OB fetal environment & maternal complications
absence or reversal of diastolic flow in the umbilical artery is considered irregular and is associated with an increased incidence of ___________ and _____________.
IUGR, oligohydramnios
clinically, chorioangiomas are commonly asymptomatic but may produce an elevation in
MSAFP
a definitive placenta may not be identified sonographically until after ________ weeks
10-12
the placenta should be evaluated for placenta previa after ________ weeks with an empty bladder using transabdominal approach
20
women are screened for diabetes at the end of the second trimester, around _______ weeks gestation
26
the cervical length should measure at least
3cm
the thickness of the placenta should not excess
4cm
the normal postpartum uterus returns to its nongravid size ________ weeks after delivery
6-8
RPOC is typically treated with
D&C
most common location of chorioangioma is
adjacent to umbilical cord insertion site at the placenta
those who have an increased risk of preeclampsia include
advanced maternal age, diabetic, gestational trophoblastic disease
an _____________ cyst is a mass that may be noted in the umbilical cord adjacent to the umbilical vessels
allantoic
hydrops may also be defined as
anasarca
marginal placenta is also called
battledore
a _____________ hematoma may result from a C section. This mass can appear anechoic, although it most likely will appear as a complex mass greater than 2 cm located adjacent to scar between lower uterine segment & posterior bladder wall.
bladder flap
the treatment of an incompetent cervix is a ______________
cerclage
painless dilation of the cervix in the second or early third trimester
cervical incompetence
most common placental tumor
chorioangioma
the ________________, the portion derived from the blastocyst and containing the chorionic villi, is the fetal contribution to the placenta
chorion frondosum
the placenta consist of three parts
chorionic plate, placental substance, basal plate
abnormally shaped placenta caused by the membranes inserting inward from the edge of the placenta, producing a curled-up placental contour
circumvallate
placenta covers the internal os completely
complete previa
the placenta consists of approximately 10-30 _________________, which are groups or lobes of chorionic villi
cotyledons
among the TORCH infections which is listed as the most common?
cytomegalovirus
the ______________ , the maternal contribution of the placenta, is the endometrium beneath the developing placenta.
decidua basalis
normally, the S/D ratio will ______________ with advancing gestation
decrease
immune hydrops is associated with
erythroblastosis fetalis and Rh isoimmunization
one major function of the placenta is to act as an ______________ organ for the fetus, performing imperative exchanges of waste products and gases with valuable nutrients and oxygen from the mother
excretory
___________ of the cervix is a result of the premature opening of the internal os and the subsequent bulging of the membranes into the dilated cervix
funneling
the placenta produces _______ which maintains the corpus luteum of the ovary
hcg
the most common tumor of the umbilical cord, although rare
hemangioma
preeclampsia is defined as the presence of pregnancy induced ______________ accompanied by ___________.
hypertension, proteinuria
and elevated S/D ratio is associated with _____________ placental resistance and an increase in the risk of perinatal mortality and morbidity
increased
placental edge extends into the lower uterine segment but ends more than 2 cm away from the internal os
low-lying previa
___________ cord insertion is at the edge of the placenta
marginal
_______________ abruption, often referred to as a subchorionic hemorrhage, lies at the edge of the placenta and is the most common placental hemorrhage identified with sonography
marginal
placenta lies at the edge of the internal os
marginal previa
maternal ___________ syndrome is a rare disorder in which the mother suffers from edema and fluid buildup similar to her hydropic fetus
mirror
placenta previa is discovered more often in women with:
multiparity, advanced maternal age, previous abortion, prior c section
occasionally, the umbilical cord may be seen encircling the fetal neck. This is termed _________________
nucal cord
placenta partially covers the internal os
partial previa
adherence of the placenta to the myometrium
placenta accreta
invasion of the placenta within the myometrium
placenta increta
penetration of the placenta through the serosa and possibly into adjacent organs
placenta percreta
________________ is the premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall before the birth of the fetus, thus causing hemorrhage.
placental abruption (abruptio placentae)
when the placenta covers the internal is of the cervix
placental previa
the placenta effectively becomes the means of ___________ for the fetus
respiration
the prevention of immune hydrops caused by Rh sensitization is the administration of ____________, at approximately ________ weeks
rhogam, 28
the two most commonly performed cerclage techniques are the
shirodkar, mcdonald
most common abnormality of the umbilical cord
single umbilical artery (two vessel cord)
sonographic appearance of hemangioma of umbilical cord
solid hyperechoic mass near placenta cord insertion
additional smaller lobe of located separate from the main segment of the placenta
succenturiate lobe
amniotic sheets, linear bands of scar tissue within the uterus. Seen with ashermann syndrome
synechiae
TORCH acronym is: _______________. Group of infections that can cross the placenta and influence the development of the fetus
toxoplasmosis, other infections, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus
the __________________, enters the fetal abdomen and carry deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta.
umbilical arteries
the ________________, carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus, enters the fetal abdomen and proceeds cephalad to connect to the left portal vein within the liver.
umbilical vein
placenta previa is a common cause of painless ____________ in the 2nd & 3rd trimesteres
vaginal bleeding
the complication of fetal vessels resting over the internal os of the cervix is referred to as ________________. These vessels are prone to rupture as the cervix dilates.
vasa previa
______________ cord insertion denotes the insertion of the umbilical cord into the membranes beyond the placental edge. (often seen in association with vasa previa)
velamentous
vasa previa is often associated with __________________ and possibly a ________________.
velamentous cord insertion, succenturiate lobe
Pools of maternal blood noted within the placental substance are referred to as:
venous lakes (maternal lakes, placental lakes)
vessels of the umbilical cord are surrounding by gelatinous material called _____________
wharton jelly
the cord develops from the fusion of
yolk stalk and vitelline duct