Nutrition - Chapter 13 Sup
Bone
1 in 3 teen mothers show signs of significant _________ loss
Folate
50-70% of all ___________ neural tube defects such as anencephaly and spina bifida can be prevented with adequate _____________
Primagravida
66% of first-time pregnancies (______________) exceed weight gain recommendations
39-41; 32
A full term baby is born between ____-____ weeks and premature babies are born before ___ weeks
Antagonist; syndrome
Alcohol is a folic acid ______________ which may lead to fetal alcohol _______________
500
Approximately 85 cal are needed for every 100 mL of milk produced, requiring an increase of approximately ____ cal daily
Fourth
By the ____________ months of pregnancy calcification of deciduous teeth begins and mandible is calcified
7; 200; 2
Caffeine crosses the placenta - equivalent of more than ____ cups/day of coffee is associated with LBW and risk of miscarriage; American dietetic associated recommends that pregnant women should not consume more than _____ mg of caffeine/day (less than ____ cups of coffee
3
Children are most likely to be overweight by age ____ if the mother gained excess weight
C; mineralization
Dentin and enamel depend on vitamin ____ for formation of collagen matrix and calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and vitamin D for _______________
D; PUFAs
Dietary reference intakes (DRIs) for pregnancy - nutrient intake for optimal health of mother and fetus; fall short in fiber, vitamin ____, folate, iron, and __________
Protein
During pregnancy, an additional 21 g of ___________ is recommended
Calcium
During pregnancy, an additional intake of ___________ and vitamin C is not recommended except for teeth mothers or if deficiency exists or not enough sunlight
1st
Energy and kilocalories do not need to increase during the ____ trimester (unless underweight), allows additional calories for 2nd and 3rd trimesters to build tissues, support increased metabolic expenditure
Building new tissues; supporting metabolic expenditure; enabling physical movement with additional weight
Estimated energy requirements (EERs) increase during the second and third trimester of pregnancy. This additional energy is necessary for: a. building new tissues b. supporting metabolic expenditure c. enabling physical movement with additional weight d. sparing energy for fetal growth
HBP
Excess weight gain during pregnancy is associated with ______, miscarriage or stillbirth, and difficult deliveries
All of the above
Excessive weight gain during pregnancy increases the risks of: a. gestational diabetes b. pregnancy - induced high blood pressure c. miscarriage or stillbirth d. difficulty during delivery requiring cesarean section e. postpartum hemorrhage f. all of the above
12; 6
Exclusive breastfeeding for 4 to 6 months with addition of complementary foods beginning by 2 months and continuing until ___ months is the ideal method of feeding infants - breast milk is all an infant needs for about the first ___ months for optimal growth and development
Iron
For a person suffering from pica, nutrient deficiencies may occur, especially ___________
Meat
For lactating women high-protein foods may include 6 to 8 oz of _____ daily
300
For lactating women, only _____ mg/day of caffeine should be consumed
Adolescent; one
High risk pregnancies needing supplementation include: ____________ pregnancy, carrying more than ____ fetus, or use of cigarettes, alcohol, or other drugs
Iron; anemia
Higher intake of ___________ is needed during gestation for production of red blood cells and the placenta; to compensate for cord and blood loss at delivery; fetus acts as parasite - erythropoiesis at expense of mothers iron stores; HP2020 goal to reduce iron-deficiency ___________ among pregnant females
Osteoporosis
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is controversial but reduces risk for ________________
34
In 2014, approximately ____% of all infant deaths were born as less then 32 weeks gestation
Estrogen
In terms of oral health, hormonal changes (___________ and progesterone) contribute to increased susceptibility to gingivitis and perio
Neural
Inadequate intake of folic acid prior to pregnancy and in the first weeks of gestation can result in _____________ tube defects
Mother's
Inadequate iron and calcium intake can deplete the ____________ stores and lead to infants store being suboptimal at birth
Unpasteurized; raw; undercooked
It is important for pregnant women to avoid __________________ juices, milk, and milk products, _______ sprouts, and raw or _____________ meat, poultry, eggs, fish, and shellfish
A
It is important to limit vitamin ____ during pregnancy because it can cause defects
Iron
Low levels of _________ and folic acid are linked to premature births and stunted growth
Pyridoxine (B6); cobalamin (B12)
Low levels of which vitamins are associated with the use of oral contraceptive agents (OCAs) a. vitamin A b. riboflavin (B2) c. pyridoxine (B6) d. cobalamin (B12) e. vitamin C f. vitamin D
Diabetes; cardiovascular problems; genetic risks
Many women are choosing to become pregnant at an older age. Maternal risks of pregnancy after age 35 include which of the following? a. diabetes b. hypertension c. cardiovascular problems d. genetic risks
5.5
Mature baby weight is greater then 6 pounds and a low birth weight is less than _____ pounds
60
Menopause is decreased production of estrogen (by ____%) and progesterone by the ovaries resulting in termination of menses
Salivary; exaggerated
Menopause may cause reduced ______________ flow. Gingival effects include: senile atrophic gingivitis, menopausal gingivostomatitis, ______________ response to plaque biofilm
Saccharin
Nonnutritive sweeteners that are generally recognized as safe can be used, but ______________ crosses the placenta
Folate
Nutrient absorption negatively affected by oral contraceptive agents are vitamins B3, B12, and _________
33
Only ____% of women take a multivitamin containing folic acid
1/2
Only _____ of pregnant women receive dental care during pregnancy; attitudes and behaviors about dental care during pregnancy may be influenced by fear of harm to the fetus
B12
Other nutrients needed in larger quantities than in pregnancy include vitamins A, E, C, B6, ____, and riboflavin; minerals copper, zinc, iodine, and selenium
Poisoning; erosion
Pica may result in lead ______________ and may cause abrasion/_______________
35
Pregnancy after _____ years shows maternal risks that include diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease - and increase in myocardial infarctions
Foodborne
Pregnant women are at a high risk for ____________ illness; can cause miscarriage, premature birth, stillbirth, or acute illness in the newborn
Cobalamin (B12); vitamin D; Iron
Pregnant women, who are also vegans, are at risk for under consumption of which nutrients? a. fiber b. folate c. cobalamin (B12) d. vitamin D e. iron
Modifiable; nutritional
Primary factors for successful pregnancy are _____________ except chromosomal issues; ______________ status before conception; appropriate weight gain; adequate intake of essential nutrients during pregnancy
Increased
Progestins may cause weight gain related to _____________ appetite and altered carbohydrate metabolism
Higher
Protein recommendations are slightly _________ than for pregnancy, an additional 25 g/day (total of 70 g/day)
Bone; alveolar
Reduced estrogen results in decreased ______ mass density; rate of bone loss is rapid in menopause with gradual declines - ______________ bone is unstable source of calcium; losses may indicate early osteoporosis
None of the above
Routine dental care during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of a. preterm delivery b. spontaneous abortion c. fetal death d. fetal abnormalities e. all of the above f. none of the above
Preterm
Routine dental care during the 2nd trimester is not associated with increased risk of serious medical events, _________ deliveries, spontaneous abortions, or fetal deaths or anomalies
Elevated
Serum cholesterol and triglycerides become significantly ___________ during 2nd trimester
Insult; formation
Severe and irreversible damage results if nutritional ___________ (deficiency or excessive amounts of specific nutrients) or infection occurs during critical stages in dentin or enamel ______________
Clefts
Severe nutrient deficiencies during pregnancy can result in malformations, such as __________, and shortened mandible
Preclampsia; LBW
Studies indicate periodontal disease during pregnancy is significant risk factor for _______________ and/or delivering premature of _____ infant
Constipation
Supplementation of iron is recommended during pregnancy but may cause nausea and ______________
Inadequate
The majority of adolescent pregnancies have _____________ intake of calcium, iron, vitamins A and D, niacin, and kilocalories
Before
The most important time for prenatal care is ___________ pregnancy
All of the above
Use of these products may detrimentally affect the fetus a. tobacco b. alcohol c. caffeine d. medications e. illegal drugs f. all of the above
4
When breastfeeding an additional 1000 mL/day (___ cups) of fluid
Preeclampsia
Which is potentially serious complication of pregnancy involving high blood pressure that may lead to premature labor?
Folate
Which vitamin's recommended dietary allowance (RDA) is significantly increased during pregnancy?
Vitamin A; riboflavin (B2); cobalamin (B12); vitamin C
Which vitamins are needed in larger quantities during pregnancy? a. vitamin A b. riboflavin (B2) c. niacin (B3) d. Cobalamin (B12) e. vitamin C f. vitamin D
Normal; 25; 35
Women with _________ BMI should gain 0.8 to 1 lb weekly during second and third trimesters with a total gain of ____ to ____ pounds; underweight women should gain 28-40 pounds; obese women should gain 11-20 pounds
25
_____% of women still fall short of the recommended amount of B vitamins needed. Especially __________ women
Alcohol
__________ impairs milk flow; transmitted in breast milk
Pica
__________ is the abnormal consumption of specific foods or nonfood substances. Risk factors for pica include: lower socioeconomic groups, less than HS education, poor nutritional health, behavioral/environmental factors such as substance abuse
Premature
____________ infants may be born with iron-deficiency anemia
Infection
______________ disrupts calcium and phosphorus balance affecting fetal tooth development
Perimenopause
______________ is the symptoms prior to menopause which include: loss of bone density, hot flashes, sweats, etc...
Gravida
______________ stands for pregnancy
Adolescent
_______________ pregnancies result in increased risk for LBW
Tocoplasmosis
_________________ can be passed to the fetus so it is important to cook meat to safe level; wash cutting boards