NRES 103

Annual cargo through the Seaway peaked in the mid-1970s at around 57 million tons; the Seaway was designed to handle

80 million tons

Zebra mussels impact native mussels directly

inhibiting their ability to open their shells

The round goby is a highly successful invasive species because

it is very aggressive

Bighead and silver carp are able to take over aquatic ecosystems because they

Starve competitors by eating plankton

At one point, the Great Lakes were connected to

The Atlantic Ocean

Which river is one of the worst in-place-pollutant problems in the Great Lakes system?

The Detroit

The deadliest fire in U.S. history was

The Peshtigo Fire

The first European to explore the St. Lawrence River was Jacques Cartier, but after 1000 miles he had to turn back because his party

encountered impassible rapids

Rather than a food chain, it's more accurate to think in terms of a food web because

it focuses on trophic relationships as a network

The round goby is considered a generalist species because

it has a diverse diet it can live in freshwater or saltwater

Zooplankton are in turn eaten by

mollusks crustaceans bait-size fish

Increases in high precipitation events is a concern in the Great Lakes because a direct results will be

more runoff from agricultural fields

The sea lamprey is anadromous, meaning that they

spawn in freshwater but live in the ocean as adults

Fisheries managers were surprised to learn that chinook salmon

were reproducing in the wild in prodigious numbers

On lands near Lake Erie's western basin, there is a large emphasis in ecological restoration on

wetlands

The lamprey was so successful in the Great Lakes because

- it produces so many eggs - no natural predators - able to colonize the upper lakes so rapidly

Of the world's port cities, what percentage are within two stops of a Great Lakes port?

99%

Alewives became the primary food source of lake trout, but also

Harmed the reproductive potential of the trout

For four of the five Great Lakes, the estimated impact of invasion by Asian carp is

Moderate to high

Cities tended to be constructed

near areas preferred by spawning fish and waterfowl adjacent to protected harbors and river mouths

The scientific method is initiated with

observations

the notion of restoring even parts of the Great Lakes region to conditions that existed prior to European settlement is challenging because

of so much environmental degredation

In reality, wetland serve many useful purposes. For example,

they filter water they provide valuable habitat for waterfowl they slow water down, allowing contaminants to settle out

Predicting which species are likely to become invasive is

very difficult to do

Botulism-causing bacteria spread up the food chain after

being ingested by invasive mussels gobies ate toxic mussels birds consumed toxic gobies

Since the Great Lakes have been connected to the Atlantic Ocean, the number of forage fish species has

Decreased

Some strategies for getting rid of carp include

Making fertilizer from them, Making fish cakes from them, Making pet food from them

What prevented water-bound organisms from migrating from the ocean to the upper Great Lakes?

Niagara Falls

On an annual basis, the Soo Locks handle more ships and more tonnage than the

Panama and Suez Canals combined

The problem of water pollution was compounded by the huge size of the Great Lakes because

People didn't think they could have much of an impact on such large bodies of water

Successful invasive species tend to

Produce a lot of offspring, be very good dispersers are dietary specialists

Once water samples tested positive for carp beyond the electrical barriers, General Peabody

Refused to close the locks

A key problem with the St. Lawrence Seaway was

The 9-month shipping season, that the locks and channels were too small

One of the hotspots for invasive carp highlighted in the film Silent Invaders is

The Illinois River

The first canal to bridge the Chicago Portage was

The Illinois and Michigan Canal

After the trees were cut in the Great Black Swamp, roads were built and ditches were dug. The latter was greatly facilitated by

The buckeye Traction Ditcher

Alewife populations crashed because

There was so much predation pressure from salmon The invasive mussels took up so much plankton

One thing that the timber holdings in the upper Midwest and the Great Lakes Fisheries had in common was that

They both seemed limitless

Quagga mussels eventually outnumbered zebra mussels by a huge margin because the former

have an even higher rate of reproduction can eat the latter can tolerate much deeper water don't need a hard surface to adhere to

The St. Lawrence Seaway was constructed to allow... because...

to allow ocean-going freighters access to the Great Lakes because the U.S. President saw strategic value there during the cold war with the USSR

The primary mission of the early French explorers of the Great Lakes was

to find a passage to the Great South Sea and Cathay

The Aral Sea in the former Soviet Union

was once the world's fourth largest lake

The last glacier withdrew from North America about

12,000 years ago

Currently, the average number of trans-oceanic ships passing through the Seaway each day is

2

the future of the great lakes will be by...

adaptation of people and species

All energy is derived from the...

sun

Invasive species are harmful because of

where they are

Annual damage to fisheries and recreational activities caused by invasive mussels in the Great Lakes is estimated to cost

$200 million

The reported annual cost borne by municipalities and industry in the Great Lakes region to keep pipes free from mussels

$600 million

What is the shallowest of the Great Lakes?

Erie

Of the changes in the Great Lakes associated with climate, the *commercial shipping industry* is most affected by A. high water B. low water C. algal blooms D. more frequent storms

B. low water

In addition to agricultural runoff causing algal blooms in Lake Erie, other major contributors include:

Not lawn fertilizer, Not leaky septic fields, Not inputs from the Detroit River

Compared to the Erie Canal, the Welland Canal

accommodated longer and wider ships

Another ballast hitch-hiker, the Eurasian ruffe, became a very successful invader in the Great Lakes, largely due to

an extremely high reproductive rate

The Paleo Indians are thought to have played a role in a. building effigy mounds b. driving the mastodon extinction c. developing the birchbark canoe d. developing a more sophisticated form of agriculture

b. driving the mastodon extinction

The Welland Canal was constructed to

circumvent Niagra Falls Enable Canada to compete with the Erie Canal Enable ships rather than barges to reach the Great Lakes

The amount of cargo to pass through the Seaway currently

could be carried by two freight trains per day

In the scientific method, predictions are generated from hypotheses, then tested with

data

To help reduce a $25 million budget deficit, the city of Flint

decided to temporarily get its water from the Flint River decided to build its own water pipeline

Since the mid-1970s, the amount of cargo passing through the Seaway annually has

declined

Dead zones in the Great Lakes are created by

decomposition of algal cells excessive nutrient inputs run-away algal growth

In nature, ecosystems are

dynamic

The west-to-east flow of the Great Lakes is due to differences in

elevation

The EPA exempted the discharge of ballast water from the Clean Water Act eventhough... because... because...

even though they did not have Congressional approval to do so because they thought it was relatively harmless because doing so would reduce administrative costs

The Great Lakes region is uniquely positioned to stop future invasions because

every overseas freighter must pass through the St. Lambert Lock

Cladaphora is a green algae that is native to all the Great Lakes except Superior, and became a nuisance in the 1960s due to

excess phosphorus inputs adverse impacts of human activities

john lodge

expert on genetic-based testing to identify the presence of invasive species in ballast, known as BNA barcoding

When relatively large predators are absent in an ecosystem, populations of prey species

explode

The primary mission of the early French explorers of the Great Lakes was

find a passage to the great south sea and cathay

The zebra mussel, quagga mussel, and round goby

first appeared in North America in or near Lake St. Clair have their native range in the Black and/or Caspian Seas likely reached the Great Lakes in the ballast of a freighter

When a bighead carp was caught beyond the barrier and just miles from Lake Michigan

five states took USACE and Illinois to court

In the film Saving the Great Lakes from Toxic Algae, Jeff Reutters from the Stone Lab recommends that if we are going to the possibility of poisoned drinking water in the Lake Erie region, we should first

focus on water treatment plants

Historical racism was reported to contribute to the use of Flint River water for drinking because

he residents were mostly poor and African American, the residents were not viewed as credible, the complaints of the residents were not taken seriously

Ballast serves a key function on freighters because

heavy, available, and basically free

Eutrophic

high nutrient concentration and high standing stock of living organisms. Eutrophic lakes or other bodies of water are richly supplied with plant nutrients and supportive of heavy plant growth

Most invasive species are introduced by

humans

One example of a hugely expensive project that's been implemented to transfer water across a continent is

in china

The second set of barriers funded by Congress included... was not... were more...

included three clusters of electrodes was not turned on initially out of fear of detonating barges with flammable cargo were more powerful than the original

In cities, surfaces that are impervious to rainfall tend to

increase in area, increase in runoff during storm events Result in inputs to rivers and the Lakes that included dirt, refuse, and horse manure,

Which of the following trends in the Great Lakes is attributed to climate change?

increase in water temperature increase in the number of heavy rainfall events

Prior to settlement, water flowed clear from the Maumee River to Lake Erie. Now, the extensive grid of ditches and tile lines

increased flows in the river, made the river more turbid increased nutrient inputs to the river

Eutrophication

is part of lake erie's natural history the process by which a body of water becomes enriched in dissolved nutrients that stimulate the growth of aquatic plant life, usually resulting in the depletion of dissolved oxygen

Phosphorus

is required by every living organism does not exist naturally in the environment

Compared to the Atlantic, Pacific, and Gulf coasts, North America's 4th seacoast is unique in that

it has a single entry point for foreign freighters

For a trait to be considered to be an adaptation in an evolutionary sense

it must be favorable to an organism's survival it must be favorable to an organism's ability to reproduce It must be heritable

Who eats who in the Great Lakes is not necessarily linear, as exemplified by the lake sturgeon because

it's large yet eats small prey items

Compared to the Europeans, the Woodland Culture was

lacking in some ways but equal or superior in others

As described in Silent Invaders, zebra mussels have an inhalant siphon and an exhalant siphone. What is removed in between?

large algae

Rain, snow, and surface runoff from streams and rivers add water to the Great Lakes, but this is offset by

outflow

A fundamental principle of environmental justice is that

people should have a voice in decisions that affect them minority groups should not be disproportionately burdened by environmental harm

The last Ice Age occurred during the ____ period

pleistocene

Tanner's overarching objective as Michigan's Chief of Fisheries was to

provide the best experience possible in recreational fishing

In response to the State Emergency Manager's claim that water from Lake Huron was no safer than that of the Flint River, scientists from Virginia Tech

provided data showing water from the Flint River was 19 times more corrosive

By far, the best predictor(s) of the presence of environmental pollutants is/are

race

The film clip "The Rise and Fall of the Great Lakes" describes a number of geologic phenomena that have changed the lakes over time. One of these has to do with the transition from a northerly outflow of Great Lakes water to a southerly course. This transition was caused by

rising land surface after the glacier's retreat

The st. Lawrence divide...

runs through the western part of Chicago, runs through southern Canada, Is generally more of a hill than a mountain, separates the Great Lakes Basin from the Mississippi River Basin

An extreme form of wave action in the Great Lakes that is associated with rapid changes in wind and barometric pressure is known as a

seiche

In the film Silent Invaders - Lamprey, a key target for controlling lampreys was in

st. Mary's river

Invasive mussels were able to colonize isolated inland lakes by

taking refuge in any damp spot on a boat out of water being able to live on a boat outside water for days

A key question in ecological restoration globally, and especially applicable to the Great Lakes has to do with

target conditions

Detractors of the St. Lawrence Seaway believed

that it would ruin the business of U.S. ports on the eastern seaboard

In a sense, it could be said that the Clean Water Act had its origins in

the Cuyahoga River

The Supreme Court rejected Missouri's lawsuit, even though the number of typhoid cases in St. Louis had increased four-fold since the opening of the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal because

the Illinois River appeared to be relatively clean compared to what it was

Vernon Applegate was able to help reduce lamprey populations by focusing on

the creeks where lampreys nest

ecological restoration

the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged or destroyed Ecosystem services, provisioning regulating cultural supporting

Ultimately, the federal government charged the state of Michigan with a violation of

the safe water drinking act

Once the Great Black Swamp was cleared and drained, the people there found

the soils were incredibly rich they had the most productive land in the country

The massive die-off of in 1967 involved an estimated 20 billion alewives and was caused by

their own physiology

Whitefish were ultimately able to switch to invasive mussels as a good source because

their stomach muscles began to enlarge

In addition to ballast water, round gobies are spreading in the Great Lakes region because

they are used as bait to catch larger fish

Fishery managers began to stock chinook salmon because

they could be planted after 6 months

The zebra mussel could not have 'walked' across the Atlantic Ocean to reach the Great Lakes, even over many generations, because

they could not have survived the ocean's salinity or depth

One way that gobies can gain a numerical advantage on native fish is that

they spawn up to three times per summer they are voracious egg eaters they drive other fish from their spawning beds

Invasive mussels were able to virtually take over Lake Mead's bed and canyon walls below the waterline in only two years because

they were able to reproduce rapidly in the warm climate

There was a mistake made in naming Lakes Michigan and Huron. What was it?

they're actually one lake

It was surprising that a year after the zebra mussel was discovered in Lake St. Clair, the species was found at extremely high densities in southern Lake Michigan, surprising because

this movement would have been against the lake's currents

It's thought that lampreys first entered Lake Ontario

through the Erie Canal

There were fewer alewives in Lake Erie because, compared to the other upper Lakes, it is

warmer and shallower

DNA barcoding

was initially used to identify invasive species in ship's ballast is meant to identify species

The food chain in Lake Powell

was very simple was predicted to collapse in less than a decade

Turnover of water, or mixing, in lakes is important in terms of maintaining

water quality

A key difference between exploitation of the environment by Europeans and Native Americans was that the latter

were few in number

T/F: The exorbitantly high cost of pumping water thousands of miles is the thing that prevents it from happening.

False

Applegate discovered the first lampricide by

trial and error

The Sanitary and Ship Canal was

- an early, successful water grab from the Great Lakes - another example of people trying to engineer nature to suit their needs - essentially a back door to the Great Lakes

The Pacific Northwest is vulnerable to mussel invasion because

- hundreds of thousands of boats use the lakes and reservoirs there every year - it's impossible to guard every boat ramp - no state or water body has been able to stop the mussel from invading

Asian carp possess several of the key attributes that tend to allow species to become invasive, including

- lack of predators - good dispersers - extremely high reproduction rate

The alewife came to dominate native fish in the Great Lakes by

- preying on their young - outcompeting them for food

The main focuses of the Great Lakes initiative :

- remove toxins - control invasive species - nonpoint source pollution control - promoting nearshore health - restoring wetlands and other habitats - tracking progress

The lamprey moved slowly through Lake Erie because

- shallow water - warm water - lacked suitable spawning streams

For a given set of 100 species introductions, how many on average will become invasive?

1

Of the world's port cities, the Great Lakes are directly connected to

12%

How much of the planet's available freshwater is found in the Great Lakes?

20%

All but one of the connections between the Great Lakes and freshwaters beyond the Great Lakes basin dried up by (date)

2500 years ago

Microcystis

A cyanobacterium that thrives in warm water with heavy loads of phosphorus and nitrogen; liver toxin

Once the salmon and alewife were gone in Lake Huron

A number of native fish species began to increase in number, fishing towns in Michigan along the Huron coast lost a lot of revenue, the round goby proved to be a key food source from some native fish species

The concept of a food chain is A. an oversimplification B. an accurate model C. an invention of the French D. unique to lakes

A. an oversimplification

A unique feature of the Great Lakes in summer is the tendency to A. warm from the shore out B. become more saline C. have red tides D. create rip tides

A. warm from the shore out

James hill invented what? and what did it do?

Buckeye traction ditcher quickened the drainage of the Great Black Swamp (1880s)

All energy is derived from A. hydroelectric power B. plants and animals C. the sun D. the soil

C. the sun

the effects of lead poisoning

Can last for decades especially pronounced in children

Oligotrophic

Describes a lake with a low level of productivity a condition of low nutrient concentration and low standing stock of living organisms these lakes are poorly suppled with plant nutrients and support little plant life

One problem with mid-ocean flushing of ballast tanks is that

Effectiveness is difficult to assess due to the lag time in detection of exotic species, it kills 99% of organisms, but there could still be a lot in there

T/F: Canada is supportive of efforts to close the Seaway to ocean-going freighters.

False

Native mussels in the Great Lakes helped to maintain water clarity by

Filtering organic material from the water column, eating algae

Successful invasive species often lack predators in their new environment, and also tend to be

Habitat generalists

The same process causing massive algal blooms in Lake Erie

Has created a dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico and around the world

The listing of the lake sturgeon as endangered illustrates the point that environmental impacts especially impact species that

Have a low reproductive rate

Collectively, western states in the U.S. have spent how much to monitor and control invasive mussels?

Hundreds of millions of dollars

In 2011, the Environmental Protection Agency agreed to mandate treatment systems for all trans-oceanic ships discharging ballast in U.S. waters, but

It's uncertain as to whether all ships will comply, such systems aren't required until 2021, its not certain that such systems will be effective against all exotic species

When federal funding was halted for the carp-controlling-sewage experiment, Arkansas Game and Fish

Let some of them go

At this point, the only mandated strategy for ships sailing from foreign ports into the Great Lakes

To flush all of their ballast tanks mid-ocean

T/F: In the U.S., the coastline of the Great Lakes is longer than the Atlantic coastline, the coast on the Gulf of Mexico, or the Pacific coast (not counting Alaska and Hawaii).

True

When General John Peabody took charge of the situation for USACE, he

Turned on the barriers, kept the voltage to 1/4 capacity

The Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal was the... helped.... reversed....

Was the largest earth-moving project in North America at the time Helped to sanitize Chicago's water Reversed the flow of the Chicago River

The early immigrants who encountered the Great Black Swamp and decided to settle in the region

Were in awe, decided to drain it

There were two water features that had to be addressed to achieve connectivity for shipping across all five Lakes. One was Niagra Falls. The other was a. Falls of St. Mary b. Niagra River c. Cumberland Falls d. Detroit River

a. Falls of St. Mary

Which of the following is a Native American tribe that the French did NOT encounter in the Great Lakes region? a. The Sioux b. The Winnebagoes c. The Iroquois d. The Hurons

a. The Sioux

Which of the following is NOT a feature that the Great Lakes share with the oceans? a. downdrafts b. waves c. currents d. upwelling

a. downdrafts

The alewife is a [note: there may be more than one answer] a. native of North America, and a b. non-native of North America, and a c. native of the Great Lakes d. non-native of the Great Lakes.

a. native of North America, and a d. non-native of the Great Lakes.

What feature makes Lake Ontario somewhat separate from the other lakes in terms of connectivity? a. The height of Niagra Falls b. The shallow depth of the Detroit river c. the rapids of the st. Mary's river d. Lake st. clair

a. niagra falls

Which of the following does not serve as an example of the dynamic nature of the Great Lakes over geographic time? a. the salt concentration of Lake Michigan has been steadily increasing over the last 1000 years b. Paleo-indians once hunted mastadons in Michigan c. Sleeping Bear Dune is moving inland at the rate of 2 feet per year d. Michigan (the state and the lake) was once covered by the Wisconsin Glacier

a. the salt concentration of Lake Michigan has been steadily increasing over the last 1000 years

How long can humans last without water? a. 2 days b. 3-4 days c. 7-9 days d. <24 hours

b. 3-4 days

Of the 10 largest lakes in the world by surface area, how many Great Lakes are included? a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 3

b. 4 (superior, huron, michigan, erie)

What is the shallowest of the Great Lakes? a. Ontario b. Erie c. Huron d. Michigan

b. Erie

Water levels in the Great Lakes have always varied, but with climate change, this variation is expected to

be greater be less predictable

Eventually, the round goby

became the dominant forage fish helped to keep mussel populations in check depressed populations of sculpins and darters

Botulism-causing bacteria spread up the food chain after

being ingested by invasive mussels gobies ate toxic mussels birds consumed toxic gobies

What is the process by which toxins reach higher levels in species that are higher up the food chain?

bioaccumulation

How much of the planet's available freshwater is found in the Great Lakes? a. 25% b. 10% c. 20% d. 15%

c. 20%

Rain, snow, and surface runoff from streams and rivers add water to the Great Lakes, but this is offset by a. Precipitation b. Aquifers c. Outflow d. Evaporation

c. Outflow

According to the film "What's So Great About the Great Lakes", of the five lakes, Superior is NOT a. the deepest b. the coldest c. the stormiest d. the clearest

c. the stormiest

Unlike the algal blooms in the late 1960s, the blooms in Lake Erie in the mid-1990s were caused by

cyanobacteria blue-green algae microcystis

Which lake has the highest seichal fluctuation a. Michigan b. Ontario c. Superior d. Erie

d. Erie (because most shallow)

A key commercial use of the Great Lakes from the days of La Salle involves a. freshwater sales b. tourism c. timber harvesting d. transportation

d. transportation

According to the film Great Lakes Water Level Changes, the three major factors in the Great Lakes water budget include

evaporation from the lakes precipitation directly on the lakes runoff into the lakes

The Clean Water Act focused on...

focused on point-source pollution ignored non-point pollution

Which three factors contributes to the uniqueness of the Great Lakes?

geographically concentrated, connectivity, location

In recent decades, what is the primary factor that has led to an exponential increase in the movement of invasive species?

global connectivity

A key difference between non-native (or exotic) species and invasive species is that

invasives tend to cause negative environmental consequences

Compared to point-source pollution, nonpoint pollution

is harder to track is more difficult to regulate

According to the film Silent Invaders, the battle to control lampreys

is never ending

of the five great lakes, lake erie ...

is the most productive has the most fish

Most foreign freighters sail out of the Great Lakes carrying grain, totaling what percentage of total grain exports for the U.S. and Canada?

less than 2

Even though zebra mussels can only move about 14" an hour using their 'foot,' they can rapidly reach new locations because

offspring are covered with hairs that help them to catch currents

The St. Lawrence Seaway System was...

the Seaway was one of the top 10 public works of the 20th century all cargo is tracked as it makes its way through the system tourists from all over the world sail through the Seaway on luxury cruise ships

Features of zebra mussels that enabled them to be such successful invaders include

the ability of females to produce so many eggs a lack of native predators in the Great Lakes their high filtration rate their ability to reproduce at a young age

In the film clip Invasive Species - Asian Carp, Kay Nelson, who represents an array of industries on the southern shores of Lake Michigan, expresses concern about the idea of constructing a permanent barrier in the Sanitary and Ship Canal because

the general public has the impression this is a quick fix

There have been a number of unintended environmental consequences that have adversely affected the Lakes once they were connected to the Atlantic Ocean and connections among the lakes were modified by human activity. A key reason that the consequences were so profound is that

the lakes are relatively young

cultural eutrophication

the over enrichment of a body of water resulting from excess additions of chemical nutrients due to human activity

The drought in California is a national problem because

they grow 90% of the nation's produce

Whitefish were never a consumer of fish, probably because

they had no teeth

A goal in constructing the Erie Canal was

to help organize the territories west of the original 13 colonies Make NY city a port of global significance Connect the eastern seaboard to the interior of the continent

In the film The St. Lawrence Seaway System, the proposed way to get around the fact that the locks and channels were too small for transoceanic ships was

to unload cargo and put it on smaller ships

A key commercial use of the Great Lakes ever since the days of La Salle involves

transportation

The concept of a food chain is all about what type of relationships?

trophic

If ballast control systems are installed on all freighters entering the Great Lakes, the probability of more invasive species showing up there is

very high

The diet of the round goby includes

zooplankton young zebra and quagga mussels young of larger fish eggs of other fish