Nutrition - Chapter 13 Sup

Bone

1 in 3 teen mothers show signs of significant _________ loss

Folate

50-70% of all ___________ neural tube defects such as anencephaly and spina bifida can be prevented with adequate _____________

Primagravida

66% of first-time pregnancies (______________) exceed weight gain recommendations

39-41; 32

A full term baby is born between ____-____ weeks and premature babies are born before ___ weeks

Antagonist; syndrome

Alcohol is a folic acid ______________ which may lead to fetal alcohol _______________

500

Approximately 85 cal are needed for every 100 mL of milk produced, requiring an increase of approximately ____ cal daily

Fourth

By the ____________ months of pregnancy calcification of deciduous teeth begins and mandible is calcified

7; 200; 2

Caffeine crosses the placenta - equivalent of more than ____ cups/day of coffee is associated with LBW and risk of miscarriage; American dietetic associated recommends that pregnant women should not consume more than _____ mg of caffeine/day (less than ____ cups of coffee

3

Children are most likely to be overweight by age ____ if the mother gained excess weight

C; mineralization

Dentin and enamel depend on vitamin ____ for formation of collagen matrix and calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and vitamin D for _______________

D; PUFAs

Dietary reference intakes (DRIs) for pregnancy - nutrient intake for optimal health of mother and fetus; fall short in fiber, vitamin ____, folate, iron, and __________

Protein

During pregnancy, an additional 21 g of ___________ is recommended

Calcium

During pregnancy, an additional intake of ___________ and vitamin C is not recommended except for teeth mothers or if deficiency exists or not enough sunlight

1st

Energy and kilocalories do not need to increase during the ____ trimester (unless underweight), allows additional calories for 2nd and 3rd trimesters to build tissues, support increased metabolic expenditure

Building new tissues; supporting metabolic expenditure; enabling physical movement with additional weight

Estimated energy requirements (EERs) increase during the second and third trimester of pregnancy. This additional energy is necessary for: a. building new tissues b. supporting metabolic expenditure c. enabling physical movement with additional weight d. sparing energy for fetal growth

HBP

Excess weight gain during pregnancy is associated with ______, miscarriage or stillbirth, and difficult deliveries

All of the above

Excessive weight gain during pregnancy increases the risks of: a. gestational diabetes b. pregnancy - induced high blood pressure c. miscarriage or stillbirth d. difficulty during delivery requiring cesarean section e. postpartum hemorrhage f. all of the above

12; 6

Exclusive breastfeeding for 4 to 6 months with addition of complementary foods beginning by 2 months and continuing until ___ months is the ideal method of feeding infants - breast milk is all an infant needs for about the first ___ months for optimal growth and development

Iron

For a person suffering from pica, nutrient deficiencies may occur, especially ___________

Meat

For lactating women high-protein foods may include 6 to 8 oz of _____ daily

300

For lactating women, only _____ mg/day of caffeine should be consumed

Adolescent; one

High risk pregnancies needing supplementation include: ____________ pregnancy, carrying more than ____ fetus, or use of cigarettes, alcohol, or other drugs

Iron; anemia

Higher intake of ___________ is needed during gestation for production of red blood cells and the placenta; to compensate for cord and blood loss at delivery; fetus acts as parasite - erythropoiesis at expense of mothers iron stores; HP2020 goal to reduce iron-deficiency ___________ among pregnant females

Osteoporosis

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is controversial but reduces risk for ________________

34

In 2014, approximately ____% of all infant deaths were born as less then 32 weeks gestation

Estrogen

In terms of oral health, hormonal changes (___________ and progesterone) contribute to increased susceptibility to gingivitis and perio

Neural

Inadequate intake of folic acid prior to pregnancy and in the first weeks of gestation can result in _____________ tube defects

Mother's

Inadequate iron and calcium intake can deplete the ____________ stores and lead to infants store being suboptimal at birth

Unpasteurized; raw; undercooked

It is important for pregnant women to avoid __________________ juices, milk, and milk products, _______ sprouts, and raw or _____________ meat, poultry, eggs, fish, and shellfish

A

It is important to limit vitamin ____ during pregnancy because it can cause defects

Iron

Low levels of _________ and folic acid are linked to premature births and stunted growth

Pyridoxine (B6); cobalamin (B12)

Low levels of which vitamins are associated with the use of oral contraceptive agents (OCAs) a. vitamin A b. riboflavin (B2) c. pyridoxine (B6) d. cobalamin (B12) e. vitamin C f. vitamin D

Diabetes; cardiovascular problems; genetic risks

Many women are choosing to become pregnant at an older age. Maternal risks of pregnancy after age 35 include which of the following? a. diabetes b. hypertension c. cardiovascular problems d. genetic risks

5.5

Mature baby weight is greater then 6 pounds and a low birth weight is less than _____ pounds

60

Menopause is decreased production of estrogen (by ____%) and progesterone by the ovaries resulting in termination of menses

Salivary; exaggerated

Menopause may cause reduced ______________ flow. Gingival effects include: senile atrophic gingivitis, menopausal gingivostomatitis, ______________ response to plaque biofilm

Saccharin

Nonnutritive sweeteners that are generally recognized as safe can be used, but ______________ crosses the placenta

Folate

Nutrient absorption negatively affected by oral contraceptive agents are vitamins B3, B12, and _________

33

Only ____% of women take a multivitamin containing folic acid

1/2

Only _____ of pregnant women receive dental care during pregnancy; attitudes and behaviors about dental care during pregnancy may be influenced by fear of harm to the fetus

B12

Other nutrients needed in larger quantities than in pregnancy include vitamins A, E, C, B6, ____, and riboflavin; minerals copper, zinc, iodine, and selenium

Poisoning; erosion

Pica may result in lead ______________ and may cause abrasion/_______________

35

Pregnancy after _____ years shows maternal risks that include diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease - and increase in myocardial infarctions

Foodborne

Pregnant women are at a high risk for ____________ illness; can cause miscarriage, premature birth, stillbirth, or acute illness in the newborn

Cobalamin (B12); vitamin D; Iron

Pregnant women, who are also vegans, are at risk for under consumption of which nutrients? a. fiber b. folate c. cobalamin (B12) d. vitamin D e. iron

Modifiable; nutritional

Primary factors for successful pregnancy are _____________ except chromosomal issues; ______________ status before conception; appropriate weight gain; adequate intake of essential nutrients during pregnancy

Increased

Progestins may cause weight gain related to _____________ appetite and altered carbohydrate metabolism

Higher

Protein recommendations are slightly _________ than for pregnancy, an additional 25 g/day (total of 70 g/day)

Bone; alveolar

Reduced estrogen results in decreased ______ mass density; rate of bone loss is rapid in menopause with gradual declines - ______________ bone is unstable source of calcium; losses may indicate early osteoporosis

None of the above

Routine dental care during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of a. preterm delivery b. spontaneous abortion c. fetal death d. fetal abnormalities e. all of the above f. none of the above

Preterm

Routine dental care during the 2nd trimester is not associated with increased risk of serious medical events, _________ deliveries, spontaneous abortions, or fetal deaths or anomalies

Elevated

Serum cholesterol and triglycerides become significantly ___________ during 2nd trimester

Insult; formation

Severe and irreversible damage results if nutritional ___________ (deficiency or excessive amounts of specific nutrients) or infection occurs during critical stages in dentin or enamel ______________

Clefts

Severe nutrient deficiencies during pregnancy can result in malformations, such as __________, and shortened mandible

Preclampsia; LBW

Studies indicate periodontal disease during pregnancy is significant risk factor for _______________ and/or delivering premature of _____ infant

Constipation

Supplementation of iron is recommended during pregnancy but may cause nausea and ______________

Inadequate

The majority of adolescent pregnancies have _____________ intake of calcium, iron, vitamins A and D, niacin, and kilocalories

Before

The most important time for prenatal care is ___________ pregnancy

All of the above

Use of these products may detrimentally affect the fetus a. tobacco b. alcohol c. caffeine d. medications e. illegal drugs f. all of the above

4

When breastfeeding an additional 1000 mL/day (___ cups) of fluid

Preeclampsia

Which is potentially serious complication of pregnancy involving high blood pressure that may lead to premature labor?

Folate

Which vitamin's recommended dietary allowance (RDA) is significantly increased during pregnancy?

Vitamin A; riboflavin (B2); cobalamin (B12); vitamin C

Which vitamins are needed in larger quantities during pregnancy? a. vitamin A b. riboflavin (B2) c. niacin (B3) d. Cobalamin (B12) e. vitamin C f. vitamin D

Normal; 25; 35

Women with _________ BMI should gain 0.8 to 1 lb weekly during second and third trimesters with a total gain of ____ to ____ pounds; underweight women should gain 28-40 pounds; obese women should gain 11-20 pounds

25

_____% of women still fall short of the recommended amount of B vitamins needed. Especially __________ women

Alcohol

__________ impairs milk flow; transmitted in breast milk

Pica

__________ is the abnormal consumption of specific foods or nonfood substances. Risk factors for pica include: lower socioeconomic groups, less than HS education, poor nutritional health, behavioral/environmental factors such as substance abuse

Premature

____________ infants may be born with iron-deficiency anemia

Infection

______________ disrupts calcium and phosphorus balance affecting fetal tooth development

Perimenopause

______________ is the symptoms prior to menopause which include: loss of bone density, hot flashes, sweats, etc...

Gravida

______________ stands for pregnancy

Adolescent

_______________ pregnancies result in increased risk for LBW

Tocoplasmosis

_________________ can be passed to the fetus so it is important to cook meat to safe level; wash cutting boards