Nutrition Chapter 4: Carbohydrates, Sugars, & Starches

Foods with natural sugars generally provide __________ compared with foods with added sugars.

more nutrients and fewer kilocalories. Foods with naturally occurring sugars, such as whole fruit, tend to be more nutrient dense and provide fewer kilocalories than sweets with added sugars..

Which of the following statements regarding the amount of carbohydrate you should consume daily is incorrect? -The minimum amount of carbohydrate needed for the brain to function efficiently is 130 grams per day. -In the United States, adult males and females consume more than the minimum DRI for carbohydrates. -The AMDR for carbohydrates is 20 to 35 percent of your total daily calories. -Eating the recommended daily servings for each food group in MyPyramid will ensure that you meet your minimum amount of carbohydrate.

-The AMDR for carbohydrates is 20 to 35 percent of your total daily calories.

Which food contains the most carbohydrates?

1/2 cup of raisins. A half-cup of raisins contains about 60 grams of carbohydrate.

A minimum of ___ grams of carbohydrate daily is recommended to provide adequate glucose to the brain.

130

the minimum amount of carbohydrates needed daily is _____ grams.

130

According to the latest DRIs, what is the recommended minimum amount of carbohydrates that should be consumed daily?

130 grams

Which blood glucose lab value is considered a "positive" test indicative of diabetes mellitus?

130 milligrams per deciliter (fasting). Fasting readings above 126 milligrams per deciliter are considered a "positive" test; there must be two separate positive tests for an official diagnosis of diabetes.

The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) recommendation is that _____ percent of an adult's total daily energy intake should come from carbohydrate.

45 to 65%

Carbohydrates provide ____ kilocalories per gram.

Four (4)

What hormone, released from the pancreas in response to a low blood glucose level, acts to raise blood glucose back to normal?

Glucagon

The most abundant carbohydrate in nature is ________.

Glucose

Which of the following statements correctly describes the process of carbohydrate absorption?

Glucose and galactose are absorbed into the enterocyte by active transport before they enter the capillaries for transport through the bloodstream. Great job! Glucose and galactose are absorbed into the enterocytes by active transport while frustose is absorbed by facillitated diffusion.

_____ is the storage form of glucose in the body.

Glycogen

What hormone is needed to move glucose (obtained from the food consumed) from the blood into the body's cells?

Insulin

How does dietary fiber reduce blood cholesterol?

It binds bile acids in the intestinal tract, which increases removal of cholesterol from the blood. Cholesterol-rich bile acids are sequestered by fiber and excreted. The liver then removes cholesterol from the blood to replace the bile acids.

What happens to excess glucose?

It is ultimately stored as fat.. Excess glucose is stored as glycogen in the muscles and liver. When glycogen stores are full, excess glucose is stored as fat.

People with a deficiency of the enzyme lactase cannot properly digest ________.

Lactose

Eating foods high in soluble fiber may help to reduce high blood cholesterol levels. The best source of soluble fiber is _____.

Oatmeal

Which of the following statements best describes the role of dietary fiber in reducing the risk of developing diseases?

Soluble fibers slow the digestion and release of glucose preventing a spike in blood glucose following a meal. This increase in transit time may improve long-term control of diabetes. Great job! Viscous, soluble fibers slow the release of food from the stomach and, therefore, slow down the absorption of glucose. This can help individuals with diabetes to control their blood glucose levels.

The autoimmune disease that destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas is called ______________ .

Type 1 Diabetes

How is digestion altered in individuals who have been diagnosed with lactose intolerance?

Undigested lactose draws water into the gastrointestinal tract, causing diarrhea and cramping Great job! Symptoms like diarrhea are caused by lactose drawing water into the digestive tract. Understanding the causes and symptoms of lactose intolerance may help those with the disorder to manage it.

Which of the following is an example of a complex carbohydrate? a.)Starch b.)Glycogen c.)Fiber d.)all are correct

all options are correct

The alpha bonds of carbohydrates are broken down during digestion by specific enzymes. Lactose contains a beta bond, which is digestible by lactase. Most carbohydrates that contain beta-glycosidic bonds are not digestible because humans lack the enzyme needed to break down the bond. Which of the following carbohydrates contain alpha bonds that are digestible by humans?

amylose and amylopectin

People with the inherited disorder known as phenylketonuria (PKU) are unable to metabolize which of the following sweeteners?

aspartame (NutraSweet or equal)

People with phenylketonuria (PKU) should avoid consuming ___.

aspartame (sugar sweetener)

________ cells and red blood cells rely on glucose for energy.

brain

Whole grains contain __________.

bran, endosperm, and germ. Whole grain foods contain all three parts of the grain: the bran, endosperm, and germ.

Other starch is much easier to digest and has ______________ chains.

branching

If poorly managed, diabetes can increase the likelihood of all of the following outcomes except -kidney disease. -amputations of limbs. -breast cancer. -eye diseases.

breast cancer

Insoluble fiber promotes gastrointestinal health by increasing stool __________, which _________ stool transit time through the GI tract.

bulk; decreases. Increased bulk stimulates peristalsis, which speeds up the movement of feces through the intestines.

Very High GI (greater than 100)

cake with icing Cheerios plain bagel

The chemical reaction in which two molecules combine to form a larger molecule, and water is released is called __________.

condensation. Condensation is a chemical reaction in which two molecules combine to form a larger molecule, and water is released.

Which of the following is a good source of fiber? -cooked oatmeal -white bread -Special K cereal -apple juice

cooked oatmeal

Midrange to High GI (50 to 100)

corn oatmeal apple

Dietary fiber is associated with a reduced risk for________. a.)certain cancers b.)constipation c.)heart disease d.) all are correct

d.) all are correct

Which of the following can help someone who is lactose intolerant enjoy dairy products? a.) drinking lactose-reduced milk b.) consuming small amounts of dairy throughout the day c.)consuming breakfast cereal with yogurt instead of milk d.)all are correct

d.) all are correct

Sucrose is a _____.

disaccharide

Which of the following structures is the starchy part of a grain kernel?

endosperm

Refined-grain foods to which vitamins and minerals are added back after processing are called __________.

enriched. Refined-grain foods to which vitamins and minerals are added back after processing are called enriched. Folic acid, thiamin, niacin, and iron are examples of nutrients added to enriched grains.

T/F Insulin is not made in type 2 diabetes.

false

T/F Refined grains are more nutrient-dense than whole grains.

false

T/F The glycogen stored in meat and poultry is a significant source of calories in our diet.

false

T/F The main role of carbohydrates is to supply building material for muscles.

false

t/f Children can have type 1 diabetes but cannot have type 2 diabetes.

false

Which of the following nutrients are added to enriched grains?

folic acid, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and iron

The nondigestible polysaccharides that are added to foods because of a specific desired effect on human heath are called __________.

functional fiber. Functional fiber is the term for the nondigestible polysaccharides that are extracted from plants or manufactured and then added to foods because of a specific desired effect on human health.

Simple carbohydrates can be monosaccharides, like glucose and ____________ or disaccharides, like lactose and maltose. Complex carbohydrates can be oligosaccharides or polysaccharides.

galactose

The disaccharide lactose is composed of glucose and

galactose

The hormone that directs the breakdown of glycogen into glucose is _____.

glucagon

What substance does the pancreas secrete when blood glucose falls?

glucagon. The pancreas secretes the hormone glucagon when blood glucose falls.

The process of making glucose from noncarbohydrate sources is called ________.

gluconeogeneis

In times of carbohydrate deprivation, the body can create glucose from amino acids in a process called __________.

gluconeogenesis. In times of carbohydrate deprivation, the body can create glucose from amino acids in a process called gluconeogenesis.

Dietary fiber is nondigestible because of beta-glycosidic bonds between ___________ molecules that you lack the enzymes to break.

glucose

The primary source of energy for the body is ___.

glucose

All digestible forms of carbohydrates provide 4 kcal/g of energy. Fiber, starch, and __________ are complex carbohydrates, while glucose, fructose, and sucrose (made up of glucose and fructose combined) are simple carbohydrates.

glycogen

The storage form of glucose in the body is ___.

glycogen

Which of the following carbohydrates is the storage form of glucose in animals?

glycogen

Which of the following is the MOST likely long-term complication associated with diabetes? -lactose intolerance -cirrhosis of the liver -heart disease -lung cancer

heart disease

Symptoms of ________ include light-headedness, dizziness, shakiness, and hunger.

hypoglycemia

Which of the following statements about type 1 diabetes is incorrect? -It usually begins in childhood. -Insulin is produced, but cells are not using it properly. -The immune system destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. -Daily insulin injections are required.

insulin is produced, but cells are not using it properly.

The cell's inability to respond to insulin is called ___.

insulin resistance

Low to Midrange GI (less than 50)

kidney beans

Which of the following carbohydrates is also known as milk sugar?

lactose

Carbohydrates are a ___________ whose primary function it to provide energy to the body.

macronutrient

Which of the following carbohydrates is made from two glucose units joined together?

maltose

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the

mouth

Which of the following foods contains the least amount of fiber?

one serving of meat

Starch is a __________.

polysaccharide

Which food would provide the lowest glycemic index?

popcorn

Carbohydrates in the diet are said to spare ____________ from being used to provide for fuel for cells.

protein

The dietary enzyme that begins breaking down carbohydrates in the mouth is __________.

salivary amylase. Salivary amylase is the digestive enzyme that begins breaking down carbohydrates in the mouth.

Reducing the consumption of _______ will have the biggest impact on decreasing the amount of added sugars that Americans consume.

sodas, energy drinks, and sports drinks

Starch consists of chains of glucose molecules. Some ___________ is resistant and harder to digest because it consists of linear chains with no branching

starch

Which of the following carbohydrates is a chain of glucose units found in plants only?

starch

The function of glycogen is to

store glucose in humans and animals.

The best place to identify whether sugars have been added to a food product is __________.

the ingredients list. The ingredient list contains all sugars; having many varieties of sugars or being listed as one of the first ingredients is an indication that a food is likely to contain a large amount of added sugars.

Where in the body are disaccharides digested and absorbed?

the small intestine

Which of the following provides at least one serving of a whole-grain food?

three-fourths cup of cooked oatmeal with fat-free milk

T/F Being overweight puts a person at higher risk for developing type 2 diabetes, the most common type of diabetes.

true

Which of the following is an autoimmune disease associated with poor blood-glucose control?

type 1 diabetes

Which of the following foods contains the LEAST amount of fiber? -oatmeal -carrot -kidney beans -white toast

white toast

T/F Type 1 diabetes requires daily insulin injections or an insulin pump.

true

T/F Type 2 diabetes accounts for 90 to 95 percent of cases of the disease.

true

T/F When choosing to eat fruit, fresh or frozen fruit is superior to canned fruit.

true

Which type of diabetes mellitus is characterized by the inability of pancreatic cells to produce insulin?

type 1 diabetes. The cells of the pancreas are damaged or destroyed, resulting in the absence of insulin in the bloodstream, which leads to high blood glucose levels.

The DRI for fiber (grams) per 1000 calories consumed is __________.

14

If a food contains 25 grams of carbohydrate and 200 kilocalories per serving, what percent of the kilocalories in this food come from carbohydrate?

50% percent

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth and ends with the elimination of dietary fiber through the large intestine. Review the steps of carbohydrate digestion in this focus figure. Trace the digestion of carbohydrates through the gastrointestinal tract by arranging the steps of chemical digestion of a piece of bread beginning when you take your first bite.

Step 1: Salivary amylase breaks down amylose and amylopectin in the bread into smaller chains Step 2: Carbohydrate-digesting enzymes are inactivated by hydrochloric acid. Step 3: Pancreatic amylase breaks down amylose and amylopectin into the disaccharide maltose. Step 4: Dissacharides are digested by the brush border enzymes sucrase, maltase, and lactase to yield monosaccharides. Step 5: Dietary fiber from the bread passes into the large intestine to be eliminated. Carbohydrate digestion begins with the mechanical and chemical processes in the mouth and ends with absorption of monosaccharides. Nondigestible fiber and certain oligosaccharides may be digested and/or fermented by bacteria in the colon, and the rest are eliminated in feces.

The carbohydrate-rich foods you consume start out with a variety of complex and simple carbohydrates, but ultimately, they must be digested into monosaccharides in order to be absorbed into the bloodstream. Blood glucose levels are regulated closely by insulin and glucagon (and four other hormones) in order to ensure a steady supply of glucose to the brain and other tissues. Select all of the sentences below that correctly describe a step in the processes of digestion, absorption, and/or blood glucose regulation

The brush border of the small intestine produces enzymes that digest disaccharides into glucose, fructose, and galactose. Glucose, fructose, and galactose are absorbed by the enterocytes and then enter the bloodstream. After a meal, blood glucose levels rise, and the pancreas secretes insulin, which aids in glucose uptake into cells and stimulates glycogenesis and lipogenesis. The foods you consume as you meet the AMDR for carbohydrates contain both simple and complex carbohydrates, but only the simplest of carbohydrates (monosaccharides) can be absorbed into the enterocytes of the small intestine. Blood glucose levels are closely controlled by several hormones, including insulin, glucagon, epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, and growth hormone.

Dietary ______________ consists of soluble and insoluble types, which both possess important benefits like reducing the risk of constipation, heart disease, and obesity. Soluble fiber also helps reduce the risk of diabetes.

fiber

Dietary fiber is associated with a reduced risk for________. a.)heart disease b.)constipation, diverticulosis, and diverticulitis c.)certain cancers d.)all are correct

d.) all are correct.

The small bulging pouches that are sometimes found along the intestinal lining are called _____.

diverticula

Which of the following behaviors can help reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes? a.) limiting added sugar b.)exercising regularly c.)exercising regularly and eating a high balanced, high fiber, healthy diet d.)eating a high balanced, high fiber, healthy diet e.)all are correct

e.)all are correct

Which of the following substances is not a polysaccharide? Which of the following substances is not a polysaccharide? -fiber -glycogen -starch -galactose

galactose

The disaccharide lactose (milk sugar) is composed of ________.

galactose and glucose

Which part of the grain kernel contains vitamin E and heart-healthy fats?

germ

The storage form of glucose in animals, including humans, is __________.

glycogen. Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in animals, including humans.

Glycogen is a highly branched polysaccharide created by a process called _____________ and is stored in the liver and muscles for later use.

glycogenesis

If you haven't eaten for a few (about four) hours, the body initiates __________, using __________ glycogen stores to increase blood glucose levels.

glycogenolysis; liver. Liver glycogen stores are mobilized to increase blood glucose levels if you haven't eaten for longer than four hours.

The disaccharides are __________.

sucrose, lactose, and maltose. The three disaccharides are sucrose, lactose, and maltose.

Carbohydrates' main role in the body is to __________.

supply fuel. Carbohydrates' main role in the body is to supply fuel, primarily in the form of glucose (ose = sugar)

Which of the following types of grains provide the most micronutrients and dietary fiber?

whole grains