NUTR Chapter 11 HW
Rank the following food sources from lowest (at the top) to highest (at the bottom) magnesium content. Instructions
1- Whole-wheat bread, 1 slice2- banana, 1 medium3- plan yogurt, 1 cup4- spinach, 2 cups
About how much sun exposure is needed per day to ensure a full day's supply of vitamin D?
10 minutes
Men or women over the age of 70 may suffer from type ______ osteoporosis.
2
The UL for phosphorus is
3 - 4 g/day.
Adults absorb about _____ of the calcium in the foods eaten.
30%
On average, peak bone mass is achieved just before age
30.
What type of environment is necessary for calcium to be absorbed into the body?
Acidic
Which of the following is the best source of magnesium?
Beans
Where is 85% of the phosphorus in the body found?
Bone
Which of the following are functions of calcium?
Bone building Muscle function Blood clotting
Which type of calcium supplement do you need to take with meals for optimal absorption?
Calcium carbonate
Which type of calcium supplement can be taken without regard to meals?
Calcium citrate
Which of the following minerals does NOT play a role in bone strength?
Chloride
Rickets is the deficiency disease caused by the lack of vitamin
D
Which of the following are characteristics of type 2 osteoporosis?
Demineralization of cortical bone Affects both men and women Demineralization of trabecular bone
Sunlight is the best source of vitamin D. However, if you cannot spend enough time in the sun to synthesize adequate vitamin D, which of the following is the best dietary strategy to obtain vitamin D?
Eat a serving of fatty fish twice per week.
True or false: A person who does not consume adequate calcium intakes, will have less calcium in the blood.
False
True or false: Dairy products, such as milk and cheese, provide about 25% of the calcium in North American diets.
False
True or false: Phosphorus deficiency is a very serious and relatively common concern.
False
True or false: The low absorption, plus the limited availability of phosphorus in foods, makes this mineral more important than calcium in diet planning.
False
For a person who does not consume cow's milk, which of the following are useful sources of calcium?
Fortified soymilk Salmon with bones Fortified breakfast cereals
______ is a debilitating chronic disease that leads to about 2 million bone fractures each year in the United States.
Osteoporosis
Of the following bone-building nutrients, which is LEAST likely to be deficient in the diets of typical Americans?
Phosphorus
______ is the vitamin D deficiency disease characterized by bowed legs, an enlarged head, deformities of the ribs and pelvis, and pain in the joints.
Rickets
The results of DEXA measurements are known as
T scores.
What type of nutrient is fluoride?
Trace mineral
True or false: The Upper Level for phosphorus intake is 3 to 4 grams per day.
True
______ commonly occurs in women after menopause as a result of low estrogen concentrations.
Type 1 osteoporosis
______ refers to low bone mineral density that occurs in both men and women after age 60.
Type 2 osteoporosis
Which of the following population groups is affected by type 1 osteoporosis?
Women after menopause
Kyphosis is
an abnormal bending of the spine.
The UL of 350 mg/day refers to magnesium from
antacids. supplements. laxatives.
What are some reasons an individual may choose to avoid dairy products?
avoid antibiotics and hormones milk protein allergy vegan diet lactose intolerance
The consequences of osteoporosis are
bone fractures. pain and deformity. decreased physical ability.
Forming and maintaining ______ are calcium's major roles in the body.
bones
Choose the minerals that have a role in building/maintaining bone strength.
calcium magnesium phosphorus
Bones consist of
cortical and trabecular bone. a layer of periosteum. bone marrow.
A person with intolerance to lactose may have to follow a _____ free diet.
dairy
Incorporation of fluoride into the tooth structure during tooth development limits
demineralization by acid-producing bacteria.
The Upper Level for magnesium intake is 350 milligrams per day, based on the risk of developing
diarrhea.
Hip fractures are particularly devastating because they often result in
disability. loss of independence. mortality.
If a person does not consume enough calcium, blood calcium levels will be maintained by
drawing calcium out of bones.
Low levels of the female reproductive hormone _________ are detrimental to bone health because this hormone stimulates osteoblast activity. (This question is asking for a hormone, not a vitamin or mineral.)
estrogen
Exceeding the UL for ______ can lead to hip fractures, still joints, and stomach inflammation among adults.
fluoride
With an AI of 3.1 to 3.8 mg/day, ______ is a trace mineral that contributes to bone health.
fluoride
Fluoride content of foods is limited, so in areas where fluoridation of the water supply is not feasible, this mineral can be supplied by
fluoride tablets. topical fluoride treatments. toothpaste.
What are good nondairy food sources of vitamin D?
fortified breakfast cereals fortified orange juice
Which of the following foods provides the highest concentration of bioavailable calcium for a vegetarian?
fortified orange juice
When habitual intake of vitamin D exceeds the UL, health risks include
gastrointestinal distress. calcium deposits in organs.
Osteoporotic fractures of the ______ lead to the worst outcomes, including long hospital stays, permanent disability, and even death.
hip
Vitamin D is unique in that it has a site of synthesis that is different from the location of action, so it is considered to be a
hormone
A magnesium deficiency can cause
irregular heartbeat.
The scientific term for "dowager's hump" is
kyphosis.
Large amounts of phytic acid found in fiber from grains, excess phosphorous, polyphenols in tea, and vitamin D deficiency all contribute to ______.
limiting calcium absorption
The DEXA technique uses ______ to measure bone mineral density.
low-level x-rays
Irregular heartbeat, weakness, and muscle pain are symptoms of a ______ deficiency.
magnesium
Potassium and ______ supplementation can decrease blood pressure.
magnesium
Highly trained athletes are at risk for bone loss if
menstruation becomes irregular or ceases altogether.
The functions of fluoride include
mineralizing tooth enamel. helping teeth resist acids. blocking growth of bacteria.
Vitamin D toxicity is most likely to result from
overuse of supplemental vitamin D.
Much of the calcium in many leafy green vegetables, notably spinach, is not absorbed because of the presence of ______ acid.
oxalic
Match each component of bone with its function. Instructions
periosteum: thick membrane that covers the bone surface cortical bone: dense bone tissue that provides strength and stability trabecular bone: lattice-like bone tissue that acts to absorb shock bone marrow: spongy bone tissue that contains stem cells
Found mostly in bone, ______ is the second most abundant mineral in the body.
phosphorus
Active vitamin D enhances the absorption of calcium and
phosphorus.
Active vitamin D increases intestinal absorption of
phosphorus. calcium.
Among typical Americans, deficiencies of phosphorus are
rare because the mineral is widespread in the diet. rare because the hormonal control of phosphorus is effective.
Calcium requires an acidic environment in the GI tract to be absorbed efficiently. Absorption of calcium occurs primarily in the upper part of the
small intestine.
Which of the following exercises is the best choice for maintaining bone mass?
strength training
Select the sources of fluoride.
tea fluoridated water seaweed
Exercise is beneficial for bone health because
the additional stress on bone increases bone mineral density.
Calcium absorption is increased by
the presence of lactose in the diet. pregnancy. high blood levels of parathyroid hormone.
High levels of ingested fluoride can lead to
tooth mottling. skeletal damage.
The hip, spine, and wrist are common sites of fractures related to osteoporosis because these regions are high in ______ bone.
trabecular
Match each term with its definition. Instructions
type 1 osteoporosis: porous trabecular bone in women that occurs following menopause type 2 osteoporosis: porous trabecular and cortical bone in men and women that occurs after age 60
Adequate dietary intake of magnesium is associated with decreased risk of
type 2 diabetes. cardiovascular disease.
Supplementation may be required to meet the RDA for vitamin D for individuals with
vegan diets. milk allergies. inadequate sun exposure.
Which of the following bone-building nutrients is classified as a hormone?
vitamin D
Common sites for osteoporotic fractures include
wrist. pelvis. spine.
During which phases of the life cycle does the rate of bone formation exceed the rate of bone loss?
young adulthood childhood infancy