Nutrition Chapter 7 and 9

What proteins function as transporters for other nutrients

hemoglobin, transferrin, lipoproteins

The following amino acids are essential and must be supplied by our diet

histidine, methionine, and phenylalanine

metabolism

a chemical process involved in maintaining life. all chemical reactions that occur in the body. synthesis of making one substance from another

Biological Value

a measure of how efficiently the absorbed food protein is converted into body tissue protein

a negative nitrogen balance occurs when

a person consumes less protein than is needed

which process is more efficient

aerobic metabolism

d.

all are equally infectious

metabolism is regulated by

hormones, enzymes, the energy status of the body

Animal protein sources support

human growth better than plant protein sources because animal tissue closely resembles human tissue, making anmial proteins easier for humans to use

Ketone bodies

incomplete breakdown products of fat, containing 3 or 4 carbons. Most contain a chemical group called a ketone. An example is acetoacetic acid

Research shows that a high-protein diet may

increase calcium loss in urine

Lack of protein can effect a person's healthy by

increased risk of infection. immune system not working properly

What happens when excess protein is consumed?

it is used as energy

High-protein diets can lead to

kidney problems and are not recommended for people with (or at risk for) kidney disease)

The other names for the citric acid cycle

krebs cycle

Protein deficiency is rarely an isolated condition and usually accompanies

lack of nutrients, calorie deficiency

The muscle wasting in the body due to the conversion of amino acids into glucose is called

cachexia

PKU is caused by

lack of tyrosine production and enzyme inefficiency

An amino acid w/o an amino group is called a

carbon skeleton

carnitine

carrier that shuttles fatty acids into the mitochondria

Chyme triggers the release of which hormone

cck

The nucleotide unites that specify intructions for protein synthesis are called

codons

intermediate

compound formed in a metabolic pathway

when muscle tissue is exercising under anaerobic contdition, the production of ___ is important because it assures a continuous supply of NAD

lactate

a.

leukoplakia

The essential amino acid in lowest concentration in a food or diet relative to body needs is the

limiting amino acid

Which of the following supply the body with usable engergy

lipids, carbs, proteins

Mitrochondria

main site of energy production in a cell. They also contain the pathway for oxidizing fat fuel, among other metabolic pathways.

When carbs are in short supply the live can

make glucose from amino acids present in body tissues

coenzyme

compound that combines with an inactive protein, call an apoenzyme to form a catalytically active protein, call a holoenzyme. In this manner, coenzymes aid enzyme functions

ketosis

condition of having a high concentration of ketone bodies and related products in the blood stream and tissues

The DNA code for synthesis of a specific protein must be transferred from the cell's nucleus to the

cytoplasm to allow for protein synthesis

Protein synthesis takes place in the ribosomes, which are located in the

cytosol of the cell.

When an amino group is lost from an amino acid but is not transferred to a carbon skeleton iti is called?

deamination

the oxidation of fatty acids occus in the

mitochondria

Which of the following are major sources of fuel for cells

fats carbs

Suzy eats spinach she gets an upset stock. Suzy is most likely experiencing a

food intorlerance

a diet rich in animal sources of protein may increase risk for cardiovascular disease because

food of animal origin are often high in cholesterol and are often high in saturated fat

ketosis

formation of excess ketone bodies

What hormone stimulates the stomach's parietal cells to produce hydrochloric acid?

gastrin

gluconeogensis

generation (genesis) of new (neo) glucose from certain (glucogenic) amino acids

glycolysis

glucose metabolism begins with this

The two steps involved in the anaerobic glycolysis pathyways

glycolysis, conversion of pyruvate to lactate

Function of a protein

protein supplies nitrogen in a form we can readily use. Protein is necessary for fluid balance. Protein is necessary for the visual process.

A primary component of all cells throughout the body

proteins

The body links amino acids with peptide bonds in order to form

proteins

glycolysis begins with glucose and ends with

pyruvate

cellular respiration

removing electrons from food molecules to obtain energy

aerobic

requires oxygen

Once in the cytoplasm, the mRNA travels to the

ribosomes where the mRNA code is read and translated to produce a specific protein

What will happen if the DNA code contains errors?

ribosomes won't read the correct message. the polypeptide chain will be incorrect. Incorrect mRNA will be produced.

b

secondary

metabolic pathway

series of chemical reactions occuring in a cell

What disease occurs due to a incorrect arrangement of proteins on the hemoglobin molecule

sickle cell anemia

Which of the following describe the components of an amino acid

side group, amino group, acid group

If a person's diet is low in protein for a long time, the process of rebuilding and repairing the body's proteins will

slow down

Amino acids play a role in the synthesis or hormones

true

Changing a protein's shape can destroy its ability to function normally.

true

Marasmus is a disease that results from a nutrient deficiency

true

North Americans consume more proteins from animal sources in comparison to other countries worldwide

true

T of F: The denaturation of proteins is useful during digestion

true

T or F: Nonessential amino acids can also be referred to as dispensable amoino acids

true

T or F: Soy protein is a plant-based protein that meet essential amino acid needs

true

Treatment for marasmus requires large amounts of calories and proteins

true

during periods of starvation, the body uses protein as a fuel source for the brain and central nervous system in a pathway called gluconeogenesis

true

Common reasons why marasmus occurs in infants

unsafe water, poverty, diluted formula

The amino group from an amino acid is excreted in the

urine

What nutrients are vegans most likely to be low in?

vitamin b12, vitamin d, riboflavin, calcium

cytosol

water based phase of a cell's cytoplasm, excludes organelles, such as mitrochondria

Complementary protein

when two sources of protein combine to form a complete protein, whereas by themselves, they supply an inadequate amount of essential amino acids

a.

Sjogren Syndrome

To help prevent food allergies infants should be fed only breast milk or infant formula until they are at least

6 months old

How many amino acids are considered essential

9

What is the RDA for protein

0.8 grams/kg

rank the levels of protein oragnization

1 Primary. 2 secondary. 3 tertiary. 4 quarternary (pg 230)

4 stages of aerobic cellular respiration of glucose

1. Glycolysis. 2. Transition reaction. 3. Citric acid cycle. 4. Electron transport chain.

Four stages of aerobic cellular respiration beginning with a molecule of glucose

1. glycolysis 2. Transition reaction 3. Citric acid cycle 4. electron transport chain

How many nonessential amino acids exist?

11

the net energy production of atp via glycolysis

2 atb

How many pounds equal 1 kilogram

2.2

proteins supply the body with

4 kcal per gram

what is the RDA of protein for a typical 125lb (57 kg) woman?

46 g/day (page 236)

Which of the following are examples of conditionally essential amino acids?

Arginine, Tyrosine, and Glutamine

b.

Behçet's Syndrome

low PER

Bread, corn

Compounds that help maintain acid-base balance within a normal range are called?

Buffers

This population has a high prevalence of PEM

Central America

Most plant proteins are examples of complete proteins?

False

T or F: Essential amino acid needs must be met at each meal.

False

Essential amino acids

Histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine

The disease most likely to result from an illness or infection

Kwashiorkor

The disease that first child gets when the new child comes

Kwashiorkor (pg 244)

c.

Lupus Erythematosus

d.

Pemphigus Vulgaris

Which of the following occurs with inadequate consumption of protein

Protein concentration in the blood drops. Immune function is impaired. Edema can develop

This helps regulate the acid-base balance in the blood

Proteins

Proteins serve which of the following functions?

Proteins regulate and maintain essential body functions. Proteins play a role in enzyme and hormone production. Proteins aid in blood clotting.

T or F: Final digestion of amino acid chains takes place in the small intestine

True

High PER

Tuna, chicken

Edema refers to

a buildup of fluid in interstitial spaces

The amino group is in what form in the urine

ammonia

Healthy individuals who are not in periods of growth or recovering from an illness or injury need to consume protein in an amount that is equal to the

amount lost in urine, feces, sweat, skin cells, hair, and nails.

insulin is

an anabolic hormone

during periods of growth, such as when new tissue is being made, the body is in

an anabolic state

combining glucose to make the more complex molecule of glycogen is considered

anabolic

When a person has a protein deficiency it can result in immune incompetence called anergy

anergy

Proteins produced by one type of white blood cell that bind to foreign proteins to facilitate their removal from the body

antibodies

Soy proteins

are a heart-healthy alternative to animal proteins because they contain no cholesterol and little saturated fat.

amino acids

are the building blocks of protein

the engergy currency in the body is

atp

what is another name for fatty acid oxidation?

beta-oxidation

beta-oxidation

breakdown of fat to 2-carbon units called acetyl-coa

glycolysis

breakdown of glucose to pyruvate

glycolysis is a biochemical pathway that

breaks down glucose, generates energy, takes place in the cytosol

Plant-based foods supply the body with which nutrient

dietary fiber

The Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS) is derived by multiplying a food's chemical score by the food's

digestibiltiy

The RDA for protein would be higher:

during recovery from illness, in highly trained atheletes

a.

each group member is evaluated individually for their contribution

electron transport chain

eclectrons transferred back and forth to make atp

Reasons for consuming a vegetarian diet

ecological, religious views, science, various philosophies

Symptom of Kwashiorkor

edema

Food with the highest Biological value

eggs

Which food is among the 8 foods that account for 90% of all food allergies?

eggs (247)

Which of the following is a potential cause of denaturation

enzymes

Indispensable amino acid is another term form

essential amino acid

This cannot be synthesized by humans in sufficient amounts and must be included in the diet

essential amino acid

animal proteins are a good source of all nine

essential amino acids

The final pathway of aerobic respiration

etp

A diet of gruels provides children with adequate nutrients that keep them healthy

falce

Most enzymes are lipids

false

Once an amino acid is used by the body, it cannot be used again

false

T or F: Amino acid absorption is unrelated to protein denaturation

false

T or F: Amino acids are formed exclusively of carbon and hydrogen

false

T or F: Blood proteins have no influence on body fluid balance

false

T or F: Protein synthesis is the process of altering the three-dimensional structure of a protein.

false

T or F: tRNA is responsible for transferring DNA from the cell's nucleus to the cytoplasm

false

There is very little risk involved in taking amino acids as supplements

false 245

In marasmus there will be little or no subcutaneous

fat

a.

natural passive

Amino Acids are unique amount the engery-yielding nutrients because they contain

nitrogen

anaerobic

not requiring oxygen

Protein equilibrium

occurs when the amount of protein consumed equals the amount of protein lost

b.

one copy of the final case evaluation is submitted by the entire group

cellular respiration

oxidatation (electron removal) of food molecules resulting in the eventual release of energy, co2, and water

CoA is made from the B vitamin

pantothenic acid

The enzyme produced by the stomach to break down protein

pepsin

What is the term for the chemical bond formed between amino acids in a protein

peptide bond

High-protein diets lead to increased urine output which

poses a risk for dehydration

a

primary

catabolic process

production of ATP from fatty acids

Macronutrient that is a key component of cells within the immune system and makes up many of the antibodies that defent the body from illness

protein

Where does the digestion of protein begin

stomach

gluconeogenesis

synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources.

A nonessential amino acid is one that can be

synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts

c.

tertiary

fatty acid oxidation

the breakdown of fatty acids to produce ATP

lipolysis

the breakdown of triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol

the common pathway for the oxidation of glucose and fatty acid is

the citric acid cycle

metabolism

the entire network of checmical processes involved in maintaining life.

Protein Turnover

the process by which cells break down old proteins and resynthesize new proteins so that the cell will have the protein it needs to function at that time

oxidation-reduction reactions

these reactions go together - one cannot occur w/o the other

a.

torus

Transferring an amino group from 1 amino acid to a carbon skeleton is call

transamination