nutrition questions (quiz 1-4)

What is the daily protein requirement for a young, non-athlete?

0.8 g/kg of body weight per day

To prevent CVD, a person should have the following lipoprotein levels:

200 or less of total lipoporoteins 100 or less of LDL 60 or more of HDL or 5:1 or lower LDL/HDL ratio

Paul eats a meal that provides 1000 kcal. He had 250 kcal from protein. Therefore in his meal he consumed ___% of total kcal from protein.

25%

One gram of protein has __ kcal

4

What percentage of all diabetes cases are Type 1 (approximately)?

5-10%

Both blood glucose and insulin have their highest blood levels approximately _______ minutes after a carbohydrate containing meal.

60

Dietary fats contain how many calories per gram

9

There are __ essential amino acids

9

Please put the provided word choices in the correct place in the following paragraph:

A healthy person wakes up in the morning with low blood glucose levels and has higher levels of the hormone glucagon (released by the alpha cells in the pancreas}, which signals release the of glucose from the liver. In the liver, glucose was stored in form of glycogen. At the same time, the person feels hungry and eats. After the meal (consisting of cookies), the hormone insulin is released from the beta cells of the pancreas, which signals uptake of glucose into cells and stop the breakdown of fatty acids in the adipocytes, thereby reducing blood glucose levels. Due to this cascade of events, blood glucose levels vary throughout the day within a certain range, to ensure that every cell in the body has sufficient energy.

Inadequate protein intake leads to ______ , potentially causing ______ while excessive protein intake leads to ______ .

AA deficiency, muscle wasting, increased risk of obesity **one is wrong

Calling LDL and HDL "bad and good cholesterol", respectively, is not fully accurate. Why? Check all that apply.

Because LDL and HDL are technically called lipoproteins Because LDL and HDL contain more than just cholesterol

After eating food with fat, fatty acids are packaged into ____ (transport unit) in the ____ (cell) and are transported away from there in the ____ (transport system).

Chylomicron, small intestine, lymphatic system

A person wants to add more dietary fiber to their diet, s/he can do that by......

Eating whole apples instead of drinking apple juice Eating breads and pastries that have at least 2 grams of fiber per serving. Baking with whole grain high fiber flour instead of refined flour.

Insoluble fiber forms a gel in the digestive system, trapping cholesterol and other food substances.

FALSE

Lacto vegetarians eat eggs and milk or dairy products.

False

Eating a high-fiber diet helps with the maintenance of a healthy microbiome because.....

Fiber reaches the Colon undigested and is food for bacteria.

Given the same serving size, food that has a higher water content has a lower ____ than a food with less water in the same amount of food. For example, 1 cup of watermelon (GI 76) has a lower GL than 1 cup of raw banana (GI 55). Likewise, just looking at grams of _____ on a food label is not helpful in estimating GL, because it doesn't account for dietary fiber.

GL, carbohydrates

Which of the following statements about glucose is TRUE?

Glucose is the most important carbohydrate fuel for the human body. It is a common monosaccharide. Blood glucose level is highly regulated

The compound that activates pepsinogen is___________

HCL

Unsaturated fatty acids differ from saturated fatty acids in that they....

Have at least one double bond

Which of the following are decreased as a result of a high-fiber diet?

Hemorrhoids Constipation Diverticula Colon cancer

Amino acids are transported via active transport, which means:

It goes from an area of LOW to HIGH concentration

Atherosclerosis is a progressive phenomenon where ___ penetrates the ___ , causing ___ to accumulate and form ___ , which can build up, reducing ___. If breaking off, it can cause ___in the brain.

LDL, Arterial epithelium, plaque, blood clot, blood flow, stroke

Food usually contains harmful bacteria, but we don't often get ill. Why? Choose ALL of the correct answers GI tract contains white blood cells sodium bicarbonate in the stomach Mucus lining the gut Hydrochloric acid in the stomach the microbiota Nerve cells in the small intestine

Mucus lining the gut Hydrochloric acid in the stomach the microbiota Nerve cells in the small intestine

Your friend wants to make sure to have a major increase in muscle mass. He lift weights and eats meat at every meal, drinks 8 cups of whole milk every day, and snacks on protein bars. What do you tell him?

Muscle synthesis is highest at 30g of dietary protein; additional protein does not increase muscle building much more. By eating that much meat, his fat intake is very high. He is most likley missing out on important vitamins and minerals because his diet is one-sided.

Which kind of fatty acid is this?*lipid pic*

Omega-3

Which essential nutrient(s), when consumed in excess, can contribute to inflammation? Check ALL that apply!

Omega-6, linoleic acid

Vegetarians are at risk for which vitamin deficiency/deficiencies?

Vitamin B12 and Vitamin D

Villi: 1) are finger-like projections in the small intestine. 2) are covered with the brush border (microvilli) 3) produce a large surface area for nutrient absorption. 4) All choices are correct.

all choices are correct

Simple carbohydrates (mono- and di-saccharides) in food....

are easily absorbed cause a rapid rise in blood sugar may be digested first

The first step in the process of generating energy from fatty acids is called____ and occurs in the ____.

beta oxidation, mitochondria

gall bladder

bile storage

liver

bile synthesis

Protein ________ be used for energy. However, _______ must occur before it can be metabolized and used for energy.

can; deamination

In a human body cell, cholesterol is needed in/for ______________

cell membranes

A form of mechanical digestion is _________________

chewing

A raw egg is broken into a hot pan and part of it turns white. This process is called ___ , which means that the polypeptide chains ___.

denaturation, unfold

One of the reason HCL is released in the stomach after eating is to _______________

denature proteins activate pepsinogen kill bacteria

HCL does ......

denature proteins, including pathogens activates pepsin

Which process occurs first?

digestion

bile does: 1) cleave carbohydrate chains 2) emulsify fats

emulsify fats

pancreas

enzyme synthesis

The only treatment for Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 is.....

external insulin

All complete proteins are from animal sources

false

An insulin pump is a device that moves insulin from the liver to the pancreas.

false

Chewing well does not affect digestion and absorption of nutrients.

false

Crohn's Disease is a immune response to a trigger, such as gluten.

false

Diabetes can generally be described as a disease manifested by low blood sugar levels.

false

Digestion is the process by which nutrients are moved out of the gut and into the bloodstream or lymphatic system.

false

Facilitated Diffusion requires energy

false

Gestational diabetes typically continues after pregnancy.

false

Gluten sensitivity is an allergy.

false

Inflammatory bowel syndrome (or inflammatory bowel disease) has the same symptoms in every patient.

false

Insulin is secreted to signal that glucose must be produced and released from the liver to increase blood glucose levels.

false

Peristalsis is the enzyme to digest proteins.

false

The digestion and absorption of fatty acids, glucose, and amino acids are exactly the same. true false

false

The small intestine has a small surface area.

false

Trans fatty acids are used in food production in the US.

false

Attempting weight loss by cutting fat intake could make sense because......

fat has the highest energy density per gram

Ketones are produced from the breakdown of

fat when glucose is unavailable

A proportionally large glucose storage in the human liver is/are called:

glycogen

Bob has a craving for a snack. He is pre-diabetic and was told by his physician to keep the GL of his diet low, if he can. His daughter left cookies on the kitchen counter (1 serving=200g, 80g carbohydrates (digestible), GI 88) and his son wants to practice driving and offers to get him a hamburger (1 serving 200g, 80g carbohydrates (digestible), GI 66). His doctor would want him to eat the (hamburger/cookies) because it has higher/lower GL than the alternative.

hamburger, lower

The process of atherosclerosis is........

hardening of arteries

A meal with complete protein is one that.....

has all essential amino acids

stomach

hydrochloric acid

Carbohydrate digestion begins

in the mouth

Carbohydrate digestion begins:

in the mouth

Food intolerance and food allergies differ in that food allergy.....

is a systemic response triggers an immune response is triggered by a protein

LDL is considered "bad" because....

it has a high proportion of cholesterol

The following is true about the glycemic index:

it reflects the amount of blood glucose response, it is a number between 0 and 100, it can be used to rank foods

An enzyme that digests lipids is called_________________

lipase

The compound with a membrane that is hydrophil on the outside and lipophil on the inside is [blank1], which is critical for the transport of lipids.

lipoproteins

VLDL are released by the ________________

liver

Bile is produced in ____, stored in ____, and released into ____.

liver, gallbladder, small intestine

What element is unique to amino acids versus the other macronutrients?

nitrogen

Eicosanoids are made from: micelles chylomicrons non essential fatty acids none of these

none of these

If you consume too much protein, it is likely ---- or -----

not absorbed, stored as fat

Americans have a diet higher in this type of fatty acid, which has been known to contribute to inflammation.

omega-6

You are a pediatrician who has just diagnosed (appropriate testing to reach a diagnosis has already been completed) a newborn baby as having PHA (Phenylalanine Hydroxlase) deficiency. This is equivalent to ______and the child will need to avoid ______which can not be converted to______ . Due to the condition, the child has to watch her/his diet for ______. Word bank: accumulation, 10 years, ketosis, beneficial, acidosis, phenylketuneria, tryptophane, life, tyrosine, methionine, phenylalanine,

phenylketuneria, phenylalanine, tyrosine, phenylalanine

In a human body cell, transcription and translation are the processes required to make ___________ .

polypeptides

You are an endocrinologist with a patient who has an HbA1c of 6.0% and a fasting blood glucose value of 120 mg/100mL. You tell them they have:

prediabetes

An example of positive nitrogen balance state is:

pregnancy growth in adolescence training and muscle gain

Faten decides to drink some kombucha, because it is a probiotic which will replenish her microbiota.

probiotic

Bile is

produced by the liver stored in the gallbladder released in the small intestine

An enzyme that digests proteins is___________

protease

Glycemic load can be used to

rank foods by their "blood glucose removal burden"

Diabetes is a problem because prolonged periods of high blood glucose levels causes

renal failure, neuropathy, atherosclerosis

mouth

saliva

The majority of lipid digestion occurs in the:

small intestine

The microbiome or microflora lives in the human body in which organ/s?

small intestine

What is not in "gastric juice"?

sodium bicarbonate

Saliva ....

start carbohydrate digestion moisten the food consumed

A person without a gallbladder......

still has natural bile that goes into the small intestine

In which organ does the bolus become chyme?

stomach

Functions of proteins in the human body include:

synthesis of hormones, composing cell membranes, acting as enzymes

Chylomicrons .....

the class of lipoproteins that transport lipids from the intestinal cells to the rest of the body

What component of a protein can determines its function?

the shape

Amino acids have the same structure, except...

the side chain is different for each amino acid

Some fats, such as from nuts and fish, are considered healthy because.....

they are relatively high in unsaturated fatty acids

After deamination, only the "carbon skeleton" is left of the amino acids, which allows for proteins to be used for energy. How does the energy production from amino acids happen? they undergo glycolysis (x) they enter the TCA they enter beta-oxydation none of these answers

they enter the TCA

Appropriate protein intake is important to synthesize body proteins. The following paragraph describes this process. To start making a new protein, ______(process) is completed in the ______(location) to create ______which transfers to cytosol (location) to attach to ______(organelle) to complete the process of ______using tRNA , used to ultimately form ______

transcription, nucleus, mRNA, cytosol, ribosome, translation, tRNA, polypeptides

Body fat is energy storage in form of ...

triglycerides

What type of lipid is this? *picture*

triglycerides

A diverse microbiota is beneficial

true

A large proportion of the population in the US does not know that they have Diabetes.

true

After eating, more blood is diverted to the digestive system to provide energy and optimize nourishing of the body.

true

Certain diets have been associated with an increased risk of cancer.

true

Cholesterol is a non-essential nutrient.

true

Consuming high levels of omega-6 PUFA and low levels of omega-3 PUFA may increase disease risk.

true

Crohn's Disease and Celiac Disease cause inflammation in the gut.

true

Dietary fiber reduces glycemic response.

true

Dietary long-chain fatty acids are transported into the body via different transportation systems than glucose.

true

During a meal containing protein, the stomach pH decreases more than during a meal that does not contain protein.

true

Few compounds, such as water, can be absorbed in the stomach.

true

In a person not eating meat (for example a strict vegetarian), the enzymes needed to digest meat are not synthesized anymore.

true

Inadequate intake of complete or complementary proteins leads to deficiency symptoms.

true

Lactase cleaves the bond (breaks the bond) between a glucose and a galactose molecule.

true

Lipids in the diet are digested through the action of pancreatic lipases.

true

Long-chain fatty acids are absorbed and transported via the lymphatic system

true

Low-fat diets are healthy for long-term weight loss.

true

On average, animal sources of protein have higher protein density but also more fat.

true

One risk in patients with Celiac Disease is malnutrition, due to the destruction of the surface area of the gut.

true

One source of dietary phenylalanine is aspartame.

true

One treatment option for Crohn's Disease and IBS is behavioral therapy to learn better ways to cope with stress.

true

One way to estimate glycemic load is to multiply the food's GI with the grams of carbohydrates per serving and divide by 100.

true

Partially hydrogenated oil production and use in recipes of foods was banned because its intake increases the risk for heart disease.

true

Proteins are absorbed from the lumen into the intestinal mucosa cell digested into mono- , di-, or tri-peptides. Once in the mucosa cell they are cleaved into free amino acids.

true

Proteins are digested into single amino acids before being transported in the blood stream.

true

The GI of a food is lower, if more of the carbohydrates are fiber.

true

The daily protein need is based, in part, on the need for cell replacement and tissue synthesis

true

The lymphatic system transports water soluble and water insoluble substances from the gut to the bloodstream

true

The main purpose of digestion and absorption is adding nutrients and energy sources to the body in a safe manner.

true

There is no cure for Crohn's Disease

true

Triglycerides are absorbed as glycerol, fatty acids, and monoglycerides.

true

Type 2 Diabetes prevention includes diet, physical activity and maintaining a healthy weight.

true

When a non-essential amino acid becomes essential, it is called conditionally non-essential amino acid.

true

Lipid intake is important to provide .......

tryglycerides fat-soluble vitamins essential fatty acids

____ is/are more susceptible to rancidity because of the ____ .

unsaturated fat, double carbon bonds

Amino acids are not stored in the body. They are...

used for energy incorporated into muscle (protein synthesis) float in the amino acid pool after eating

What structure becomes destroyed in celiac disease?

villi

The brush border has __and __.

villi and microvilli