Nutrition Ch 4

Excessive consumption of soft drinks, orange juice, and sports drinks increases risk for development of caries because they contain sugar and have

a low pH

What is a normal range (mg/dL) for blood glucose?

70-100

Sugars and syrups used as an ingredient in the processing and preparation of foods such as breads, cakes, beverages, jellies, and ice cream as well as sugars eaten separately or added to foods at the table.

added sugars

When you are under physical stress, what hormone is released quickly to stimulate an increase in blood glucose concentration?

Epinephrine

A hormone that is secreted by special cells in the pancreas in response to low blood glucose concentration and elicits release of glucose from liver glycogen stores.

Glucagon

When blood glucose concentration falls, what pancreatic hormone is secreted to stimulate release of stored glucose?

Glucagon

Which of the following is known as blood sugar or dextrose?

Glucose

An animal polysaccharide composed of glucose; manufactured and stored in the liver and muscles as a storage form of glucose

Glycogen

What is the predominant sweetener used in formulating beverages?

High-fructose corn syrup

The chemical reaction by which starch is split into monosaccharides is termed

Hydrolysis

Why are hard cheeses lower in lactose than soft cheeses?

more lactose is removed during manufacturing

Enzymatic digestion of starches takes place in the small intestine and also in the

mouth

Glycogen is stored mainly in which of the following tissues?

muscle and liver

An undesirably high concentration of ketone bodies in the blood and urine

Ketosis

Starches that escape digestion and absorption in the small intestine of healthy people.

resistant starches

The feeling of fullness and satisfaction that occurs after a meal and inhibits eating until the next meal.

satiety

What component accounts for the usually sweet taste of fruits?

simple sugars

Indigestible food components that dissolve in water to form a gel. An example is pectin from fruit, which is used to thicken jellies.

soluble fibers

Common table sugar is typically extracted from sugarcane and

sugar beets

What is the primary function of insulin?

lowers blood glucose levels

Which of the following plays a major role in the breakdown of certain types of dietary fiber in the large intestine?

Bacteria

Which of the following is best known to result from regular ingestion of sugar?

Dental caries

A chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism, usually resulting from insufficient or ineffective insulin

Diabetes

A hormone secreted by special cells in the pancreas in response to (among other things) increased blood glucose concentration.

Insulin

What is the primary absorption site for digestible carbohydrates?

Small intestine

Which of the following is a characteristic of dietary fibers?

They are classified according to solubility in water

What is the primary organ that metabolizes fructose and galactose following absorption?

liver

Compounds composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen arranged as monosaccharides or multiples of monosaccharides.

carbohydrates

Polysaccharides composed of straight or branched chains of monosaccharides.

complex carbohydrates

Decay of teeth.

dental caries

A person with a fasting blood glucose concentration of 129 mg/dL would be classified as

diabetic

In plant foods, the nonstarch polysaccharides that are not digested by human digestive enzymes, although some are digested by GI tract bacteria.

dietary fiber

An abnormally low blood glucose concentration

hypoglycemia

Indigestible food components that do not dissolve in water. Examples include the tough, fibrous structures found in the strings of celery and the skins of corn kernels.

insoluble fibers

A "functional fiber" is one that

is extracted from plants and has a beneficial health effect.

A condition that results from inability to digest the milk sugar lactose; characterized by bloating, gas, abdominal discomfort, and diarrhea

lactose intolerance