Nutrition Ch 4
Excessive consumption of soft drinks, orange juice, and sports drinks increases risk for development of caries because they contain sugar and have
a low pH
What is a normal range (mg/dL) for blood glucose?
70-100
Sugars and syrups used as an ingredient in the processing and preparation of foods such as breads, cakes, beverages, jellies, and ice cream as well as sugars eaten separately or added to foods at the table.
added sugars
When you are under physical stress, what hormone is released quickly to stimulate an increase in blood glucose concentration?
Epinephrine
A hormone that is secreted by special cells in the pancreas in response to low blood glucose concentration and elicits release of glucose from liver glycogen stores.
Glucagon
When blood glucose concentration falls, what pancreatic hormone is secreted to stimulate release of stored glucose?
Glucagon
Which of the following is known as blood sugar or dextrose?
Glucose
An animal polysaccharide composed of glucose; manufactured and stored in the liver and muscles as a storage form of glucose
Glycogen
What is the predominant sweetener used in formulating beverages?
High-fructose corn syrup
The chemical reaction by which starch is split into monosaccharides is termed
Hydrolysis
Why are hard cheeses lower in lactose than soft cheeses?
more lactose is removed during manufacturing
Enzymatic digestion of starches takes place in the small intestine and also in the
mouth
Glycogen is stored mainly in which of the following tissues?
muscle and liver
An undesirably high concentration of ketone bodies in the blood and urine
Ketosis
Starches that escape digestion and absorption in the small intestine of healthy people.
resistant starches
The feeling of fullness and satisfaction that occurs after a meal and inhibits eating until the next meal.
satiety
What component accounts for the usually sweet taste of fruits?
simple sugars
Indigestible food components that dissolve in water to form a gel. An example is pectin from fruit, which is used to thicken jellies.
soluble fibers
Common table sugar is typically extracted from sugarcane and
sugar beets
What is the primary function of insulin?
lowers blood glucose levels
Which of the following plays a major role in the breakdown of certain types of dietary fiber in the large intestine?
Bacteria
Which of the following is best known to result from regular ingestion of sugar?
Dental caries
A chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism, usually resulting from insufficient or ineffective insulin
Diabetes
A hormone secreted by special cells in the pancreas in response to (among other things) increased blood glucose concentration.
Insulin
What is the primary absorption site for digestible carbohydrates?
Small intestine
Which of the following is a characteristic of dietary fibers?
They are classified according to solubility in water
What is the primary organ that metabolizes fructose and galactose following absorption?
liver
Compounds composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen arranged as monosaccharides or multiples of monosaccharides.
carbohydrates
Polysaccharides composed of straight or branched chains of monosaccharides.
complex carbohydrates
Decay of teeth.
dental caries
A person with a fasting blood glucose concentration of 129 mg/dL would be classified as
diabetic
In plant foods, the nonstarch polysaccharides that are not digested by human digestive enzymes, although some are digested by GI tract bacteria.
dietary fiber
An abnormally low blood glucose concentration
hypoglycemia
Indigestible food components that do not dissolve in water. Examples include the tough, fibrous structures found in the strings of celery and the skins of corn kernels.
insoluble fibers
A "functional fiber" is one that
is extracted from plants and has a beneficial health effect.
A condition that results from inability to digest the milk sugar lactose; characterized by bloating, gas, abdominal discomfort, and diarrhea
lactose intolerance