Oceanography Chapters 1 and 2

Approximately how many active hotspots have been active within the last 10 million years?

100

Today, more than ________ seas, bays, and gulfs are recognized worldwide.

100

Captain James Cook's second voyage took place during which years?

1772-1775

What is the age of the oldest ocean floor?

180 million years

How many major polarity reversals have occurred in the past 83 million years?

184

When did Miller and Urey conduct their lab experiment that had major implications about the development of life on Earth?

1950s

The deepest part of the ocean is the Mariana Trench; it has been visited by humans twice in which two years?

1960 and 2012

When was the term "oceanography" first coined?

1970s

Earth's atmosphere became oxygen-rich about ________ years ago.

2.45 billion

The Mesosaurus lived about ________ million years ago.

250

Loihi is an active volcano on the ocean floor, when should it reach the surface?

30,000-100,000 years

New satellite data suggest that the Earth's magnetic field is losing strength at a rate of about ________ per decade.

5%

The first person to advance the idea of mobile continents or continental drift was ________.

Alfred Wegner

Which volcanic rock is named after the Andes Mountains in South America?

Andesite

Which layer of the Earth behaves in a plastic manner?

Asthenosphere

Which of the following is Earth's plastic layer, which flows when a gradual force is applied to it?

Asthenosphere

What was the geographic position of North America 540 million years ago?

At the equator

The largest reef system in the world is the Great Barrier Reef. Where is it located?

Australia

The first scientist to propose the origin of coral reefs based upon subsidence (sinking) of volcanic islands was ________.

Charles Darwin

The Himalayan Mountains and Alps are geographic examples of which type of plate boundary?

Convergent

Which of the following was not a ship of Captain James Cook's?

Discovery

What is the motion of a juvenile stage of the Wilson cycle?

Divergence

The first person we are aware of who determined the circumference of the Earth using trigonometry and the angle of sunlight at Alexandria, Egypt, was ________.

Eratosthenes

Who is credited with being the first person to accurately determine Earth's circumference?

Eratosthenes

About 300 million years ago, the Appalachian Mountains in North America were matched up with the identical rocks from which area?

Europe

Which of the following parts of Polynesia was populated first?

Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa

What is the main rock type of continental crust?

Granite

Where are the only two places in the world where continental ice sheets occur today?

Greenland and Antarctica

The book The History of Ocean Basins, which contained the idea of seafloor spreading, was written by geologist ________.

Harry Hess

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Mariana Trench B) Japan C) Hawiian Islands D) Aleutian Islands E) Andes Mountains

Hawiian Islands

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Heterotrophs B) Photosynthesis C) Autotrophs D) Plants E) Chemosynthesis

Heterotrophs

Oceanography is divided into four different academic disciplines or subfields of study. Which one is not mentioned in the textbook?

Historical oceanography

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Hot Spot B) Divergent Plate Boundary C) Oceanic-oceanic Convergence D) Transform Plate Boundary E) Oceanic-Continential Convergence

Hot Spot

Who was killed in Hawaii during his last sea voyage after a skirmish with local people?

James Cook

Who left Spain in September 1519 and became the first person to complete a circumnavigation of the globe when he returned to Spain three years later?

Juan Sebastian del Cano

Which of the following Wilson cycle stages would the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans be considered?

Mature

Which of the following is an example of an oceanic transform plate boundary?

Mendocino fault

Which of the following is Earth's rigid layer that includes the middle and lower mantle?

Mesosphere

Oceanography is considered to be an interdisciplinary science with a chemistry component. Which of the following is not a part of chemistry?

Microbiology

Which epoch is not part of Paleogene?

Miocene

Which epoch is not part of Paleogene? A) Miocene B) Paleocene C) Eocene D) Oligocene

Miocene

The mechanism by which populations evolve and new species develop is called ________.

Natural Selection

Most large earthquakes occur along which of the following?

Ocean trenches

Which is the largest tectonic plate?

Pacific

Which ocean's name comes from a word meaning peace?

Pacific

What was the name for the supercontinent about 200 million years ago?

Pangaea

The first humans from Western Hemisphere known to have developed the art of navigation were the ________.

Phoenicians

Which of the following was true about the Protoearth?

Protoearth's deep structure was homogeneous.

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Ptolemy B) Christopher Columbus C) John Cabot D) Vasco de Gama E) Ferdinand Magellan

Ptolemy

The method of determining latitude in the Northern Hemisphere by measuring the angle between an observer's line of site to the North Star and line of site to the northern horizon was developed by ________.

Pytheas

Prior to 1768, which of the following claimed the most human lives at sea?

Scurvy

The fossil remains of Mesosaurus were found only on which two landmasses?

South America and Africa

Based on definition, it is more appropriate to consider which ocean as a sea?

The Arctic Ocean

Which ocean is the shallowest ocean in the world?

The Arctic Ocean

Which ocean is mostly, but not entirely, in the southern hemisphere?

The Indian Ocean

Which ocean is actually a part of three other oceans?

The Southern Ocean

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The rate of sea floor spreading appears to be greatest in the Pacific Ocean BECAUSE the radiometric age bands in the Pacific Ocean are narrower than those found in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans.

The assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect

What was the one line of evidence that Alfred Wegner could not explain with continental drift?

The mechanism for the movement of the plates

Alfred Wegener's continental drift hypothesis received much hostile criticism and ridicule from the scientific community because of which of the following?

The mechanism he proposed for the movement of the continents.

All of the following about corals are true except: A) They produce a hard skeleton of limestone B) They live in shallow water C) They live in cold seawater

They live in cold seawater

In which period did the dinosaurs dominate?

Triassic

Who sailed from Europe around the tip of Africa to India and established a new trade route?

Vasco da Gama

The Alpine Fault of New Zealand is an example of ________ plate boundary.

a continental transform

The San Andreas Fault is an example of ________ plate boundary.

a continental transform

The Alps are an example of ________ plate boundary.

a continental-continental convergent

The East Africa Rift Valleys are an example of ________ plate boundary.

a continental-continental divergent

The Red Sea is an example of ________ plate boundary.

a continental-continental divergent

An organism's response to environmental changes are called ________.

adaptations

The nebular hypothesis suggests that ________.

all bodies in the solar system formed from an enormous gas cloud.

The Eltanin Fault is an example of ________ plate boundary.

an oceanic transform

The Andes Mountains are an example of ________ plate boundary.

an oceanic-continental convergent

The Mariana Trench is an example of ________ plate boundary.

an oceanic-oceanic convergent

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is an example of ________ plate boundary.

an oceanic-oceanic divergent

The great oxidation event resulted in the massive die-off of which of the following?

anaerobic bacteria

The Earth's interior can be subdivided based on its ________.

chemical composition

A major characteristic of a seamount is that it is ________.

cone-shaped

All continents fit together with the least number of overlaps and gaps when the continents are matched along ________.

edges at around 2000 meters depth

What type of seafloor feature does a transform plate boundary make?

fault

Coral reefs that initially develop along the margin of an island or continent where environmental conditions are suitable are called ________.

fringing reefs

Earth is a layered sphere with the ________-density material found near the center of Earth and the ________-density material located near the surface.

highest;lowest

Which of the following Wilson cycle stages would the Red Sea be considered?

juvenile

Magnetic dip is directly related to ________ on the Earth.

latitude

Earth's initial atmosphere formed from ________.

leftover gases from the nebula

Which of the following is Earth's rigid layer that includes the crust plus the uppermost portion of the mantle?

lithosphere

Which of the following represents Earth's plates that are involved in plate tectonic motion?

lithosphere

Tectonic plates are pieces of the ________ that float on the more fluid ________ below.

lithosphere;asthenosphere

Which of the following represents Earth's high-density, mostly iron-silicate layer?

mantle

Ocean basins with continental margins are representative of the ________ stage of the Wilson Cycle.

mature

The steeply-sloping and slower-spreading parts of the mid-ocean ridge are called ________.

oceanic ridges

The most likely place for the basic building blocks for the development of life to interact and produce life is in Earth's ________.

oceans

Which layer of the Earth produces the Earth's magnetic field?

outer core

Most of Earth's water was derived from ________.

outgassing

The study of historical changes of continental shapes and positions is called ________.

paleogeography

Which of the following was not used as evidence for continental drift?

paleomagnetic reversals

Fossils of ancient polar plants are currently found near the equator because the ________.

plants lived near the poles, but landmasses have drifted to current locations

Based on the map of what the world may look like in 50 million years from now, the Pacific Ocean will become ________ while the Atlantic Ocean will become ________.

smaller;larger

Deep ocean trenches are associated with ________.

subduction zones

The Himalaya Mountains are an example of the ________ stage of the Wilson Cycle.

suturing

Plate tectonics and evolution, which are held with a high degree of confidence because of rigorous testing and verification, are examples of ________.

theories