NHM ch 9

Which of the following is a characteristic of most fad diets? a. They are balanced and thus do not require a dietary supplement. b. They limit food choices, thereby reducing energy intake. c. They are typically as healthy as more traditional weight-loss diets. d. The result in long-lasting results just like healthy diets. e. Their success depends on the ratios of macronutrients more so than the total energy amount.

b. They limit food choices, thereby reducing energy intake.

With gastric banding, the ____. a. outcomes are more reliable, durable, and effective b. amount of food that can be comfortably eaten is limited c. transit through the duodenum is eliminated d. risk of malabsorption is increased e. transit through the jejunum is sharply restricted

b. amount of food that can be comfortably eaten is limited

What substance maintains homeostasis by regulating food intake and energy expenditure in response to adipose tissue? a. ghrelin b. leptin c. cholecystokinin (CCK) d. serotonin e. lipoprotein lipase

b. leptin

Weight loss serves as a signal to the gene that produces _____, saying "Make more of the enzyme that stores fat." a. leptin b. lipoprotein lipase c. serotonin d. CCK e. ghrelin

b. lipoprotein lipase

1. Increasing blood pressure at younger ages is associated with earlier of onset of a. heart disease. b. stroke and heart disease. c. stroke. d. dementia. e. diabetes.

b. stroke and heart disease.

A reasonable weight-loss strategy for overweight and obese adults is to increase activity and reduce food intake enough to create a deficit of ____ kcalories per day. a. 200-300 b. 300-500 c. 100-200 d. 500 to 750 e. 750-1000

d. 500 to 750

An individual is considered obese if his or her body mass index is equal to or greater than ____. a. 40 b. 25 c. 35 d. 20 e. 30

e. 30

Depending on initial body weight, a reasonable rate of weight loss for adults is ____ of body weight over 6 months. a. 11-14 percent b. 3-4 percent c. 1-2 percent d. 15-20 percent e. 5-10 percent

e. 5-10 percent

Obesity develops when a person's fat cells increase in number, not in size. a. True b. False

false

People who are overweight by body mass index (BMI) standards, but otherwise in good health, will almost certainly benefit from losing weight. a. True b. False

false

You can assume that an herbal product or dietary supplement is safe or effective just because it is available on the market. a. True b. False

false

On average, ________ levels are high whenever the body is in a negative energy balance and low when the body is in a positive energy balance.

ghrelin

When body fat decreases, the hormone __________ decreases.

leptin

Obese individuals generally have more ________________ activity in their fat cells than normal weight individuals. This is an enzyme responsible for removing triglycerides from the blood stream and placing them in fat storage.

lipoprotein lipase

nutrient density

measure of nutrients a food provides relative to the energy it provides

After growth ceases, the number of fat cells may continue to increase if energy balance is ______________.

positive

adequacy

providing all essential nutrients

balance

providing different types of foods in proportion to one another

moderation

providing enough but not too much of a given food or substance

KCalorie control

selecting foods of high nutrition density

One theory as to why some individuals are more prone to weight gain, and thus obesity, than others, is the ____________ theory which states that a person's body has its own inherent controls that tend to keep the body within a fixed weight range.

set point

Americans spend an estimated $60 billion a year on weight-loss services and products. a. True b. False

true

An active, growing boy may need more than 4000 kcalories a day to maintain his weight and may be too busy to take time to eat adequately. a. True b. False

true

An estimated 70 percent of the adults in the United States are now considered overweight or obese. a. True b. False

true

For an underweight person to gain weight, meals must contain energy-dense foods and strength training exercise is necessary to build muscle. a. True b. False

true

Ghrelin is secreted primarily by the stomach cells and promotes eating and weight gain. a. True b. False

true

Most fad diets have enough going for them that they work for some people at least for a short time, but they fail to produce long-lasting results for most people. a. True b. False

true

People with extra fat cells tend to regain lost weight rapidly. a. True b. False

true

Rapid weight loss usually means excessive loss of lean tissue, a lower basal metabolic rate (BMR), and rapid weight regains to follow. a. True b. False

true

To prevent weight gains and support weight losses, current recommendations advise at least 60 minutes of moderate activity daily. a. True b. False

true

2. The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study looked at the long-term impact of maintaining healthy behaviors on changes in blood pressure between early and middle-age adulthood. The health behaviors studied included all of the following except: a. Eating less than 1500 mg of sodium per day. b. Performing moderate to vigorous physical activity for 150 minutes per week. c. Never smoking and limiting alcohol drinks weekly from 0 to 7, and 0 to 14 for women and men, respectively. d. Eating a healthy diet based on the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) eating plan e. Maintaining a healthy body weight, defined as BMI less than 25.

a. Eating less than 1500 mg of sodium per day.

3. Which of the following statements correctly summarizes the results of the study? a. The participants who maintained optimal body weight were 41 percent less likely to have an increasing blood pressure as they aged. b. At least four health behaviors were 35 percent more likely to have a normal blood pressure than increased blood pressure from early adulthood through middle age. c. Maintaining physical activity was associated with changes in blood pressure during the 25-year period. d. Maintaining a healthy diet was associated with changes in blood pressure. e. Maintaining low alcohol consumption and not smoking were associated with increased blood pressure by middle age.

a. The participants who maintained optimal body weight were 41 percent less likely to have an increasing blood pressure as they aged.

Obese individuals have more____________ than normal weight individuals.

adipocytes

Fast-food restaurants have significantly contributed to the development of obesity for all of the following reasons except: a. A "supersize" portion of fries delivers more than 600 kcalories. b. Close proximity of fast-food establishments does not increase the risk of obesity. c. Energy-dense foods in combination with large portion sizes are offered. d. People buy large portions and combinations, perceiving them to be a great value. e. Portion sizes are currently two to eight times larger than standard serving sizes.

b. Close proximity of fast-food establishments does not increase the risk of obesity.

Fad diets are often criticized due to a lack of balance when it comes to nutrients. A diet that includes only meats and vegetables might be lacking in which of the following key nutrients? a. Vitamins A and C b. Calcium c. Iron

B

Consider the raw food diet—in this diet plan, the dieter consumes only raw fruit and vegetables. For which of the following reasons might this be considered a fad diet? a. Cooking can reduce nutrient levels. b. It offers a robust online support network. c. It is unrealistic for anyone to truly enjoy and thus stick to consuming only fruits and vegetables long-term. d. It is impractical, given the time needed juice, blend, dehydrate, chop, etc.

D

The popular South Beach Diet was designed to lower risk of heart disease. This diet focuses on replacing "bad carbs" (refined sugars, processed grains) with "good carbs" (unprocessed foods, like beans, whole grains, and vegetables), and "bad fats" (foods heavy in saturated fats) with "good fats" (those rich in omega-3 fatty acids and unsaturated fats). Based on only this information, is the South Beach Diet a fad diet? a. Yes b. No

NO

Which weight-loss drug increases the release of norepinephrine? a. lorcaserin hydrochloride b. orlistat c. Qsymia d. Belviq e. Xenical

c. Qsymia

A good strategy for weight gain in underweight individuals is to ____. a. select foods with high levels of trans fats b. avoid exercise, especially strength training c. eat energy-dense foods d. eat small portions to prevent feeling overwhelmed e. avoid scheduled meals and eat throughout the day

c. eat energy-dense foods

With weight loss, fat cells _______. a. decrease in size, but increase in number b. decrease in number only c. decrease in number, but increase in size d. decrease in both number and size e. decrease in size only

e. decrease in size only

Which substance is secreted primarily by the stomach cells and promotes eating and weight gain by increasing smell sensitivity, stimulating appetite, and promoting efficient energy storage? a. cholecystokinin (CCK) b. serotonin c. leptin d. lipoprotein lipase e. ghrelin

e. ghrelin

Weight loss is recommended for those who are obese and for those who are overweight with one or more obesity-related risk factors. All of the following are obesity-related risk factors except: a. hypertension b. diabetes or prediabetes c. sleep apnea d. abnormal blood lipids e. osteoporosis

e. osteoporosis

Brown adipose tissue ____. a. can become white adipose tissue b. contains very few brite adipocytes c. stores fat for other cells d. provides energy to other cells e. releases stored energy as heat

e. releases stored energy as heat

In considering the environmental influences of weight loss, it is important to remember that ____. a. people pay more attention to how much they have eaten when others are around b. people tend to eat less when socializing with others c. contrary to popular behavior, the size of the plate or bowl does not influence intake d. the more effort needed to obtain food, the more likely food will be eaten e. when offered a large assortment of foods, people tend to eat more

e. when offered a large assortment of foods, people tend to eat more

variety

eating a wide selection of foods

Studies showing that identical twins are more likely to have similar weights/body compositions than fraternal twins are an indication that genetics play a role in obesity. Other studies show that twins who follow different lifestyles and dietary patterns over time have different body compositions. These latter studies indicate that ______________ factors play a role in obesity.

epigenetic

Among individuals who have had surgery to help them lose weight, only about 25 percent of the excess weight remains lost after 15 years. a. True b. False

false

Even when used alone, weight-loss drugs are quite successful in promoting substantial weight loss. a. True b. False

false

Genetics plays a true causative role in a clear majority of cases of obesity. a. True b. False

false