NUTR Chapter 11 HW

Rank the following food sources from lowest (at the top) to highest (at the bottom) magnesium content. Instructions

1- Whole-wheat bread, 1 slice2- banana, 1 medium3- plan yogurt, 1 cup4- spinach, 2 cups

About how much sun exposure is needed per day to ensure a full day's supply of vitamin D?

10 minutes

Men or women over the age of 70 may suffer from type ______ osteoporosis.

2

The UL for phosphorus is

3 - 4 g/day.

Adults absorb about _____ of the calcium in the foods eaten.

30%

On average, peak bone mass is achieved just before age

30.

What type of environment is necessary for calcium to be absorbed into the body?

Acidic

Which of the following is the best source of magnesium?

Beans

Where is 85% of the phosphorus in the body found?

Bone

Which of the following are functions of calcium?

Bone building Muscle function Blood clotting

Which type of calcium supplement do you need to take with meals for optimal absorption?

Calcium carbonate

Which type of calcium supplement can be taken without regard to meals?

Calcium citrate

Which of the following minerals does NOT play a role in bone strength?

Chloride

Rickets is the deficiency disease caused by the lack of vitamin

D

Which of the following are characteristics of type 2 osteoporosis?

Demineralization of cortical bone Affects both men and women Demineralization of trabecular bone

Sunlight is the best source of vitamin D. However, if you cannot spend enough time in the sun to synthesize adequate vitamin D, which of the following is the best dietary strategy to obtain vitamin D?

Eat a serving of fatty fish twice per week.

True or false: A person who does not consume adequate calcium intakes, will have less calcium in the blood.

False

True or false: Dairy products, such as milk and cheese, provide about 25% of the calcium in North American diets.

False

True or false: Phosphorus deficiency is a very serious and relatively common concern.

False

True or false: The low absorption, plus the limited availability of phosphorus in foods, makes this mineral more important than calcium in diet planning.

False

For a person who does not consume cow's milk, which of the following are useful sources of calcium?

Fortified soymilk Salmon with bones Fortified breakfast cereals

______ is a debilitating chronic disease that leads to about 2 million bone fractures each year in the United States.

Osteoporosis

Of the following bone-building nutrients, which is LEAST likely to be deficient in the diets of typical Americans?

Phosphorus

______ is the vitamin D deficiency disease characterized by bowed legs, an enlarged head, deformities of the ribs and pelvis, and pain in the joints.

Rickets

The results of DEXA measurements are known as

T scores.

What type of nutrient is fluoride?

Trace mineral

True or false: The Upper Level for phosphorus intake is 3 to 4 grams per day.

True

______ commonly occurs in women after menopause as a result of low estrogen concentrations.

Type 1 osteoporosis

______ refers to low bone mineral density that occurs in both men and women after age 60.

Type 2 osteoporosis

Which of the following population groups is affected by type 1 osteoporosis?

Women after menopause

Kyphosis is

an abnormal bending of the spine.

The UL of 350 mg/day refers to magnesium from

antacids. supplements. laxatives.

What are some reasons an individual may choose to avoid dairy products?

avoid antibiotics and hormones milk protein allergy vegan diet lactose intolerance

The consequences of osteoporosis are

bone fractures. pain and deformity. decreased physical ability.

Forming and maintaining ______ are calcium's major roles in the body.

bones

Choose the minerals that have a role in building/maintaining bone strength.

calcium magnesium phosphorus

Bones consist of

cortical and trabecular bone. a layer of periosteum. bone marrow.

A person with intolerance to lactose may have to follow a _____ free diet.

dairy

Incorporation of fluoride into the tooth structure during tooth development limits

demineralization by acid-producing bacteria.

The Upper Level for magnesium intake is 350 milligrams per day, based on the risk of developing

diarrhea.

Hip fractures are particularly devastating because they often result in

disability. loss of independence. mortality.

If a person does not consume enough calcium, blood calcium levels will be maintained by

drawing calcium out of bones.

Low levels of the female reproductive hormone _________ are detrimental to bone health because this hormone stimulates osteoblast activity. (This question is asking for a hormone, not a vitamin or mineral.)

estrogen

Exceeding the UL for ______ can lead to hip fractures, still joints, and stomach inflammation among adults.

fluoride

With an AI of 3.1 to 3.8 mg/day, ______ is a trace mineral that contributes to bone health.

fluoride

Fluoride content of foods is limited, so in areas where fluoridation of the water supply is not feasible, this mineral can be supplied by

fluoride tablets. topical fluoride treatments. toothpaste.

What are good nondairy food sources of vitamin D?

fortified breakfast cereals fortified orange juice

Which of the following foods provides the highest concentration of bioavailable calcium for a vegetarian?

fortified orange juice

When habitual intake of vitamin D exceeds the UL, health risks include

gastrointestinal distress. calcium deposits in organs.

Osteoporotic fractures of the ______ lead to the worst outcomes, including long hospital stays, permanent disability, and even death.

hip

Vitamin D is unique in that it has a site of synthesis that is different from the location of action, so it is considered to be a

hormone

A magnesium deficiency can cause

irregular heartbeat.

The scientific term for "dowager's hump" is

kyphosis.

Large amounts of phytic acid found in fiber from grains, excess phosphorous, polyphenols in tea, and vitamin D deficiency all contribute to ______.

limiting calcium absorption

The DEXA technique uses ______ to measure bone mineral density.

low-level x-rays

Irregular heartbeat, weakness, and muscle pain are symptoms of a ______ deficiency.

magnesium

Potassium and ______ supplementation can decrease blood pressure.

magnesium

Highly trained athletes are at risk for bone loss if

menstruation becomes irregular or ceases altogether.

The functions of fluoride include

mineralizing tooth enamel. helping teeth resist acids. blocking growth of bacteria.

Vitamin D toxicity is most likely to result from

overuse of supplemental vitamin D.

Much of the calcium in many leafy green vegetables, notably spinach, is not absorbed because of the presence of ______ acid.

oxalic

Match each component of bone with its function. Instructions

periosteum: thick membrane that covers the bone surface cortical bone: dense bone tissue that provides strength and stability trabecular bone: lattice-like bone tissue that acts to absorb shock bone marrow: spongy bone tissue that contains stem cells

Found mostly in bone, ______ is the second most abundant mineral in the body.

phosphorus

Active vitamin D enhances the absorption of calcium and

phosphorus.

Active vitamin D increases intestinal absorption of

phosphorus. calcium.

Among typical Americans, deficiencies of phosphorus are

rare because the mineral is widespread in the diet. rare because the hormonal control of phosphorus is effective.

Calcium requires an acidic environment in the GI tract to be absorbed efficiently. Absorption of calcium occurs primarily in the upper part of the

small intestine.

Which of the following exercises is the best choice for maintaining bone mass?

strength training

Select the sources of fluoride.

tea fluoridated water seaweed

Exercise is beneficial for bone health because

the additional stress on bone increases bone mineral density.

Calcium absorption is increased by

the presence of lactose in the diet. pregnancy. high blood levels of parathyroid hormone.

High levels of ingested fluoride can lead to

tooth mottling. skeletal damage.

The hip, spine, and wrist are common sites of fractures related to osteoporosis because these regions are high in ______ bone.

trabecular

Match each term with its definition. Instructions

type 1 osteoporosis: porous trabecular bone in women that occurs following menopause type 2 osteoporosis: porous trabecular and cortical bone in men and women that occurs after age 60

Adequate dietary intake of magnesium is associated with decreased risk of

type 2 diabetes. cardiovascular disease.

Supplementation may be required to meet the RDA for vitamin D for individuals with

vegan diets. milk allergies. inadequate sun exposure.

Which of the following bone-building nutrients is classified as a hormone?

vitamin D

Common sites for osteoporotic fractures include

wrist. pelvis. spine.

During which phases of the life cycle does the rate of bone formation exceed the rate of bone loss?

young adulthood childhood infancy