Ok State - BIOL 1114 - Final Exam
Nutrients
agents that promote growth, reproduction and general health that we get from food - phosphorous - nitrogen - Na - K - etc
Memory B Cells
secondary defense cells that can remember the same pathogen for faster antibody production in the future
Intersexual
selection between the sexes for competition for mates
Water Cycle
the process by which water circulates from the earth to the atmosphere - evaporation - condensation: water in the atmosphere - precipitation: ice, river - runoff - percolation - respiration
Antigens
harmful substance which enters the bodies and causes the body to make antibodies in order to fight off disease brought by antigens
When injected with leptin, obese rats with mutations producing _________ will not lose weight?
non functional leptin receptors
Density Dependent
the effect on the population intensifies as the population increases (resource availability, competition, etc.)
Speciation
the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution - occurs when reproduction within a species is not working, therefore they need to breed with a diff species to produce viable offspring
Oxygen in Lakes
oxygen increases during the day, peaking at sunset, then drops at night, reaching its lowest at sunrise
Polygamy
multiple mates - common when less or no parental care is needed
Macrophages
type of phagocyte cells responsible for detecting, engulfing and destroying pathogens and apoptotic cells
Regulation of Fat
body tries to regulate fat levels by balancing - hunger - metabolism - chemical pathways for regulation: hormones
Antibodies
Y-shaped proteins produced by B cells as an immune defense against antigens (foreign agents)
The following single stranded DNA, AGAGTTCCA, from the middle of a bacterial gene was mutated. Which of the following mutated DNA segments (the new nucleotide is bolded) will most likely result in the most significant change in the protein? (a) AGA*A*TTCCA (b) AG*G*GTTCCA (c) *G*GAGTTCCA (d) AGAGT*A*CCA (e) AGAGTTC*G*A
(a) AGAATTCCA
When the mutated EVC gene is transcribed into RNA, you would correctly predict that the mutant transcript in the nucleus is _________ the normal RNA transcript (a) much shorter than (b) much longer than (c) the same size as
(c) the same size as
Resting Potential Steps
(1) Resting Potential: + outside/ - inside; Na+ higher outside/ K+ higher inside (2) Depolarization: Na+ channels open and Na+ enters neuron (diffusion); - outside/ + inside (3) Peak Depolarization: Na+ channels close; - outside/ + inside (4) Repolarization: + outside/ - inside; Na+ inside/ K+ outside; Na/K pumps pump Na+ and K+ into neuron; ACTIVE TRANSPORT uses ATP
For a mother that is producing breast milk the genetic information in her __________ is transcribed to produce RNA and this information is later translated on __________ to produce milk proteins (a) DNA; ribosomes (b) genes; the cells nucleus (c) alleles; mitochondria (d) cells; chloroplasts (e) hormones; mammary glands
(a) DNA; ribosomes
NADH is produced during ___________ and is used by __________ (a) glycolysis and krebs cycle; electron transport chain (b) cellular respiration; metabolism (c) glycolysis; ATP synthase (d) pyruvate synthesis; electron transport chain
(a) Glycolysis and Krebs cycle; Electron Transport Chain ** incorrect: chose d
If somehow cellular respiration was stopped after the krebs cycle but before the electron transport chain began, you would correctly predict that the relative amounts of ____________ would increase in the mitochondria (a) NADH (b) H2O (c) CO2 (d) both a and b
(a) NADH **chose A but was unsure
Why do all living things need N and P?
(a) amino acid production (b) coenzyme production (c) nucleotide production (d) all of the above -> all of the above
In neurons, the Na+/K+ pump is used to create ion gradients across the _________ in order to restore _________ potential (a) axon membrane; resting (b) presynaptic cell membrane; resting (c) axon membrane; action (d) presynaptic cell membrane; action
(a) axon membrane; resting
Comparing a plant during the day with the exact same plant at night, you would correctly predict that the proton concentration in the thylakoid space would... (a) be lowest at night (b) be lowest during the day (c) depend on the availability of O2 and glucose (d) depend on the availability of NADH and FADH2
(a) be lowest at night ** incorrect: chose d
After reaching its carrying capacity, competition for food increased in a population of fish in a lake causing many fish to die from starvation. This population is being affected by... (a) density dependent factors (b) density independent factors (c) random controls (d) exponential growth
(a) density dependent factors
Recently a population of four adult sea turtles got lost in the Atlantic Ocean and was able to colonize an island in the Arctic Ocean. For this to be the founder effect what would need to be true? (a) each of the four turtles would need to have an equal chance of colonizing the new island regardless of their genes (b) one turtle would need to be more fit than the others (c) random mutations would need to occur as the turtles approaches the island (d) one turtle would need to produce more offspring than the others upon colonization
(a) each of the four turtles would need to have an equal chance of colonizing the new island regardless of their gene
Compound X is known to block cellular respiration. You have discovered that adding pyruvate to cells that were treated with compound X allows respiration to continue. You correctly predict hat compound X is blocking _____ in cellular respiration (a) glycolysis (b) the krebs cycle (c) the electron transport chain (d) alcoholic fermentation (e) lactic acid fermentation
(a) glycolysis ** incorrect: chose b
If the mutation in this middle segment of the EVC gene is: original gene: GGG AAA TTT GGG mutant gene: GGG AAA ATT GGG you would correctly predict that the mutant EVC protein ________ compared to the normal protein (a) is shorter (b) is much longer (c) is the same size (d) has more amino acids (e) has new types of amino acid
(a) is shorter
In which of the following are the molecules arranged from smallest to largest? (a) nitrogenous base, nucleotide, codon, gene, chromosome (b) nucleotide, nitrogenous base, codon, gene, chromosome (c) nitrogenous base, nucleotide, gene, codon, chromosome (d) nucleotide, nitrogenous base, gene, codon, chromosome (e) nitrogenous base, chromosome, nucleotide, gene, codon
(a) nitrogenous base, nucleotide, codon, gene, chromosome
When the contents of the synaptic vesicle bind to the receptors, the first response in the post synaptic membrane is the... (a) opening of Na+ gates (b) opening of the K+ gates (c) the formation of a Na+ gradient (d) the stopping of the Na+/K+ pump (e) release of neurotransmitters
(a) opening of the Na+ gates
___________ plays an important role helping to regulate the concentration of solutes in plant cells (a) osmosis (b) active transport (c) the nephron (d) both a and b (e) a, b and c
(a) osmosis **chose d
Which of the following processes would you predict to continue throughout the night in a plant cell? (a) production of ATP (b) synthesis of glucose (c) formation if NADPH (d) splitting of water to produce O2
(a) production of ATP
You would correctly conclude that a _________ mutation in an acokanthera plant sometime in the past caused the ____________ process of natural selection to favor the survival of individuals of this plant species (a) random; non random (b) random; random (c) directed; non random (d) directed; random
(a) random; non random
If the laser was a specialized white laser instead of a red one, how would you correctly predict that beam would interact with the vials in a darkened room? The light from the beam would move through... (a) the first vial but not the second (b) the second vial but not the first (c) both vials (d) neither vial
(a) the first vial but not the second
The EVC gene if located on a chromosome with over a thousand other genes. Each gene consists of __________ that themselves consist of ___________ (a) triplet codon; nucleotides A, T, C & G (b) triplet codon; nucleotides U, T, C & G (c) proteins; nucleotides A, T, C & G (d) proteins; amino acids (e) RNA; nucleotides U, T, C & G
(a) triplet codons; nucleotides A, T, C & G
EVC syndrome may cause a __________ decline in the amish population (a) density dependent (b) density independent (c) density irrelevant (d) random
(b) density independent
The red laser's interaction with the red vial is an example of (a) absorption (b) reflection (c) transmission (d) transference
(c) transmission
After basking on warm rocks, both a larger and a smaller frog return to the cold stream water. Compared to the larger frog, you would correctly predict that the smaller frog will lose its body heat to the cold stream _________, and through __________ heat transfer (a) faster; conduction (b) faster; convection (c) at the same rate; conduction (d) slower; conduction (e) slower; convection
(b) faster; convection ** incorrect: chose a
Acokanthera plants may be crossbred with other species within the genus acokanthera. However, you would correctly conclude that these are two different species if the offspring cannot... (a) produce ouabain (b) produce flowers that can be pollinated (c) produce the flowers as large as those of the parents (d) survive for more than three years
(b) produce flowers that can be pollinated
Synaptic vesicle contents are released from a presynaptic cell into the synapse as soon as... (a) a Na+ gate opens on the axon (b) the action potential reaches the end of the axon (c) the Na+/K+ pump stops working (d) a resting potential is established (e) ATP is made within the axon membrane
(b) the action potential reaches the end of the axon
Which metabolic process helps kangaroo rats maintain osmotic gradients in dry environments? (a) the krebs cycle (b) the electron transport chain (c) alcoholic fermentation (d) lactic acid fermentation
(b) the electron transport chain ** correct but was unsure
Why does cow poop cake a garden grow? (a) addition of vitamins (b) addition of water (c) addition of N2 (d) addition of nitrogen and phosphorous
(c) addition of N2
The figure on your right represents a type of molecule produced and secreted by B cells and is more likely to represent a (a) antigen (b) B cell (c) antibody (d) macrophage (e) lymphoid organ
(c) antibody
If a hunter recovers his normal neuronal function after ingesting the antidote, then his Na+/K+ pump would be predicted to create ion gradients across the ________ in order to restore the __________ potential (a) axon membrane; action (b) axon membrane; action (c) axon membrane; resting (d) presynaptic cell membrane; resting (e) nuclear membrane; resting
(c) axon membrane; resting ** incorrect: chose a
During cold weather, a bee hummingbird's feathers provide insulation by trapping warm air to reduce heat loss primarily caused by (a) evaporation (b) conduction (c) convection
(c) convection ** correct but was unsure
A group of Italian medical researchers suspected that wine consumption may have some correlation with heart disease, therefore they randomly collected medical histories and wine drinking habits (# of glasses of wine per week) from 2000 patients in a grape wine growing region for several years. The result was represented by the following scatterplot: This _______ variable, plotted on the y axis in this ______ experiment, depicts the relationship between wine consumption and heart disease. (a) independent; observational (b) independent; controlled (c) dependent; observational (d) dependent; controlled (e) random; observational
(c) dependent; observational ** incorrect: chose d
Exocytosis is the final step of secretion in which the contents of the synaptic vesicle enter the synapse and reach the receptors by means of (a) active transport (b) osmosis (c) diffusion (d) pumping (e) thermoregulation
(c) diffusion ** incorrect: chose a
The mutation responsible for the EVC syndrome most likely first occurred in a ... (a) red blood cell (b) bone cell (c) gamete (sperm or egg) (d) mitochondrion (e) could be any of the above
(c) gamete (sperm or egg)
Both Olaf and Hilda were genotypical ___________ for earlobe type (a) homozygous dominant (b) homozygous recessive (c) heterozygous (d) X-linked recessive
(c) heterozygous
Reabsorption of water from the filtrate in a nephron can occur in the ________ via ________ (a) kidneys; active transport (b) ascending limb of the nephron; osmoregulation (c) kidney's blood vessels; osmosis (d) collecting duct; active transport
(c) kidney's blood vessels; osmosis ** incorrect: chose b
The best available evidence that one female sea turtle is more fit than another, is to use the (a) number of eggs each female lays (b) number of babies that reach the sea per mother (c) number of grand-babies each turtle has (d) quality of the male each female mates with (e) average size of each female's offspring
(c) number of grand-babies each turtle has ** because if the offspring of the offspring cannot continue to reproduce then the organism is not fit
Once the sun sets, the strychnos toxifera vine is in total darkness. At this time, ____________ would be the first substance that would cease to be made by photosynthesis (a) ATP (b) water (c) oxygen (d) glucose (e) CO2
(c) oxygen ** incorrect: chose a
An hour after the strychnos toxifera vine has been in total darkness, you would correctly predict that... (a) all ATP production in the entire plant would have stopped (b) mitochondria are not functioning (c) the chloroplast has stopped functioning (d) no reactions in the plant that require energy will occur (e) all of the above
(c) the chloroplast has stopped working ** incorrect: chose d
Hummingbird's consume vast amounts of nectar which contains mostly glucose molecules. Energy stored within this nectar will be converted by the hummingbird's metabolism into... (a) just ATP (b) alcohol (c) the energy stored within ATP & heat energy (d) the energy stored within ATP synthase molecules
(c) the energy stored within ATP & heat energy ** incorrect: chose a
As a direct result of ouabain binding and inhibiting the Na+/K+ pump, which should you correctly predict would be inhibited (a) ATP synthase in the neuron (b) presence of ions within the axon (c) the formation of the resting potential (d) H+ gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane (e) protein synthesis within the rough ER
(c) the formation of the resting potential
The process of migration of the Amish to the New world in the 18th century from a highly populated area of central Europe is an example of (a) coevolution (b) natural selection (c) the founder effect (d) directed mutation (e) adaptive radiation
(c) the founder effect
The royal biologist correctly declared that Leif was not the son of Ubba because a man (a) who has normal vision cannot have a colorblind child (b) with attached earlobes could not father a child a free earlobes (c) who has blood type AB cannot have a blood type O child
(c) who has blood type AB cannot have a blood type O child
The failure of the pancreas to secrete enough of the insulin hormone can lead to type-1 insulin dependent diabetes, which is an inability of the body to produce insulin. You would predict that this form of diabetes will cause weakness due ti insufficient production of... (a) NADPH (b) NAD+ (c) ADP (d) ATP (e) all of the above
(d) ATP ** because without the ability to produce insulin the body cannot sufficiently produce ATP
Cardiac muscle cells require energy for contraction and have a much higher number of mitochondria per cell than most other cells in the body. Therefore, you would correctly predict that healthy cardiac muscle cells also synthesize _______ molecules at a higher rate than do skin cells (a) ATP (b) metabolic water (c) oxygen (d) both a and b (e) both a and c
(d) both a and b ** incorrect: chose a
Ostrich A drinks 1500 ml of water in a day while ostrich B drinks 500 ml water that same day. All other variables being equal, which of the following would you correctly predict at the end of this day? (a) ostrich A excretes less concentrated urine than ostrich B (b) the blood of ostrich A has lower salt concentration than the blood of the ostrich B (c) ostrich A excretes a greater volume of urine relative to ostrich B (d) both a and c (e) choices a, b and c
(d) both a and c ** incorrect: chose c
Which of the following processes would mammals living cold, arctic waters most likely use to maintain their core body temperature? (a) vasodilation at the skin (b) frequent urination (c) elimination their thermal neutral zones (d) countercurrent exchange (e) all of the above
(d) countercurrent exchange ** incorrect: chose e
A cell (0.9% salt concentration) from one of the frogs falls off its body and into a fresh water pond (0.3% salt concentration). You would correctly predict that the cell will... (a) remain the same (b) lose water and swell (c) lose water and shrink (d) gain water and swell (e) gain water and shrink
(d) gain water and swell ** incorrect: chose c
Charley the tuna is swimming in a sea where salinity is very high, and temperature is very cold (18°C). You could correctly predict that... (a) this low temperature increases the rate charley's rate of osmoregulation (b) water passes from the sea through to charley's cells only if the salt content of the water exceeds that of his own body fluids (c) moving to warmer water will put charley in his thermal neutral zone (d) if charley's body temperature is 19°C, a temperature gradient will form between him and the water
(d) if charley's body temperature is 19°C, a temperature gradient will form between him and the water ** incorrect: chose a
When would the oxygen concentration in a lake be at its lowest? (a) noon (b) just before sunset (c) midnight (d) just before sunrise
(d) just before sunrise
You would correctly predict that a person is immune to a bacterial infection because she/he has _________ that are specific to the bacteria, which enables them to produce specific ____________ rapidly to ward off the infection (a) macrophages; antigens (b) macrophages; antibodies (c) memory B cells; antigens (d) memory B cells; antibodies
(d) memory B cells; antibodies
An injured ostrich has reduced blood flow, which reduces the amount of oxygen delivered to cells. You would correctly predict... (a) the rate of the krebs cycle reactions will increase (b) NADH production will be reduced during glycolysis (c) CO2 production will increase during the krebs cycle (d) overall metabolic water will decrease
(d) overall metabolic water production will decrease ** incorrect: chose b
Which of the biogeochemical cycles would you predict occurs at the slowest rate? (a) carbon (b) hydraulic (c) nitrogen (d) phosphorous
(d) phosphorous
In a lake polluted with DDT, which of the following would be the most contaminated organism? (a) algae - producer (b) zooplankton - primary consumer (c) planktivorous fish - secondary consumer (d) piscivorous fish - tertiary consumer
(d) piscivorous fish ** because due to biomagnification, the toxins from the pesticide DDT, will be most concentrated as it goes through the tropic levels
Which of the following is NOT correct about photosynthesis in a green plant (a) chlorophyll molecules absorb red and blue wavelength (b) electrons are transferred to NADP+ to make NADPH (c) glucose is produced in the calvin cycle reaction (d) water is produced by the last protein in the electron transport chain adding electrons to oxygen (e) light excites electrons in photosystem 2, which then enter the electron transport chain
(d) water is produced by the last protein in the electron transport chain adding electrons to oxygen
If a molecular biologist estimates that the steapsin protein is made up of 75 amino acids, the RNA sequence contains _______ nucleotides and _________ codons (a) 3; 1 (b) 75; 25 (c) 25; 75 (d) 75; 225 (e) 225; 75
(e) 225; 75
Speciation is said to occur between these animals if the populations (a) cannot produce viable offspring (b) have offspring that are far less fit than their parents (c) have sex cells that cannot fuse (d) are unable to mate (e) all of the above
(e) all of the above
When the Strychnos Toxifera vine is exposed to sunlight, it synthesizes ATP using... (a) glycolysis (b) ATP synthase activity (c) the light dependent reactions (d) both a and c are correct (e) all of the above
(e) all of the above ** incorrect: chose a
A molecular biologist estimates that a segment of the amylopsin gene contains 600 base pairs of DNA and 300 of these base are adenine (A). If so, you would correctly predict hat segment would also contain... (a) 300 bases are cytosine (C) (b) 300 bases are guanine (G) (c) 300 bases are thymine (T) (d) none of the bases are uracil (U) 9e) all of the above are correct
(e) all of the above are correct
During a warm sunny day, a corn plant is capable of producing what gases? (a) oxygen (b) nitrogen (c) carbon dioxide (d) both a and b (e) both a and c
(e) both a and c
Phenotypic characteristics exhibited by white tail deer is USA are most likely explained by (a) mutations, the environment and interactions with other organisms (b) characteristics exhibited by ancestral individuals with relatively low fitness (c) natural selection (d) interbreeding of separate species (e) both a and c
(e) both a and c
Alex likes brewing beer, so he is using alcoholic fermentation preformed by yeasts. These yeasts will... (a) depend on glycolysis to produce ATP (b) require higher amounts of oxygen than other microorganisms (c) use an anaerobic process (d) depend on the electron transport chain to produce ATP (e) both a and c
(e) both a and c ** correct but was unsure
The mother of Olaf and Ubba (two brothers) must have... (a) been colorblind (b) had normal vision (c) been a carrier of colorblindness (d) both a and c (e) both b and c
(e) both b and c
The immediate (direct) energy source for the production of ATP in both mitochondria and chloroplasts is... (a) the flow of electrons down the electron transport chain (b) the release of CO2 from krebs cycle (c) the ability of O2 to accept electrons (d) the ability of O2 to donate electrons (e) the proton gradient formed by the electron transport chain
(e) the proton gradient formed by the electron transport chain ** incorrect: chose a
Alternate Mating Strategies
- Alpha Males: fight for females - Beta Males: mimic females to hide - Gamma Males: use small size to sneak mating
Nitrogen Cycle
- N2 gas is approx 79% of atmosphere - usable form are ammonia (NH3) and nitrate (NO3) nitrogen in atmosphere -> bacteria "fix" N2 for use by plants -> N2 in decaying matter and waste -> N2 in plant proteins -> N2 in animal proteins
Respiration Regulated in Body
- enough energy = slow respiration - need energy = increase respiration
Sexual Selection
- subset of natural selection - traits that increase fitness by helping acquire mates - Intrasexual - intersexual
Leptin is produced in the?
adipose fat tissue
As a mammal gains fat, leptin levels.../
increase
As leptin levels rise, the metabolism of the mammal...?
increase
Amino Acids
3 codons make up 1 nucleotide
Radiation
Heat transfer without direct contact
Phosphorous Cycle
PO4 is the usable form found in rocks and sediments - phosphorus moves in a cycle through rocks, water, soil and sediments and organisms
Mutation
a random error in gene replication that leads to a change
Natural Selection
a random process in which individuals w some traits produce more offspring than those who don't have those traits -
Neuropeptide Y
brain chemical that induces hunger - leptin interferes w neuropeptide Y -> it lowers appetite
If you want to grow 100 Kg of chicken, approximately how much feed would you need to buy? (a) 10 kg (b) 100 kg (c) 1000 kg (d) 10000 kg
c maybe??????
Weight Balance
calories in (food: carbs/lipids/proteins) - calories out (exercise) = weight gain/loss (excess energy converted to fat)
Carbon Cycle
carbon compounds are interconverted in the environment, involving the incorporation of carbon dioxide into living tissue by photosynthesis and its return to the atmosphere through respiration, the decay of dead organisms, and the burning of fossil fuels
Hormone
chemical messenger released by one part of the body that affects another part of the body - Leptin
Biogeochemical Cycles
chemical reactions or cycles involving an interaction between living organisms and nonliving parts of the earth - water cycle - nitrogen cycle - phosphorous cycle - carbon cycle
Organic Molecules
contain C-H bonds
After O mice are injected w leptin, you would predict that the amount of O2 used per ATP produced would __________ in brown fat cells
decrease
As a mammal gains fat, changes in leptin levels result in the appetite of the organism...?
decrease
If the leptin receptors are insensitive, the metabolism of the organism...?
decrease????
Inorganic Molecules
do not contain C-H bonds
Resting Potential
electrochemical signal transmitted through changes in ion concentrations inside and outside the cell membrane - outside of cell changes +, -, + Resting Potential -> Depolarization -> Peak Depolarization -> Repolarization
Eutrophication
excessive richness of nutrients in a lake or other body of water, which cause too many plants to grow and leads to death of other organisms due to lack of oxygen - algal blooms cause this - loss of species diversity
Density Independent
factors that exert their influence on the population regardless of the population size (disease, weather, etc.)
Evaporation
heat loss as water becomes vapor
Conduction
heat transfer or loss via direct contact
Convection
heat transfer or loss via gas or liquid
During the summer that the metabolic rate of fish in the warm shallow areas would be ____________ than the fish in the deep colder areas
higher than
Leptin
hormone and protein made by fat cells - increased metabolism - brown fat - decreased appetite
Directed Mutation
hypothesis proposing that when organisms are put under environmental stress that they would mutate in order to survive
Agriculture/Argonomy
increasing K (carrying capacity) and improving yield - increasing density - removing limitations (fertilization - removing competition (herbicide) - removing predation (pesticide)
Uncoupler Protein (UCP)
leptin causes release of UCP - it makes mitochondrial membrane leaky to H+ - leaky membrane = less ATP - less ATP production = more respiration to generate same amount of ATP - more respiration = more heat production from inefficient chemical reactions
Founder Effect
loss in genetic variation when a new population is established by a small number or organisms that were apart of a larger population
Polyandry
one female with multiple males
Monogamy
one male and one female paired - common when lots of parental care is needed to help offspring
Polygyny
one male with multiple females
10% Rule
only 10% of the energy is transferred from one tropic level to the next (90% lost)
Glycolysis
process in cellular respiration involving the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid - NADH is produced
Osmoregulation
regulation of solute concentrations and water balance by a cell or organism - specifically in the kidney's during urine production
Intrasexual
selection within a sex for competition of mates
Krebs Cycle
sequence of reactions by which most living cells generate energy during the process of aerobic respiration - takes place in the mitochondria - consumes oxygen, produces carbon dioxide and water as waste products, and converting ADP to energy rich ATP - uses NADH that is produced by glycolysis
Brown Adipose Tissue
special type of fat present in hibernating mammals and newborn humans - uses energy to generate heat (cellular respiration)
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
uses the electrons from electron carriers to create a chemical gradient that can be used to power oxidative phosphorylation - process in the mitochondria - if cellular respiration was stopped after krebs cycle but before ETC then NADH would build up in mitochondria
Hybrid
when crossbreeding, you have to have organisms within the same species to produce fertile offspring - ex: if the offspring of two plants cannot produce a flower that can be pollinated then they're not from the same species
Reflection
when light bounces off of an object
Transmission
when light hits a transparent object and passes through it
Absorption
when matter absorbs the light and transfers it to internal energy
Osmosis
when molecules of a solvent pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution, thus equalizing the concentrations on each side of the membrane - important in regulating concentration of solutes in plant cells
Countercurrent Exchange
when something is transferred between two flowing things in opposite directions ex: fish transfer oxygen from the surrounding water into their blood birds exchange heat from blood vessel to blood vessel to keep heat concentrated in their bodies
Adaptive Radiation
when the environment changes and organisms diversify rapidly, in order to fill every aspect of the niche
Biomagnification
when toxins are widely distributed through out organisms via eating other plants and animals who contain the toxins - fertilization - toxic chemicals - invasive species
