new and improved world history study guide lol
Indulgences
"get out of hell free" cards sold by the Catholic Church.
Third Estate
97% of the population; owned 70% of the land; paid a lot of taxes
Legislative Assembly
A French congress with the power to create laws and approve declarations of war
Utopia
A book about about a perfect imaginary world where everyone was focused on happiness rather than wealth.
Albrecht Durer
A german painter and wood cutter. He loved to show mythology combined with Christianity.
tennis court oath
A pledge made by the members of France's National Assembly; they vowed to continue meeting until France wrote a constitution
Martin Luther
A religious man who did not approve the selling of indulgences by the Catholic Church.
William Shakespeare
A writer in England who understood human emotions and flaws and mixed it with his extraordinary writing.
Estates General
An assembly of representatives from all three of the estates in France; hasn't been called in very long time because an absolute monarch had no need for it
Christian Humanism
Applying Jesus's teachings to everyday life
Rome and Greece
Cultures that were studied and looked upon for the Renaissance.
Vernacular
Everyday language of ordinary people
Francesco Petrarch
Father of Humanism
Emigres
French nobility who fled country to escape the Revolution
Raphael
He painted many Madonna and Child paintings. He also painted the fresco School of Athens
Leonardo da Vinci
He painted the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper. He was also an inventor, scientist and sculptor.
Michelangelo
He painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. He considered a better sculpture and sculpted the Marble David.
Johann Gutenberg
He revolutionized the printing press. This was one of the most important inventions
Abbe Sieyes
He was a member of the clergy who sympathized with the third estate
Jaques-Louis David
He was a very famous painter who depicted many French revolution scenes
Jaques Necker
He was the Minister of Finance. He was a noble but the third estate loved him
Niccolo Machiavelli
He wrote the Prince
Peace of Lodi
It was a truce to keep peace between all the city-states
Gutenberg Bible
Johann Gutenberg's first big and famous book that he print.
assembly of notables
Louis XVI called this group of privileged representatives because he wants to tax the nobles but they say no
Varrenes
Louis wants to escape France because he thinks it is too dangerous for him; he makes it all the way to this city before getting caught.
Marie Antoinette
She was Louis's wife; she was Austrian; She had no concept of what poor was
Renaissance Man
Someone who was good at lots of stuff. They were expected to produce artworks, books, etc.
Old Regime
The Political and Social system that existed in France before the French Revolution; the 3 estates
Italy
The Renaissance began in __________
North
The renaissance started to spread to the ___________
National Assembly
The third estate breaks off from the Estates General and create a new group called this
Desiderius Erasmus
The writer of The Praise of Folly in which he made fun of the Catholic Church. He believed in Christianity of the heart.
Thomas More
The writer of Utopia
Conservatives
They opposed change; they sat on the right
Second Estate
They were nobles; owned 20% of the land; despised Enlightenment ideas; no taxes
First estate
They were the clergy; owned 10% of France's land; no taxes
condottieri
They were the people who fought in wars for the different city-states in Italy
Bourgeoisie
They were the rich folks in the third estate. They were educated and wealthy but they still paid taxes
American Revolution
This event inspired French people to revolt like the colonists did
Enlightenment
This event inspired the French people to revolt because they learned new ideas from the philosophes; the third was the general will; they liked the social contract
Madame Deficit
This was Marie Antoinette's nickname
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
This was a document that said the government is going to take charge of the Catholic Church; government does it for the land; Catholic peasants hate this
the Bastille
This was a prison that a mob stormed; they kill the guy in charge and put his head on a stick
July 14, 1789
This was the day that the Bastille was stormed
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
This was the governing document used by the National Assembly
What is the Third Estate?
This was written by Abbe Sieyes; He said the 3rd estate is everything, has been nothing, and demands to be something
Elizabethan Age
Time period in England. Named after Queen Elizabeth I
He locks the door
What does Louis do to prevent the National Assembly from meeting?
double the amount of third estate delegates
What was the Third Estate's first suggested change for the Estates General?
give each delegate one vote
What was the Third Estate's second suggested change for the Estates General?
The Bread March
Women marched to Versailles because of the rising price of bread and demanded that Louis and Marie come to Paris to see all the problems
Secularism
_________________ was when people became less spiritual and became more focused on worldly things
Patron of the Arts
a person who contributed to the arts
ferdinand magellan
after columus dies; realizes horrible quality of maps; the first circumnavigation of the world in early sixteenth century; dies in philippines during attack and doesn't live through journey
goa
alternative capital of portugal; conquered by admiral alfonso de albuquerque in 1510; city in india along coast and north of calicut
instruments
astrolabe, better maps, sextant, mariner's compass, caravel
line of demarcation
boundary between Spanish and Portuguese territories for exploring
shipbuilder
builds ships and makes repairs on ships
malacca
city in indonesia conquered by admiral alfonso de albuquerque in 1511
calicut
city on coast of inda that vasco de gama first reaches
fort at hormuz
controlled by portuguese; at the straight that connects arabian sea and persian gulf; controls trade and entrance
queen isabel
convinces king ferdinand of spain to give christopher columbus the bare minimum for his voyages
motives for european exploration
crusades, renaissance, reformation, monarchs, technological advances, fame and fortune
technological advances
exploration became less risky; scientific inventions
bartolomeo dias
explores southern tip of africa; discovers that africa's large land mass comes to an end; does not establish sea route to the indies and bypass middlemen because of weather and crew; makes it known that its possible; has updated map
admiral alfonso de albuquerque
goal is to conquer and portugal control explored lands; allows portugal to station people, military, and ships in goa and malacca
fame and fortune
if you became famous for exploration, you could affiliate with other famous people
spice islands
indonesia
scientist
interprets instruments, weather, tide
christopher columbus
italian; had idea to go westward around to other side of the world; gets 3 ships and 90 men; sails in 1492; mistook caribbean for india and spice islands; 4 trips; causes conflict with portugal because he stole what was already taken
spain
jealous of portugal; wealthier than portugal
europeans
knew very little about the world; their depiction of the world was about 1/3 of the true size; knowledge was from trade
mapmaker
makes maps and reads maps; maps paths and sells them
mariner's compass
most important on ship; accurate directions
caravel
new ship; triangular sails; could sail in high winds; sails could turn and allowed the ship to sail in any direction
crusades
people came back from them and talked about experiences such as food; the spices were sold from region to region at higher prices for profit; to bypass intermediaries
Moderates
people in the government who did not hold extreme political views; they sat in the middle of the room
Renaissance woman
people who were expected to be knowledgeable in the arts but not produce them.
portuguese martime empire
portugal exploring the north and west coast of africa; for trade; desire to go beyond; strategy of capturing cities
cutting out intermediaries and breaking the italian-muslim dominance
portugal's goal for exploration
christófo colón
portuguese name for christopher columbus
prince henry the navigator
portuguese prince that founded the school for navigation
reformation
refugees and missionaries; spread of christianity; jesuit motivations
Donatello
sculpted the bronze David
monarchs
seeking new sources of revenue; elizabeth needed money for overseas colonies
Cultural diffusion
spreading ideas from one place to another
school for navigation
started in 1419; in Lisbon; taught mapmakers, shipbuilders, instrument makers, scientists, sea captains
treaty of tordesillas
states that spain can explore the west of the line of demarcation and portugal can explore the east
astrolabe
tells time, times of sunrise/sunset, direction, day of week; accurate; celestial; easy to make
Humanism
the studies of what people created
vanishing point
this allows the artist to show perspective
The Book of Courtier
this book taught people how to be a Renaissance man. It was written by Baldassare Castiglione
The Great Fear
this was caused by a grain shortage; peasants thought nobles were sabotaging them; the peasants revolt and kill many nobles
Radicals
those in the government who favor extreme change; they all sat on the left
sextant
told longitude and latitude; celestial
pope alexander vi
tries to settle argument between portugal and spain; created line of demarcation and treaty of tordesillas
vasco da gama
uses dias's information up to east coast of africa; takes a risk at east coast of africa and turns away from land; first european to travel to india by sea; obtains many goods and travels back to europe; 60x profit
renaissance
values of humanism; curiosity about other lands and peoples
tacking
zig-zag pattern technique to sail directly against wind