position of extremities

PNS

cranial nerves and spinal cords somatic and autonomic nervous system

cerebrum

deep fissure divides the cerebrum into right and left hemispheres contains gyri, sulci, cortex, white matter, corpus callosum

coma

deep state of unconscious and unresponsiveness caused by trauma or disease in the brain.

3 parts of a neuron

dendrites cell body axon

dyslexia

difficulty reading and writing even though visual activity and intelligence are normal.

dysphagia

difficulty swallowing

dementia

disease of the brain in which many neurons in the cerebrum die, the cerebral cortex shrinks in size, and there is progressive deterioration in mental function.

cerebrum

each hemisphere is divided into sections or lobes each lobe has the same name as the cranial bone that is above it

gyri

elevated folds

axons

extension of cytoplasm at the end of the neuron larger axons covered by myelin

subdural hematoma

forms between the dura mater and the arachnoid

ventricles

four interconnected cavities within the brain lined with ependymal cells that produce CSF

synaptic cleft

gap between two neurons in a synapse electrical impulse cannot cross

neuropathy

general category for any type of disease or injury to a nerve.

hypothalamus

has a stalk of blood vessels and nerves that connects it to the pituitary gland; functions as part of both the endocrine and nervous systems coordinates the activities of the pons and medulla oblongata that control the heart rate, BP, and respiratory rate regulates body temp, hunger and thirst, and circadian rhythm of the body plays a role in emotions and the sexual drive

cerebellum

helps maintain balance helps coordinate movement

neurofibromatosis

hereditary disease with multiple begnin tumors that arise from the peripheral nerves.

absence (petit mal)

impaired consciousness with slight or no muscle activity. a patient can have many abscence seizures during the day.

dysphasia

impairment that involves some difficulty speaking or understanding words

Neuron

individual nerve cell functional unit of the nervous system nerves are bundles of neurons

encephalitis

inflammation of the brain caused by a virus. most common virus to cause encephalitis is herpes simplex

meningitis

inflammation of the meninges of the brain or spinal cord by a bacterial or viral infection. fever, headache, stiff neck, lethargy, vomiting, irritability, and photophobia. treatment is antibiotics.

neuritis

inflammation or infection of a nerve.

CSF examination

lab test that examines the CSF microscopically for clarity and color, cells, and chemically for proteins and other substances.

hematoma

localized collection of blood that forms in the brain because of the rupture of an artery or vein. this can be caused by trauma to the cranium or an intercranial aneurysm ruptures.

thalamus

located near the center of the cerebrum acts as a relay station, receiving sensory information from the cranial nerves and the spinal nerves, and sending it to the midbrain and cerebrum part of the limbic system that deals with emotions

brain

located within the bony cranium fills the cranial cavity surrounded by the meninges

aphasia

loss of the ability to communicate verbally or in writing. caused by injury to the areas of the brain that deal with language and the interpretation of sounds and symbols. can be the result of head trauma, stoke, or alzheimer's disease.

brain stem is composed of

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

dendrites

multiple branching structures at the beginning of the neuron

MS

multiple sclerosis. chronic, progressive, degenerative autoimmune disease in which the body makes antibodies against myelin. there is actue inflammation of the nerves and loss of myelin with interruption of nerve conduction in the brain and spinal cord. the areas of demyelination eventually becomes scar tissue that is hard.

sulci

narrow grooves

simple partial (focal motor)

no impairment of consciousness. the patient is aware of the seizure but is unable to stop the involuntary motor activity such as jerking of one hand or turning the head. lasts 1-2 minutes

intraventricular hematoma

occurs within one of the ventricles.

corpus callosum

only connection between right and left hemispheres an arch of nerves that allows the two hemispheres to communicate with each other and coordinate their activities

cerebral cortex

or gray matter outermost layer of the cerebrum

neuralgia

pain along the path of a nerve and its branches caused by an injury. can be mild to severe.

cephalagia

pain in the head or headache.

2 divisions of ANS

parasympathetic and sympathetic

spinal cord

part of the CNS a long, narrow column of neural tissue within the spinal cavity or spinal canal protected by the vertebrae

cranial nerves

part of the PNS 12 pairs have sensory or motor functions

spinal nerves

part of the PNS 31 pair that originate along the spinal cord each has two different groups of nerve roots that connect ti to the spinal cord dorsal nerve roots, ventral nerve roots

amnesia

partial or total loss of memory of recent or remote experiences. often a consequence of brain injury or a stroke that damages the hippocampus where long-term memories are stored and processed

neuroglia

perform specialized tasks to help neurons do their work do not generate or conduct electrical impulses

left hemisphere

performs mathematical and logical reasoning and problem-solving coordinates the recall of memories contains the speech center and is important in language skills

what do the structures in the cytoplasm do

produce neurotransmitters as well as energy for the neuron

cerebral angiography

radiologic procedure in which a radiopaque contrast dye is injected into the carotid arteries and an x-ray is taken to visualize the arterial circulation in the brain.

reflex arc

rapid, involuntary muscle reaction that is controlled by the spinal cord

anencephaly

rare congenital condition in which some or all of the cranium and cerebrum are missing in a newborn. the infant breathes because the respiratory center in the medulla oblongata is intact.

dorsal nerve roots

receive sensory info afferent nerve root

right hemisphere

recognizes faces, patterns, and three-dimensional structures analyzes the emotional content of words but not the actual words

epilepsy

recurring condition in which a group of neurons in the brain spontaneously sends out electrical impulses in an abnormal, uncontrolled way.

pons

relay station that links the spinal cord to the midbrain, hypothalamus, thalamus and cerebrum

ventral nerve roots

send motor commands efferent nerve roots

pia mater

soft mother innermost layer; thin, delicate membrane next to the brain contains many small blood vessels

SNS

somatic nervous system controls the voluntary movements of skeletal muscles motor commands are the result of conscious thoughts in the brain

complex partial (psychomotor)

some degree of impairment of consciousness. involuntary contractions of one or several muscle groups. lasts 1-2 minutes

migraine headache

specific type of recurring headache that has a sudden onset with severe, throbbing pain, often on just one side of the head. caused by constriction of the arteries in the brain followed by sudden dilation.

SCI

spinal cord injury. trauma to the spinal cord with a partial or complete transection of the cord. this interupts nerve impulses to particular dermatomes, causing partial or complete anesthesia and paralysis.

arachnoid

subarachnoid space filled with CSF

synscope

temporary loss of consciousness.

meninges

three separate membrane layers that surround the brain

dura mater

tough mother outermost, tough, fibrous layer that protects the brain

concussion

traumatic injury to the brain that results in the immediate loss of consciousness for a breif or prolonged period of time.

tonic-clonic (grand mal)

unconsciousness with excessive motor activity. the body alternates between excessive muscle tone with rigidity and jerking muscle contractions in the extremities, with tongue biting and sometimes incontinence. it lasts 1-2 minutes.

bell's palsy

weakness, drooping, or actual paralysis of one side of the face because of inflammation of the facial nerve. probably due to a viral infection, possibly herpesvirus. condition lasts a month and resolves by itself.