Organizational Behavior
Power is distinguished from influence due to the element of _______________
Control
The reasons for political behavior include all of the following except
Control of information
Influence should actually be seen as the _______________ of the process of one person attempting to affect another
Cornerstone
Organizations may benefit from allowing employee participation in all of the following areas except
Corporate investment decisions
People with a high need for power can be successful managers if they
Curb their desires when they might interfere with organizational relationships
Michelle is a manager whose subordinates are highly motivated and experienced. According to the Hersey and Blanchard model of leadership, Michelle should use which of the styles?
Delegating
The goal of the behavioral approach to the study of leadership was to
Determine what behaviors were associated with effective leadership
Although leadership and management are related, all of the following descriptions apply more to management than leadership except
Developing a visions of the future
According to path-goal theory, a leader who lets subordinates know what is expected of them, gives specific guidance as to how to accomplish tasks, schedules work to be done, and maintains definitive standards of performance for subordinates is exhibiting ___________________ leadership.
Directive
Paul, a new hire in the traffic department of an advertising agency, has little confidence in his abilities my and believes he only got the job because his uncle is the owner of the firm. According to the path-goal theory of leadership, what type of leadership store of Paul most likely to prefer?
Directive
The role of participation and empowerment in motivation can be expressed in terms of all of the following theoretical perspectives except
Diversity theory
The degree to which the job activities give the individual direct and clear information about the effectiveness of his or her performance is called
Feedback
Which of the following is an accurate description of the leadership differences between men and women?
Female leaders and more democratic in making decisions
Charismatic leadership may create which of the following ethical concerns
Followers engage in inappropriate behaviors because of blind faith in the leader
Pepsi CEO Indra Nooyi was named to "The Fifty Most Powerful Women in the World" by _______________ magazine.
Forbes
Equity theory provides several insights for managerial applications to everyday situations in the workplace. Which of the following statements is not true in this regard?
Formal and informal organizational rewards are equally observable to individuals when formulating equity perceptions
The LPC theory of leadership was developed by
Fred Fiedler
The most widely used and recognized analysis of the bases of power is the framework developed by __________ and ____________.
French and Raven
Individual characteristics that may render leader behavior unnecessary include all of the following except
Frequent feedback
According to Herzberg, once a state of no dissatisfaction has been reached,
Further attempts to enhance motivation via the hygiene factors will be a waste of time.
As a coach, the organizational leader would do all of the following except
Gain an understanding of the values of their young workers
Jim strongly disagrees with the current strategic plan, but is afraid his vote against it at the next meeting will hurt his chances for promotion. Jim schedules a dentist appointment for the same time as the meeting in order to avoid the vote. Which political behavior has Jim used?
Game playing
Flextime is a work schedule arrangement that
Gives employees more personal control over the hours they work each day
According to Robert House, charismatic leaders possess all of the following characteristics except
Responsibility but typically little true authority
Leadership neutralizers include all of the following except
Rules
According to Herzberg's dual-structure theory, motivation factors were often cited as the primary causes of
Satisfaction and motivation
John has satisfied his basic needs and has many friends. He is now trying to learn new skills and advance his career. According to Alderfer, John's activities are explained by which component of ERG theory?
Satisfaction-progression
In Greece and Japan, Maslow's ______________ needs may motivate employees more th am the other needs
Security
Which of the following is usually one of the second options when attempting to correct and inequitable situation
Seek additional avenues for growth and development
Based on Maslow's hierarchy, _________________ needs in the workplace are the hardest to understand and the most difficult to satisfy.
Self-actualization
According to continuum of leadership behavior purposes by Tannenbaum and Schmidt, managerial characteristics include all of the following except
Interest in the problem
I'm general, how do leaders exercise legitimate power
Issuing formal requests
WhI h of the following is not a characteristic of the Vroom-Yetton-Jago model?
It assumes a high level of participation in decision making is beat for all situations
Netflix fulfills there needs off its employees by doing all of the following except
It believes that money is the only motivator for success
All of the following statements regarding flextime are true except
It is desirable for people who want to work part-time
According to the model presented in the text, polo to cal behavior is seen as ethical if
It respects the rights of all affected parties
According to your text, what was the failure of the behavioral approach to studying leadership
It tended to specify a set of leader behaviors that would lead to effectiveness in all situations
According to the leadership grid, who would be the most effective leader?
The manager who always chats with employees and constantly strives to improve worker production
Which one of the following statements has been cited as a weakness of the job characteristics theory
The role of individual differences frequently has not been supported by scientific research
All of the following describe influence except
The target of influence can be a person or a group
Susan did not vote for a candidate because she thought he was too short to do the job. This reflects which view of leadership?
The trait approach
All of the following statements about the use of quality circles are true except
The use of a question/answer period is important
Which of the following is not a part of initiating-structure behavior, as identified in the Ohio State leadership studies?
There is a mutual trust and respect between the leader and subordinate
Which of the following statements about variable work schedule is true?
They grow resentful and powerless
According to the leader member exchange model (LMX), all of the following describe out-group meme era except
They have fewer friends at work
According to the leader member exchange model (LMX), all of the following describe in-group members except
They have more friends at work
Fiedler contends that when a leader's style and the situation are mismatched, the only available course of action is to change the situation through
Job engineering
Herzberg's dual-structure theory was a response to the prevailing thinking that
Job satisfaction ranged from satisfaction to dissatisfaction
Two people are needed to fill a position for a company that remains often for business from 9 am to 5 pm, five days a week. Which of the following alternative work arrangements might best suit this position
Job sharing
Which of the following is not a way that managers can use expert power
Keeping education, experience, and accomplishments private
Early studies of leadership focused on the traits, or personal characteristics, of leaders. Later research shifted to examine actual _____________ _______________.
Leader behavior
The premise of the leadership substitutes perspective is that
Leader behaviors may be irrelevant in some situations
What factor is presumed to have the least effect on the favorableness of a situation?
Leader position power
Unlike LPC theory, path-goal theory assumes that
Leaders can change their behaviors
Which of the following statements is not true about personal power
Leaders with strong personal power should avoid using position power
The path-goal theory and the Vroom-Yetton-Jago model are illustrative of the perspective in which
Leadership effectiveness depends on characteristics of the situation
Individual task and organizational characteristics that tend to outweigh the leader's ability to affect subordinates' satisfaction and performance are called
Leadership substitutes
In the LPC theory, the degree of task or relationship motivation is measured by the
Least preferred coworker scale
Techniques of political behavior include all of the following except
Leveraging technology
The textbook makes several distinctions between managers and leadership. These distinctions include all of the following except
Management is more important in regard to creating and directing change
All of the following describes transformational leaders except
Manages routine work
When a charismatic leader steps down, which of the following challenges will his or her successor likely face?
Measuring up to the legacy of the prior leader
Amanda often helps new employees learn the ropes and prepare to advance within the organization. Amanda is filling which role?
Mentor
Why may some leadership theories be less applicable in today's diverse workforce?
Most past leadership research involved only white males
The most difficult performance factor to manage is often
Motivation
The equation P=M+A+E states that performance is a function of
Motivation, ability, and environment
Motivated behavior begins with one or more
Needs
Which theory helps managers function in a virtual world?
None of these
A leader who achieves a superior alignment between the organization and the environment is known as a
None of these are correct
Which of the following describes the trend among unions in the United States
Only one-twelfth of workers are unionized, and jobs continue to move into states where union power is limited
The benefits of job sharing include all of the following except
Organizations are concerned about worker safety
All of the following statements are true about the traditional work schedule, except
People can take off work when they need to
According to the path-goal theory of leadership, the two types of situational factors that influence how leaders should behave are
Personal characteristics of the subordinates and environmental characteristics
Unlike the Ohio state studies, the university of Michigan studies on leadership
Placed the defined dimensions of leadership behavior on opposite ends of a single continuum
Legitimate, reward, and some aspects of coercive and expert power can all contribute to
Position power
The primary bases of personal power include all of the following except
Position power
After Jack filed a discrimination complaint, he felt that his case was not handled properly and that he was not given a fair hearing. He started complaining, which had a negative impact on employee morale and the organization's culture. Jack experienced a lack of
Procedural justice
The extent to which employees perceive the processes used to determine outcomes in the organization as fair is called
Procedural justice
Characteristics of the organization that may substitute for leadership include all of the following except
Professional orientation
Referent power involves all of the following except
Promotions
Which of the following is not a guideline that managers can use to implement the job characteristics theory?
Raising pay levels to match the competition
According to his equity theory, inputs include all of the following except
Recognition
The best approach to managing political behavior is to
Recognize that political behavior is inevitable and try to minimize its negative impact
An up-and-comingexecutive who starts a trend of wearing brown suits to work is exhibiting _________________ power
Referent
Empowerment will enhance organizational effectiveness under all the following conditions except
Renewed concentration of authority in the hands of top managers
According to the leadership grid, a manger who is highly concerned about production but exhibits little concern for people would be a ____________ manager on the grid.
9,1
Ending the workweek at lunchtime on Friday is most likely an example of
A compressed workweek
What is the reasoning behind role modeling
A leader behaves in the same way that he or she wants subordinates to behave
Who will usually have the greatest potential influence on the actions of subordinates
A leader with both personal and position of power
People with a strong need for affiliation most often work in jobs with
A lot of interpersonal contact
According to a survey on how political behavior is perceived by managers,
A majority of responders indicated they believed political behavior was more relevant at higher levels of the organization
Task characteristics that may substitute for leader behavior include all of the following except
Ability
The need for _______________ is most frequently associated with David McClelland
Achievement
How has path-goal theory been refined over the years?
Additional forms of leader behavior were included
All of the following people were/are considered charismatic leaders except
All of these were/are charismatic leaders
Researchers at Ohio state investigating the issue of stability of leader behaviors over time found that
An individual's leadership pattern did not change much in similar situations
In the wake of recent corporate scandals, the behaviors of top leaders
Are being scrutinized more closely than ever
The Human Resources approach to motivation implies
Assumes that the contributions themselves are valuable to both the individuals and the organization
The degree to which the job allows the individual substantial freedom, independence, and discretion to schedule work and determine the procedures for carrying it out is
Autonomy
The Ohio state studies and the leadership grid are associated with the __________ approach to leadership
Behavioral
Leadership is
Both a process and a property
Suppose your department is faced with a severe budget shortfall. One manager steps up and initiate changes that save the department a great deal of money. Which of the following will likely happen based on attributions made about leadership?
Both responses a and c are correct
Legitimate power is closely specified and strictly followed in organizations that are highly
Bureaucratic
If a Japanese firm were to send an executive to head up the firm's operations in the United States, the executive would likely need to
Change his or her leadership style
Doug is an employee of McDowell Instruments. Doug steals money from his company, and often rationalizes that he does this because the organization does not pay him enough for the level of work that he does. Doug is reducing his perceived inequity by
Changing his outcomes
Referent power is similar to the concept of
Charisma
Which of the following traits forms the basis of Robert House's theory of leadership?
Charisma
According to the path-goal theory, leaders can affect subordinates' performance by
Clarifying what behaviors will lead to desired rewards
Which of the following is the best description of the new role of leaders in organizations?
Coach
Texas Instruments, Halliburton, and Yum! Brands have all developed successful training programs to help managers become better
Coaches
Keeping subordinates informed about company policies and the penalties for violating those policies is an example of using _______________ power
Coercive
______________ power is the most difficult form of power to exercise
Coercive
Recent renewed interest in the trait approach to leadership has suggested all of the following are characteristics except
Competitiveness
When a worker is willing to carry out a manager's work request, but only during the normal eight-hour day, he or she is exhibiting
Compliance
Which of the following is an alternative work arrangement where an employee can work a full fourth-hour week in less th and five days?
Compressed work week
All of the following are steps in an individual's formation of equity perceptions except
Confronting the comparison other with any inequity
According to Vroom, a manager who presents the program to group members individually, obtains their suggestions, and then makes decision is using a _______________ style of subordinate participation
Consult (individual)
Limiting the effects of political behavior include all of the following except
Effective group dynamics
One conclusion of the university of Michigan studies was that a leader who attempts to build effective work groups with high performance goals is exhibiting
Employee-centered leader behavior
The human relations approach to motivation includes all of the following except
Employees are motivated by only money
All of the following are benefits of telecommuting except
Employees miss the interaction of the workplace
Organizations are beginning to use a work schedule called "nine-eighty." The characteristics associated with this schedule include all of the following except
Employees share jobs on a part-time basis
The scientific management view of motivation includes all of the following except
Employees want to feel useful and important
Quality circles are an example of organizational attempts at
Empowerment
Alternative work arrangements are intended to
Enhance employee motivation and performance
All of the following describe transactional leaders except
Executes change
For some reason, Anne is unable to make friends at work. According to Alderfer's ERG theory, which of the following sets of needs will become more important to Anne?
Existence
Path-goal theory has its roots in the ___________ theory of motivation
Expectancy
________________ theory assumes that people are motivated to work toward a goal if they want that goal and think they can achieve it
Expectancy
In the job characteristics theory, which of the following is not a factor presumed to cause the emergence of psychological states
Experienced responsibility
A person in the organization may have crucial information about a statistical breakthrough of great importance to the organization and its strategic marketing plan. This is an example of _____________ power
Expert
Staying informed, recognizing employee concerns, and acting confident are guidelines for using ___________________ power
Expert
A guideline for using legitimate power is
Explain reasons for a request
The goal of the Michigan leadership studies was to determine the pattern of leadership behaviors that results in effective _______________ _________________.
Group performance
Participation occurs when employees
Have a voice in decisions about their own work
From a somewhat mechanistic standpoint, managers may enhance their referent power by choosing subordinates who
Have backgrounds similar to their own
The problems with telecommuting include all of the following except
Have to be at work during core time
Vroom's current formulation includes two different decision trees. One tree is to be used when the manager is primarily interested in making a timely decision. The other tree is to be used when the manager is interested in
Helping subordinates develop their decision-making skills
All of the following statements about key outcomes expected to result from the psychological states detailed in the job characteristics theory are true except
High profits for stockholders
Telecommuting involves all of the following except
Higher pay for working under special conditions
Trying to eliminate political behaviors within the organizations will probably
Increase political behavior
The ability to affect the perceptions, attitudes, or behaviors of others is known as
Influence
The foundation for expert power is control over
Information
All of the following are examples of coercive power except
Information that is important to the organization
Sandra's boss recently overlooked her for a promotion. Later, Sandra discovered that one page of her resume was missing when it was delivered to her boss with her application. Due to the incomplete resume, Sandra is likely to experience which category of injustice
Informational
Which of the following does not describe a behavior of charismatic leaders?
Initiate structured tasks and make assignments
Karla, manager of a women's apparel sales team, wanted to increase the overall quarterly sales performance during a particularly slow business season. According to the Michigan studies, which behavior by Karla is most likely to increase the group's performance
Set high performance goals
Which of the following elements has Fiedler added to the LPC theory to describe situational favorableness?
Stress
The leader member exchange model (LMX)
Stresses the importance of variable relationships between supervisors and each of their subordinates
Tasks that are simple, easily understood, routine, and unambiguous are considered
Structured
Vroom's decision tree to approach to leadership focuses on which aspect of leader behavior?
Subordinate participation in decision making
____________________ is the degree to which a job affects the lives or work of other people
Task significance
Allowing an employee to spend part of their time working off site, usually at home is called __________________
Telecommuting
Michael is a manager whose subordinates are highly motivated and experienced. According to the Hersey and Blanchard model of leadership, Michael should use which of the following styles
Telling
Studies have generally found that compared to out-group members, in-group members
Tend to have higher levels of performance and satisfaction
A major difference between the behavioral approach and the LPC theory of leadership is that
The LPC theory contends a leader's effectiveness depends on the situation
Before trying to manage political behavior, one should understand all of the following except
The basic tactics for eliminating political behavior
How does a supervisor initiate in-group or out-group relationships with subordinates?
The decision may be based on personal compatibility and subordinate competence
According to Maslow, if a previously satisfied lower-level need becomes deficient,
The individual returns to the lowest level that is now deficient
Position power is considered to be strong when
The leader can assign work and recommend promotions
The negative reason people engage in impression management include all of the following except
To further their own career
Strategic leadership includes all of the following except
To maintain ethical leadership
High need achievers tend not to make good top managers because
Top man angers seldom receive immediate feedback
Michael Eisner took over the stagnant Walt Disney form in the early 1990s and turned things around in dramatic fashion. However, once stability was needed, Eisner was unable to change his approach to
Transactional leadership
Examples of reward power include all of the following except
Transfer
Carlos is a leader who has led his company by initiating a merger with another organization and by redefining the company's culture. Carlos can beat be described as a
Transformational leader
The basic premise of the early trait approach to leadership was that
Unique leadership traits could be identified and used to select leaders
In the leader member exchange model (LMX), each superior subordinate pair is referred to as a(n)
Vertical dyad
According to equity theory, people
Want to be treated fairly
Leadership attributions hold true that
When behaviors are observed in a context associated with leadership, others may attribute varying levels of leadership ability or power to the person displaying those behaviors
Which of the following may help explain the pattern of differences between men and women leaders?
Women tend to have stronger interpersonal skills
The human relations view of participation was that participation
Would increase satisfaction, but would not be a source of potentially valuable input
sara tries to always be on time for work because she once saw her boss fire someone wha came in late. sara is exhibiting learning through
avoidance
which of the following is the primary problem associated with the specialization of jobs?
boredom
in its simplest form, reinforcement theory suggests that behavior is a function of
consequences
which theory serves as the basis for job enrichment?
dual-structure theory
a $10 bonus for every fifth sale would be an example of which schedule reinforcement?
fixed interval
porter and lawler's extension of the expectancy model argues that
high levels of performance may lead to satisfaction
which of the following is the third step in OB modification?
identify the existing behavioral contingencies, or consequences of performance
one common criticism associated with the use of OB modification is that it
includes elements of manipulation
_____________ is the ability to affect the perceptions, beliefs, attitudes, otivation, and/or behaviors of others
influence
the problems encountered when implementing job rotation in the workplace include all of the following except
it increases flexibility in transferring workers to new jobs
which of the following statements is not true about continuous reinforcement?
it is frequently used by managers in organizational settings.
which of the following best describes the current view of job enrichment
job enrichment has recently fallen into favor among managers
all of the following are examples of job design techniques except
job expectancy
one of the earliest alternatives to job specialization used by managers was
job rotation
the first widespread model of how individual work should be designed was
job specialization
Aria has been performing successfully at work for several months. Aria believes that she will get a pay raise if she maintains this high level of performance. This belief is an example of the ____________ expectancy.
performance-to-outcome
which two types of reinforcement are generally accepted as means for increasing the frequency desired behavior
positive reinforcement and avoidance
OB modification attempts to use
positive reinforcement to encourage desired behaviors
the critical psychological states of the job characteristics theory include all of the following except
recognition for work outcomes
individuals can be happier in their personal and professional lives if they separate the notions of
success and money
a famous study was conducted in the automotive industry. the purpose of the study as to assess how satisfied automobile workers were with various aspects of their jobs. the facets that the workers complained about include all of the following except
the low pay
The definition of Leadership includes all of the following except
the effective use of force and/or coercion
vertical job loading differs from job enlargement in that
the employee has more control over the job
job enlargement involves the process of horizontal job loading, meaning that
the employee is assigned more tasks to perform
In order to for social learning to take place,
the employee must possess the physical attributes needed to perform the job
the basic expectancy framework suggests that for motivated behavior to occur,
the positive valences should outweigh the negative valences of potential outcomes
research has suggested that the expectancy theory is more likely to explain motivation in _____________
the united states
giving praise and recognition is an example of which type of reinforcement schedule?
variable interval