OCE exam 3
What example of global engineering aims to accelerate the ocean's natural biological pump?
fertilization of ocean water with iron
The color pattern in which marine organisms are light on the bottom and dark on the top of their bodies, camouflaging them against the water-air interface is called ___________
counter-shading
What is primary production?
creation of biomass (organic matter) from inorganic compounds
The __________ refers to the portions of Earth's surface where water exists in solid form.
cryosphere
What was the first animal? Most abundant animal?
cyanobacteria; copepods
Nutrient flow in an ecosystem is: bi-directional. semi-conservative. unidirectional. top down. cyclical.
cyclical
The cause of Spring Blooms in algal productivity is the availability of _____________ and ________
Nutrients and sunlight
How do the oceans contribute to maintaining a climate that is habitable for humans?
Oceans absorb large quantities of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
___________ absorb Earth's outgoing radiation and cause warming of the troposphere
Trace gases
Why are reefs biodiverse?
many potential niches (specialization), complex structure, stability
What is a "maximum sustainable yield"?
maximum amount of any resource that can be harvested without affecting future yields
What is a "maximum economic yield"?
maximum difference between revenue and total cost - tragedy of the commons
Microscopic, shrimp-like animals that have a hard exoskeleton that can be either herbivorous, carnivorous, or parasitic are called _________
copepods
The group of marine life most vulnerable to both warming and acidification would be the _________
coral reefs and other calcareous organisms
Which of the following is NOT a method used by marine organisms to cope with darkness? - large eyes - counter-illumination - echolocation - bioluminescence - electrosensing
counter-illumination
What are some problems with use of maximum sustainable yield as a tool for marine resource management?
problems: - monitoring total population size costly and imperfect - doesn't consider species variations in age, size, reproduction status, associated damage to the ecosystem, and natural fluctuations of population - doesn't consider complexity of the food web
What is photosynthesis?
produce energy with light, nutrients, and a carbon source
In general, which two factors determine the overall temperature of Earth's atmosphere?
radiation coming into and radiation going out of Earth's atmosphere
One characteristic of hydrothermal vent communities is the ______________ of organisms such as tubeworms and clams.
unusually large size
What is the photic zone?
upper ~100m that receives sunlight
Bioluminescence is employed by deep-sea animals for all the following reasons except: counterillumination. attracting food. warning coloration. predator avoidance. communication.
warning coloration
What types of organisms make up the cnadarians?
(stinging cells) jellyfish, corals, anemones - 2 body types: medusae (free-floating stage) and polyp (benthic stage)
In a conversation with a friend, he expresses skepticism about global warning. When you inquire about his reasons, he responds by saying that the weather in that area has been the coolest he can remember. Using the information you have learned, what information could you offer to encourage your friend to reevaluate his position? - He is wrong. There is no way the weather has been cooler. - "Global warming" means that the average global temperature is increasing. It doesn't mean that temperatures everywhere are hotter. - Global warming is actually only happening in some parts of the globe, so it might not be happening in that location. - Weather and climate are different. Cooler weather does not mean the global climate is also cooler.
- "Global warming" means that the average global temperature is increasing. It doesn't mean that temperatures everywhere are hotter. - Weather and climate are different. Cooler weather does not mean the global climate is also cooler.
What are the main features of coral reefs? (Where found? Why important?)
- "rain forests of the ocean - reefs provide both habitat and high primary production, high biodiversity - provide services: coastal erosion protection, tourism, fish nursery, pharmacueticals
What is ocean acidification? Causes? Impacts? Potential solutions?
- CO2 dissolves in water, chemically reacts forming H+ - causes corals, algae, shellfish and mollusks difficulty forming CaCO3 shells and skeletons - shells become pitted and dissolve - fish most susceptible to acid/CO2 when in egg or jyst hatched - affects different organisms in different ways - threatens many organisms on the bottom of the food chain - potential to cause a global mass extinction
What are the major uncertainties in global warming science?
- Future human emissions - Other drivers of global climate change (feedbacks) - Natural: e.g. volcanic eruptions, solar variation. Human: land-use change, aerosols - Carbon cycle response to warming (feedbacks) - Regional/Local climate responses -Warming likely greatest over land, and in polar region. Generally, wet areas get wetter, dry areas get dryer.
Why will the effects of sea level rise be more extreme for Florida than for most other places?
- Greatest size of at risk population (75% live in a coastal county) - Large area of low elevation (8,426 miles of tidal shoreline) - high incidence of hurricanes - high $$ value of coastal buildings & infrastructure - reliance on coastal tourism - limestone bedrock: porous aquifer allow saltwater intrusion and conventional seawalls not effective
What types of organisms make up the zooplankton?
- Include diverse taxonomic groups: Animals and Protozoans (Single celled organisms - e.g. foraminifera, radiolarians)
What 3 types of organisms make up the benthos?
- Infauna: Plants, animals and bacteria of any size - Epifauna: attached to the hard bottom or substrate - Demersal: Bottom-feeding or bottom-dwelling fish that feed on the benthic infauna and epifauna
Adaptations of marine organisms to deal with marine conditions of low light:
- Large eyes/light sensitivity: - Bioluminescence - Echolocation - Electrosensing
What is the scientific evidence for human causation of global warming?
- Match of atmosphere CO2 concentration and fossil fuel use - Change in chemistry of atmosphere CO2 in atmosphere since fossil fuel use - Models show change in temperature can only be explained by CO2 increase
What are meroplankton?
- Organisms that spend only part of their life cycle in water column - temporary zooplankton - larvae and juveniles of a large range of organisms
What is the scientific evidence for global warming?
- Theoretical (greenhouse effect) -Short-term (instrumental) record -Long-term (geological) record -Changes in ice coverage -Increased extreme meteorological events -Cooling upper atmosphere
What 3 events are causing the present high rate of sea level rise?
- alpine glacier loss (15%) - ice sheet loss (25%) - thermal expansion (52-65%)
What are benthos? Where are they found?
- bottom dwellers - attached to bottom or free moving (benthic realm)
What types of organisms make up the mollusks?
- cephalopods: octopuses and squids - gastropods: gastropods, slugs and snails - bivalves: bivalves and clams
How do we determine sea level in the distant and recent past?
- location of ancient coral reefs - human (historical) records - buried datable surfaces - Modeling
How is genetic variation produced in a population? Name 5.
- mutation: mistakes in gene copying (usually rare and neutral or deletarious) - recombination: unlinking and re-linking of chromosomes that occurs during sexual reproduction - lateral gene transfer: cross-species genetic transfer (prokaryotes only) - gene flow: an individual of one moves to another group -genetic drift: when groups of individuals get separated)(need barriers to gene flow)
What are some natural factors which have caused past climate changes on Earth?
- the movement of Earth's tectonic plates - volcanic eruptions - variations in Earth's orbit - changes in solar energy
What is a trophic pyramid? What is the 10% rule? What is a food chain/web?
- trophic pyramid represents the transfer of energy in an ecosystem - shape represents Biomass or Energy contained at each level (smaller upward) - 10% energy loss with each level - base of the pyramid are primary producers (make their own food - mostly photosynthesize) - upper levels feed from the level below - food webs are more complex - communities best described as food webs because most organisms have a choice of more than one food source and complex feeding interactions
What are the different habitat zones and which benthic organisms live there?
-Epifaunal/Infaunal -Rocky Shores/Sandy Shores (vertical zonation) Spray zone (rarely covered by water) High tide zone Middle tide zone Low tide zone (rarely exposed) -Coral, Mangrove -Shelves/slopes/rise -Deep Sea (abyssal plains) -Hydrothermal Vents
What is the greenhouse effect?
-Greenhouse gases absorb and re-emits energy emitted by the earth's surface (long wave infared radiation) -Greenhouse Effect is 'mostly natural' - Atmosphere CO2 increase recorded at Mauna Loa Observatory - Atmosphere CO2 increase recorded in air bubbles trapped in ice cores
What is algae?
-Includes prokaryotes (Bacteria and Archaea), single-cell eukaryotes (Protists), multi-cellular plants -without true stems, roots and leaves -typically autotrophic, photosynthetic,
Your roommate, who has not studied climate, says, "I thought the greenhouse effect was a bad thing. Isn't it what's causing global warming?" Which of the following statements might you use to help your roommate understand the true nature of the greenhouse effect? -Earth would be more livable without the greenhouse effect. -When there are more greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, the greenhouse effect is stronger. -Some gases, like carbon dioxide and water vapor, "trap" the heat radiated by Earth, causing warming. -Carbon dioxide is the only greenhouse gas that matters.
-When there are more greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, the greenhouse effect is stronger. - Some gases, like carbon dioxide and water vapor, "trap" the heat radiated by Earth, causing warming.
What possible adaptation strategies to we have to respond to sea level rise?
1) Protection: defensive measures to mitigate (lessen) the impacts of rising seas: 'hard' methods and 'soft' methods (natural protection) 2) Accommodation: alter design so structures or infrastructure resist damage or operate more efficiently
What are some of the possible solutions to overfishing? What are some methods of marine management?
1) Reduce fishing effort 2) Better science/better policy 3) Close some ares to fishing (protected areas) i.e. Marine Protected Areas (MPA's) 4) 4) Aquaculture
What are the 4 major types of marine pollution and which are of greatest concern?
1) Solid waste (plastics, sewage) 2) Oil spills 3) Dissolved waste 4) Petroleum
What can you do to help reduce overfishing?
1) VOTE and contact your representatives 2) eat less seafood (be vegetarian) 3) eat low on the food chain 4) eat only sustainably-caught/managed seafood 5) avoid cosemetics containing shark stuff and jewelry made of coral and sea turtle
What are 4 causes of overfishing?
1) overcapacity - more people fishing using better and better methods 2) globalization/ inability to act in harmony with international partners/ competition 3) lack of understanding 4) failure to heed scientific advice
What 3 processes control local (relative) sea level?
1. Global sea level 2. Vertical movement of land surface 3. Local ocean surface (currents, winds, atm. pressure)
What 2 processes control global sea level?
1. Volume of water in the ocean 2. Volume of the ocean basins
Approximately how much of the world's oil and natural gas reserves are believed to be in the arctic?
1/4, about 25%
The efficiency of trophic transfers in ecosystems is on average around _____ percent
10
How many kg of phytoplankton, would it take to produce 0.1 kg of pollock (a Filet-O-Fish sandwich)? (assume pollock eat only herbivorous zooplankton)
10 kg (using the 10% Rule: 0.1 kg fish eat 1 kg zooplankton, which eat 10 kg phytoplankton)
Why is being a vegetarian environmentally beneficial?
10% energy rule - less energy loss
How long is the most important eccentricity cycle for Earth's orbit?
100,000 years
About ______ percent of Earth's surface is covered with snow and ice.
15
The last time the atmospheric carbon dioxide level was as high as it is today was _________ years ago.
15
Atmospheric CO2 concentrations have increased by more than ___% over the past 50 years.
15%
What is the general history of sea level in the past 20 thousand years?
20,000 years ago Earth was in an ice age, so there was a lower sea level. About 15,000 years ago the ice age ended, and with the melting of the ice came a drastic increase in sea level which then became stable (about current height)
What amount of sea level rise is predicted by 2050 and 2100?
22cm by 2050 50-100cm by 2100
Coral reefs contain ___% of all known marine species.
25
Due to global warming, by 2050, sea level is expected to rise about ___________
25 cm
How long is the cycle of precession for Earth's orbit?
26,000 years
If the USA adopted and maintained a policy of minimal control of CO2 emissions, what level would we expect its emissions to be in 2020?
2716 MMT
On Florida's east coast, the predicted rise of sea level by 2050 will cause shoreline retreat of as much as _________
300 m
How long is the cycle of obliquity for Earth's orbit?
41,000 years
Satellite observations since 1979 show a _____ reduction in minimum sea ice coverage.
50%
How does sonar work?
A sound signal is bounced off the ocean floor.
What has analysis of ice cores revealed about atmospheric greenhouse gas levels during the historic period?
A sudden rise in greenhouse gas levels coincides with the start of the Industrial Revolution.
Of the following, which are components of Earth's climate system? - Hydrosphere (including the oceans) - Magnetosphere - Geosphere - Atmosphere - Cryosphere - Biosphere
All but magnetosphere
Of the following whales, which one(s) are baleen whales? gray whales humpback whales right whales sperm whales blue whales
All but the sperm whales
Which of the following arguments could be made for NOT adopting an aggressive control strategy for CO2 emissions worldwide? - It would limit the ability of developing nations to achieve the standard of living already enjoyed by developed nations. - The economic costs would be too high. - It is impossible to predict the future, and therefore we cannot know the actual impact of global climate changes. - All of the above. - None of the above.
All of the above
Which is NOT true? - Most of the ocean's primary production is done by single cell organisms - About half the ocean's primary production is done by bacteria - All the ocean's primary production is carried out in the sunlit surface waters - About 90% of the ocean's biomass is phytoplankton
All the ocean's primary production is carried out in the sunlit surface waters
The _____________ is one of the most important factors impacting the average temperatures in a region.
Angle at which sunlight hits Earth
Multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that range in complexity from simple sponges to complex vertebrates belong to the kingdom____________
Animalia
What types of organisms make up nekton?
Arthropod, Cnidaria, Ctenophore, Mollusk, Chordates
Increased atmospheric concentrations of CO2 may be causing an increase in _________
Average surface temperatures.
What are the differences between toothed and baleen whales and major members of each?
BALEEN - two blowholes - filter feeders - baleen in place of teeth = fringed material, hangs from roof to mouth, sieve to trap zooplankton - no echolocation, but do use sound to communicate - not very social TOOTHED WHALES - single blow-hole = a nostril - teeth - active predators - social - use echolocation
Adaptions of marine organisms to deal with conditions of high pressures
BENDS solution -Collapse lungs so no air exchange while diving
3 Adaptions of marine organisms to deal with conditions of high salinity
Be ISOTONIC: Keep bodily fluid the same salinity of seawater (most marine invertebrates) Be HYPOTONIC: less salty than water - drink a lot of water - secrete salt from special cells - small volume of concentrated urine Be HYPERTONIC: saltier than water - Do not drink water - Keep salts absorbed in special cells - large volume of dilute urine
What's the difference between Biological Oceanography and Marine Biology?
Biological Oceanography - the ecology of marine organisms (interaction with physics, chemistry, and geology of the ocean environment) Marine Biology - the biology of marine organisms (physiology, behavior, feeding biology, biochemistry, reproduction)
_______________ is the number of organisms and mount of organic matter that exists in a given ecosystem over a given time.
Biological productivity
What is the primary cause of the nearly 20 percent increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels since the 1960s?
Burning of fossil fuels
Which ecosystem has the highest contribution to the total world fishery?
Non-tropical shelves
How does ultraviolet radiation cause ozone depletion? Ultraviolet radiation breaks down ________, a molecule containing chlorine. Chlorine then breaks one ________ atom away from ozone, leaving behind a _____________
CFC; oxygen; paired oxygen molecule.
Adaptions of marine organisms to deal with conditions of cold temps when it comes to invertebrates (cold-blooded) versus mammals (warm-blooded)
COLD-BLOODED: - most marine animals - Have special enzymes that operate at lower temperatures - Fish: Heat generated by swimming muscles retained by specializations of the circulatory system HOT-BLOODED: - more complex animals: mammals (some fish) - Stable, high internal temperature - Advantage: Can move, eat, reproduce faster - Insulating layer of fat (blubber) keeps body warm and buoyant - Large size: Reduces surface area to volume ratio, less heat loss to surroundings
Which of these does NOT suggest human causation of climate change? - Carbon in atmosphere CO2 is getting younger - Increase in atmosphere CO2 matches pattern of human usage of fossil fuels - Increased temperature can only be simulated by models when increased atmosphere CO2 is included - More atmosphere CO2 now than seen in past 1 million years
Carbon in atmosphere CO2 is getting younger
The scientist who in 1758 created a system that is the basis of the modern system of classification of organisms is __________.
Carolus Linnaeus
What caudal fin adaptations have been made for different fish 'lifestyles'?
Caudal fins provide the primary thrust for most fishes. Increasing the size of the caudal fin should increase speed, but this also increases drag
_____________ has resulted in Arctic sea ice decline as air and water temperatures have increased.
Climate change
What are some common arguments against global warming and how can these be countered?
Climate is always changing. Earth has been warmer in the past ...such as during the Cretaceous Period. BUT A predicted global temp. rise of 4 oC by 2100 would make it warmer than Earth has seen in the past 40 m.y. Global warming has stopped 16 years ago. BUT This is only for surface atmosphere temps. Ocean still warmed. Always have these periods of stasis. Too short of a time period to be significant
How has aid from wealthy countries to poor countries changed in recent years?
Countries have given less and less in foreign aid.
Global warming is the warming of _____________ primarily caused by the production of _____________ due to ___________
Earth's atmosphere; greenhouse gases; human activity
___________ is used by dolphins and whales, whereas _________ is a data collection tool developed by people.
Echolocation; sonar
What is eutrophication? Causes? Impacts? Potential solutions?
Ecosystem response to nutrient addition: - increased algal productivity - microbial decay of dead organic matter - consumes oxygen = anoxia in water column nutrients from point and non-point sources ex: nutrients washing down mississippi river creates dead zone SOLUTIONS - restore wetlands and river-side buffer zones - reduce livestock densities - improve efficiencies of fertilizer applications - treat urban runoff from streets and drains - reduce N emissions from vehicles and power plants - increase N and P removal from municipal wastewater
_________ are those organisms that are either permanently attached to the bottom or move over it.
Epifauna
True or False? When passing through Earth's atmosphere, infrared light is mostly unaffected by molecules in the atmosphere.
False
Which of these is NOT a way that variations in populations occur which may lead to new species, i.e. evolution? - Mutation - Gene flow - Gene conversion - Lateral gene transfer - Genetic drift
Gene conversion
he two most specific groupings in taxonomic classification are _________
Genus and species
What is the worst global health disaster ever?
HIV/AIDS
What is the pelagic zone? What are the two types?
Habitats on the seafloor - epifaunal: living on the seafloor - Infaunal: buried in sediment on the sea floor)
Where and when would you be likely to find high or low levels of marine primary productivity? Why?
High productivity regions: - Coastal zones - Upwelling regions (equatorial and Southern Ocean, the North Atlantic) Low productivity areas: - Center of gyres (downwelling) - High latitude winters (low light)
What type of vents versus hot and cold seep environments?
Hot: - hydrothermal vents Cold: - brine seeps - hydrocarbon seeps - subduction zone seeps
Which of these is not a toothed whale? Dolphin Narwhal Orca Sperm whale Humpback whale
Humpback whale
Sharks are NOT __________ - chondrichthyes - nekton - chordate - eukaryote - fish - I am all of these
I am all of these
A group of animals that "violates" the trophic pyramid by feeding on organisms two or three levels below it is the _________ polar bears pinnipeds Mysticeti or baleen whales Odontoceti or toothed whales sea otters
Mysticeti or baleen whales
___________ makes up most of the air we breathe, with _________ coming in second.
Nitrogen; oxygen
Where do dolphins generate sounds for use in echolocation?
In their blowhole
The amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere has risen sharply since the beginning of the _______________
Industrial Revolution
The majority of marine invertebrates are ___________ with respect to their environment
Isotonic
How is Mauritius protecting its biodiversity?
It is growing and replanting seedlings of endangered trees.
On a cloudless day, what happens to most of the visible light headed toward Earth?
It reaches Earth's surface, where some is reflected and some is absorbed.
What happened to the dodo bird? Where did they used to live?
It was hunted to extinction by European sailors; Mauritius
The correct sequence of taxonomic groupings, from the most to the least comprehensive, is __________
Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
Compare and contrast marine versus land species diversity and biomass.
Land has more species diversity because... - less pressure to evolve (diversify) in ocean because ocean is a more stable and less complex environment than land Species diversity is lower in sea because... - we haven't examined the sea as closely as land - if you don't count insects (50% of terrestrial species), diversity is similar is ocean
__________ absorbs more heat than __________ and creates a positive-feedback loop. (forms of water)
Liquid water; ice
What is one of the best ways to recognize a rip current as viewed from above?
Look for turbid water caused by suspended sediment within the rip current.
Periodic variations in Earth's orbit that can cause natural climate changes are called _________
Milankovitch cycles
What types of organisms are responsible for the primary production of the ocean?
Mostly phytoplankton (>90%) i.e. algae (Microscopic, single cell floating organisms)
Which is NOT true? - About half the ocean's primary production is done by bacteria - The great majority of marine primary production is carried out by single-cell organisms - No algae has true stems, roots or leaves - Only heterotrophic prokaryotes can carry out chemosynthesis - About 90% of the ocean's biomass is phytoplankton
Only heterotrophic prokaryotes can carry out chemosynthesis
Which of the following is a Class of fish that has the largest number of species and includes fish with boney skeletons?
Osteichthyes
Which has NOT been used as evidence that global warming is occurring? - Decreases in upper atmospheric temperature have been recorded - Over the past decade, ocean surface has warmed significantly in the eastern Pacific - Average Earth surface temperature increases have been modeled - Decreases in total glacier volume have been recorded - Atmospheric CO2 concentrations have increased 25% in past 50 y
Over the past decade, ocean surface has warmed significanly in the eastern Pacific
Which is NOT true about krill? - Energy Source: Heterotrophic - Domain: Eukaryote - Kingdom: Animalia - Phylum: Chordata - Subphylum: Crustacia
Phylum: Chordata
What do phytoplankton need? What adaptations do they have to get it?
Phyoplankton need light, nutrients and a carbon source. Adaptations include: buoyancy, frictional resistance, turbulence
Which is NOT true? - Earth's biomass is about 90% terrestrial, 10% marine - Marine and terrestrial primary production are about equal - Primary producers turnover much slower in the ocean versus on land - Primary production is the creation of organic carbon from inorganic carbon - About 90% of the ocean's biomass is phytoplankton
Primary producers turnover much slower in the ocean versus on land
What types of non-coral reefs are there?
REEF: a rock, sandbar, shipwreck lying just below the surface BIOTIC REEF: a biological structure (ex: oyster reef, sponges, worms)
What impact will increased carbon dioxide absorption by the oceans have on coral reefs?
Reefs will degrade over time, ultimately resulting in large-scale mortality.
What types of organisms make up the chordates?
Salps (planktonic tunicates)
What proportion of scientists versus the public believe global warming is happening?
Scientists: 95%
Which of the following would not be found on any Florida coast? Barrier Island Sand spit Delta Mangrove forest Sea stack
Sea stack
Which of the following are not features found on erosional coasts? Sea Stack Tombolo Seamount Sea Arch Sea Cliffs
Seamount
What is the relationship between soil erosion, pollution, and fishermen in Jamaica?
Soil erosion and pollution in the hills flows out to sea, damaging fishing livelihoods.
Which of the following features is formed by longshore transport of sediments? Estuaries Sea stack Spit Tombolo Delta
Spit
____________ in fishes and other nektonic organisms means that the minimum amount of energy is expended to swim through the water.
Streamlining
The cause of the sudden bloom of algae in June in the North Polar ocean is mainly ______________
Strengthening of the thermocline
On a day with half cloud cover, what happens to the visible light headed toward Earth?
The clouds reflect some of it back to space, and some still reaches the surface.
Which layer of Earth experiences the coldest temperatures in the atmosphere?
The junction between the thermosphere and the mesosphere called the mesopause
What would happen to the oxygen atoms in ozone if the ozone layer were completely destroyed by ultraviolet radiation?
The oxygen atoms would be bound together in pairs.
In the lower intertidal zone, what is one common adaptation that marine organisms typically exhibit?
They are well camouflaged so that they can blend in and hide from predators during low tide.
In the spray zone, what is one common adaptation that marine organisms typically exhibit?
They have hard shells that prevent organisms from drying out.
What is an adaptation for organisms living in the upper intertidal zone?
They must be adapted for being out of water for extended periods of time.
Clouds are white because _________
They reflect white light from the sun
How do gray whales collect and eat such small organisms?
They use their baleen to filter prey items from their environment.
Why are countries like Russia, Canada, and the United States interested in securing legal rights to the arctic?
They want to access oil and natural gas found in the arctic.
T or F: More than half of all fish species are known to join schools during at least a portion of their lives.
True
T or F: We currently believe that all marine mammals evolved from land-dwelling mammals.
True
T or F: When passing through Earth's atmosphere, visible light is mostly unaffected by molecules in the atmosphere and will follow a straight-line path.
True
T or F: high-viscosity water benefits floating organisms more than warmer, low-viscosity water.
True
How is ozone formed in the stratosphere? _____________ breaks apart molecules made up of __________ oxygen atoms. ________ oxygen atoms bond with ________ oxygen molecules to form ozone.
Ultraviolet radiation; paired; Individual; paired
How do rip currents form?
Water builds up at the beach face and then moves away from shore in narrow currents.
___________ is the largest contributor to Earth's greenhouse effect
Water vapor
Why are many whales endangered?
Whales nearing extinction!!! - 8/11 species of "great whales" endangered - hunted for food, oil (fuel and lubrication), baleen used for corsets, ambergris for perfume
What is an "exclusive economic zone"?
a marine area where countries have the right to explore and extract resources
Know the classification system for Linnaean taxonomy.
a method of classifying living things originally devised by Carl Linnaeus Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
What is ozone?
a molecule made up of three oxygen atoms
Define "Effort"
a product of the total number and size of boats and the number of days they fished
Combustion of fossil fuels results in a transfer of carbon from the __________ to the __________
biosphere; atmosphere
Which types of species are most vulnerable to overfishing?
about 80% of species: - those with long lifespans - those that rely on one specific type of environment
What do greenhouse gases do to cause warming?
absorb and re-emit energy
What is natural selection?
adaptation that fills niches
Some atmospheric components, like ________, actually have a cooling effect on Earth by_______________.
aerosols; hey reflect sunlight back out to space before it reaches Earth.
Which type of organism most commonly has an air-filled swim bladder?
an herbivorous fish
The primary producers in chemosynthetic vent communities are _________ eukarya fungi protoctista archaea bacteria
archaea
What is chemotrophy?
bacteria use spontaneous chemical reactions as energy source to produce organic matter CO2 + saltwater chemicals = organic matter
What are the major benefits and problems related to aquaculture?
benefits: - now accounts for 30% of global harvest - initially shellfish, then expanded to crabs, lobsters, squid... - environmentally OK - US aquaculture is run "pretty well" problems: - nutrient pollution - requires food sources that are commonly marine - high concentration of a single species are subject to rapid spread of disease - genetic dilution
Most marine species are found in the _________ environment
benthic
How do Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) bring income into the community?
by encouraging tourism
Deinfe overfishing (overexploited)
catching more fish than a system can supply - catching so many adult fish that the breeding population cannot replenish themselves (pop. size decreases)
What is precession in Earth's orbit?
change in the orientation of Earth's axis
Which is NOT a type of gear used in the fishing industry? long-line purse seine bottom trawling choker line drift net
choker line
Which of the following could be a direct result of the cycles of eccentricity, obliquity, and precession on Earth? algal blooms weather change DNA mutations climate change
climate change
What types of organisms make up the ctenophores?
comb jellies
The vast majority of benthic species live on the ___________
continental shelf.
Clouds have a _______ effect because they reflect visible light
cooling
What is the aphotic zone?
deeper than light can penetrate
Define "Commercial extinction"
depletion of a species to a point when it is no longer profitable
What does sonar data tell us about the seafloor?
depth, shape, and composition
Because of the scarcity of food in the deep-sea environment, many organisms rely on _________ as their principal source of food.
detritus
Zooxanthellae are _____________ protozoans. dinoflagellates. golden algae. bacteria. foraminifera.
dinoflagellates.
What is "bykill"?
discarded AND incidental catch
What are the major fishing techniques used in the fishing industry?
driftnets, trolling, shrimp trawling, purse seine, long-lining
What activities are prohibited in the Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) of Samoa?
dynamite fishing
What is "bycatch mitigation"?
efforts made to make bycatch less severe
It takes __________ for an incredible amount of energy from the Sun, 93 million miles away, to reach Earth
eight minutes
What is the best economic investment poor countries can make?
empowering and educating women = reduction in birth rate = improvement in health and increase in economic output
Although primary productivity in tropical areas is generally low, which of the following tropical locations have unusually high primary productivity rates?
equatorial upwelling zones
A marine organism may cope with the high salinity of the ocean by all BUT __________ excrete large volumes of dilute water have specialized cells that excrete salt take in a lot of water maintain the same salinity as the ocean raise internal osmoticity with organic ions
excrete large volumes of dilute water
Arctic sea ice naturally __________ during the dark, cold winters and __________ during the spring and summer.
expands; contracts
What are plankton? Where are they found? What are two types?
floaters and drifters (pelagic realm) - phytoplankton: primary producer, autotrophs - zooplankton: feed on phytoplankton and small zooplankton, heterotrophs
What is the "tragedy of the commons"?
free access and unrestricted demand for a finite resource ultimately reduces the resource through oxer-exploitation, temporarily or permanently
What are nekton? Where are they found?
free swimmers (pelagic realm)
Infrared is also known as ______ energy
heat
Which of the following factors does not limit coral growth? - water temperatures below 18°C - high sediment load in the water - high concentrations of calcium carbonate in the water - low light - low nutrient levels in the water
high concentrations of calcium carbonate in the water
Climate models and observations to date indicate that the oceans will warm the most in _________ areas
high-latitude
Fossil evidence indicates that modern whales have evolved from ancestors similar to the _________.
hippopotamus
___________ organisms maintain a relatively constant body temperature
homeothermic
Which of these are NOT marine Crustaceans? - horseshoe crab - lobster - copepod - barnacle - krill
horseshoe crab
What types of organisms make up the arthropods?
horseshoe crabs, crabs, shrimp
Which is NOT a reason for the collapse of North Atlantic cod populations and the associated fishery? Introduction of _________ factory ships filet-o-fish sandwich frozen fish-sticks on-board freezers improved long-line catch techniques
improved long-line catch techniques
The greenhouse effect occurs when gas molecules absorb _________ radiation.
infrared
The greenhouse effect raises Earth's surface temperature (from what it would be otherwise) because the infrared light radiated by Earth's surface __________.
is temporarily absorbed by greenhouse gases and then reemitted in random directions
Which is NOT true? A phytoplankter will spend more time in the sunlight if _________________ - it contains oils - the thermocline is shallow - it has a flattened body - it has a low surface area to volume ratio - it is summer
it has a low surface area to volume ratio
What happens to the energy that the ground absorbs in the form of visible sunlight?
it is returned upward in the form of infrared light.
Which of the following is a member of the Phylum Cnidaria? salp nautilus copepod jellyfish sea gooseberry
jellyfish
The __________ , which runs down the side of a fish's body, contains sensors that detect vibrations in the water.
lateral line
How much of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation reaches Earth's surface?
little of the ultraviolet radiation
Most fish are __________
lobe-finned
Greenhouse gases warm the atmosphere by absorbing and re-radiating ___________ energy emitted by the ____________.
long wave infrared; earth
Productivity is largely controlled by the _____________ and ___________, which moves nutrients
magnitude of sunlight; water mixing
Which of these is NOT a mechanism for sea level to change in a specific location? - post-glacial rebound - subsurface rock dissolution - sediment loading - melting of sea ice - thermal expansion
melting of sea ice
Organic matter decomposes most slowly in _________ mud flats boulder-covered beaches inner subtidal zone sandy beaches intertidal salt marsh areas
mud flats
A symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit is called _________.
mutualism
The greenhouse effect is a __________ phenomenon. Human activity has ____________ the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere over the past 250 years.
natural; increased
Effects that produce the opposite results from the initial climate change are referred to as _________ feedback mechanisms.
negative
The stinging cells used by cnidarians to capture prey are called _________
nematocysts
The nutrients that tend to limit photosynthesis in marine environments include _________ and _________
nitrogen; phosphorous
What is "bycatch"?
non-targeted catch
What is "incidental catch"?
non-targeted species that is KEPT
What is the equation for a simplified statement of autotrophism?
nutrients + CO2 + energy => organic matter + oxygen
What is the spring bloom and why, where, when does it occur?
nutrients in surface waters and algae can stay in the light (winter has a weak thermocline, allowing nutrients to come to the surface) --- found in temperate regions, NOT tropical
What is heterotrophy?
organisms consume organic matter
What is autotrophy?
organisms make their own food
The fins used by fishes primarily for maneuvering are _________ and _________
pectoral; pelvic
The oceans' "biological pump" takes carbon from the __________ and stores it in ___________
photic zone; deep ocean water
List the taxonomic levels from broadest to most specific in order:
phylum, class, order, family
At least sometimes in their life cycle, a jellyfish can be classified as all BUT: - nekton - zooplankton - benthos - phytoplankton - meroplankton - all of these at some time
phytoplankton
What are some characteristics and obstacles of life in the deep sea?
pitch black nearly freezing high pressure far from food source 90% are bioluminescent sparsely populated
Productivity in _________ oceans is generally light-limited.
polar
What is "discarded catch"
portion of bycatch that is NOT kept
Effects that reinforce the initial climate system change are called __________ feedback mechanisms.
positive
The distribution of benthic biomass is related to __________
primary productivity
What two organisms make up coral and of what benefit are they to each other?
reefs made up of individuals (colony of polyps) possessing tentacles with nematocysts to capture prey and zooxanthellae, that are dinoflagellate (protist: single cell algae)
What poses the greatest threat to native wildlife in Mauritius?
rodents
A major consequence of climate change for society is ____________, which affects some of the most densely populated places on Earth
sea level rise
To which of the following animals are acorn barnacles closely related? shrimp gooseneck barnacles octopuses sea cucumbers sea hares
shrimp
Which of the following animals are whale barnacles closely related to? diatoms sea hares octopuses shrimp sea cucumbers
shrimp
Changes in ___________ between winter and summer affect the sea surface temperature, which in turn alters the amount of sea ice that covers the Arctic each season.
solar radiation
Which of the following is NOT a method used by marine mammals to cope with the ocean's generally low temperatures? - specialized fats that remain liquid at low T - low surface area to volume ratio - counter-current heat exchange - vasodilation - hollow fiber fur
specialized fats that remain liquid at low T
All the following are baleen whales except : blue whales. fin whales. gray whales. sperm whales. right whales.
sperm whales
What is the correct order of intertidal zones, going from the base of the coastal cliffs into deeper water? - spray zone, lower intertidal zone, middle intertidal zone, upper intertidal zone - spray zone, upper intertidal zone, middle intertidal zone, lower intertidal zone - upper intertidal zone, middle intertidal zone, lower intertidal zone, spray zone - lower intertidal zone, middle intertidal zone, upper intertidal zone, spray zone
spray zone, upper intertidal zone, middle intertidal zone, lower intertidal zone
Primary producers in hydrothermal vent communities are: giant clams. algae. eyeless shrimp. Riftia tubeworms. sulfur-oxidizing archaea.
sulfur-oxidizing archaea.
magine that you are caught in a rip current in the ocean. The best thing for you to do so that you won't drown is to __________.
swim sideways to the current before attempting to come ashore
What does "Fishing down the food chain" mean?
targeting increasingly large quantities of smaller fish that play a critical role in the marine foodweb
The scientific discipline concerned with naming and grouping organisms is called __________.
taxonomic classification
The relative productivity in the world's oceans from most productive to least productive is: - temperate waters, tropical waters, polar waters. - tropical waters, temperate waters, polar waters. - polar waters, tropical waters, temperate waters. - polar waters, temperate waters, tropical waters. - temperate waters, polar waters, tropical waters.
temperate waters, polar waters, tropical waters.
Earth's atmosphere is divided into four vertical layers, based on __________. 1) The lowest layer is called the __________ 2) The second lowest layer is called the ________ 3) The third layer is called the _________ 4) The uppermost layer is called the ___________
temperature 1) troposphere 2) stratosphere 3) mesosphere 4) thermosphere
What are some forces standing in the way of effective fisheries management?
the Maximum Sustainable Yield (msy) concept is not perfect
What is the primary obstacle to alleviating world hunger?
the drive to do so
What is obliquity in Earth's orbit?
the inclination of Earth's axis
What is another name for the ozone layer?
the ozonsphere
The amount of life on the ocean floor depends primarily on _________.
the productivity of the surface layer above it
What is eccentricity in Earth's orbit?
the shape of Earth's orbit
What is "target catch"?
the species of fish or catch that is primarily sought in the fishery
In general, what is the difference between the energy that comes into Earth from the Sun and the energy that Earth emits back to space?
the wavelength
The ____________ affects the biological productivity, mostly in ____________ regions
thermocline; mid-latitude
Why don't diving marine mammals get 'the bends'?
they don't breathe underwater
Why are benthic organisms so diverse?
they have a lot of niches
You are vacationing on a beautiful tropical island and want to see a coral reef. Your boat travels down a river estuary and then travels a considerable distance along the coast before any coral is seen. The reason you had to travel so far to see coral is probably that _________. - the temperature is too high near the estuary - insufficient sunlight - too much freshwater is flowing in from the river closer to shore - insufficient nutrients near the river mouth - there is not enough wave energy
too much freshwater is flowing in from the river closer to shore
The most sophisticated use of sound by marine mammals is found in the _________ whales.
toothed (Odontoceti)
Productivity in ___________ oceans is generally nutrient-limited.
tropical
The Aurora Borealis along with Large-scale air turbulence and mixing occurs in the ____________
troposphere
What is coral bleaching? What causes it?
under stress, corals mat expell their zooxanthellae causing a lighter or completely white appearance... if prolonged, death of polyps is followed caused by: - water too warm - ocean acidification - disease - pollutants - overfishing
Which three gases are most important on Earth for inhibiting the release of longwave radiation back into space?
water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane
Which of these is NOT a major uncertainty regarding global climate change? - how much warming will occur - future human emissions - future regional climate changes - climate system feedbacks that will occur - whether human's are responsible
whether human's are responsible
The loss of color (coral bleaching) in coral reef organisms can be a result of loss of ___________
zooxanthellae.
Earth's axis is tilted by ____degrees
~23°