paper registry 2
In mobile C-arm fluoroscopy, the minimal source-to-end of collimator assembly distance is ____.
12 inches
What is the angle of the neck to the shaft of a femur in the average adult?
125°
The correct IR orientation for a PA projection on a hyposthenic patient is __?
14x17 lengthwise
Patients with pes cavus require a ___ when performing a dorsoplantar foot radiograph
15° angle
Stator & rotor
2 mechanical parts of the rotating anode
At what level will you center for an AP axial SI joint?
2" below the ASIS
The permanent filtration required for mobile & fluoroscopic radiographic units is _____.
2.5 mm aluminum equivalent
Which of the following is not the proper flexion for a lateral knee?
20°-30° flexion
What angle is used for imaging the SI joints of a male?
30°
On a medial oblique foot, what anatomy should appear free of superimposition?
3rd-5th metatarsals
The correct degree of rotation for an internal oblique of the ankle to demonstrate the distal tibiofibular joint space is?
45°
To demonstrate the head of the fibula, which of the following should be performed?
45° medial oblique of the knee
The dose of radiation that causes ___% of irradiated subjects to die within __ days is referred to as:
50;30; LD 50/30
A common fracture of the foot occurs at what anatomical site?
5th Metarsal
Patients with pes planus require a ___ when performing a dorsoplantar foot radiograph
5° angle
What is the correct degree of angulation for a patient whose ASIS to tabletop (TT) measures 28 cm when imaging a knee?
5° cephalic angle
When performing oblique imaging for a study of the heart, the degree of obliquity should be which of the following?
60°
A dorsoplantar foot projection requires what angle?
7-10° posterior angle
To demonstrate the zygapophyseal joints of the thoracic spine, ___° of obliquity should be performed.
70
To reduce the magnification of the heart, which of the following techniques is used by the radiographer?
72" SID
What kVp would be necessary when performing radiography of the lungs?
>100 kVp
mortise
A 15-20° internal rotation of the ankle will demonstrate
A patient is suspected of having a tumor in the right apical region of the lungs. Which of the following positions could be performed to better visualize this area?
AP lordotic
Why is long-scale contrast important when performing chest radiography?
Allows for visualization of the thoracic structures in shades of white, gray, & black
_____, which may be placed outside of the tube housing to aid in the absorption of lower-energy x-rays, is/are a form of added filtration.
Aluminum sheets
Three
An automatic exposure system has __ different ionization chambers
Leakage
Any radiation that is not considered a primary radiation
Increases; inverse
As frequency decreases, wavelength ___ as a result of a ___ relationship
An oblique of the sternum is best demonstrated when which of the following techniques are employed?
Autotomography
When performing ankle radiography, which anatomic structure of the foot should be demonstrated?
Base of the 5th metarsal
Why is the angle if the female sacroiliac (SI) joints 35 degrees?
Because of the lumbosacral curve
a higher z number of the target material will result in what effect on the brems radiation produced?
Brems radiation produced will have greater efficiency
Which of the following statements is not true of the control-booth barrier? A. Diagnostic x-rays must scatter at least 2 times before reaching any area behind the barrier. B. Exposure cord must be short enough so that it may only be operated from behind the control booth barrier. C. Intercepts only remnant & scatter radiation. D. The barrier must extend 7 feet up from the floor & be secured to it.
C. Intercepts only remnant & scatter radiation.
What angle direction is appropriate for the axial view of the SI joint when the patient is supine?
Cephalic
What is not true about medical consent forms?
Consent forms are transferable to another date if the same procedure is rescheduled
A patient had a traumatic injury to the knee. To demonstrate if there is an effusion, which of the following areas should be imaged?
Cross-table lateral knee
The attenuation properties of the protective devices used in control-booth construction should include all of the following EXCEPT: A. Primary barriers consist of 1/16" lead equivalent B. Secondary barriers consist of 1/32" lead equivalent C. Secondary barriers should overlap the primary barrier by ½" D. Primary barriers should be 5-7 feet from the secondary wall
D. Primary barriers should be 5-7 feet from the secondary wall
To best demonstrate free air in the abdomen of a nonambulatory patient, which of the following projections should be performed?
Decubitus
Reduces pt exposure Improves image quality Can be manual or automatic collimator
Describes a beam restriction device
Pigg-o-stat
Device used to aid in the imaging of infants for chest radiographs
When performing erect abdominal radiographs, which of the following anatomical structures must be present?
Diaphragm
What radiograph would best demonstrate medial/lateral displacement of a calcaneus fracture?
Dorsoplantar axial
To have greater lung expansion, which of the following techniques should be used by the radiographer when instructing the patient?
Double inhalation
Which does not describe the difference between a young patient & an elderly patient?
Elderly patients have a greater support system
An ambulatory patient arrives for two-way abdominal imaging. In what order should the projections be taken to demonstrate whether there is free air?
Erect abdomen, then AP supine abdomen
A patient presenting with left posterior rib pain at the level of the 10th rib would require ___ breathing instructions.
Exhalation
What is the correct breathing technique when imaging the lower ribs?
Exhalation
Fluoroscopy; angiography
General x-ray, ____ & ___ are commonly 3-phase x-ray systems
____ & ____ are the resulting free radicals that have the ability to break chemical bonds & result in biologic damage.
H* & OH*
Autoclave sterilzation uses
High, moist heat (steam)
What is produced by radiolysis of positive water molecule (HOH+)?
Hydrogen ion (H+) & OH*
What accurately defines grids?
Increase image quality
As linear energy transfer (LET) ____ relative biologic effectiveness (RBE) increases
Increases
The human application of radio sensitizing agents ______.
Increases the enhancement of radiation by 2
The _____ surrounding the x-ray tube is/are a form of inherit filtration.
Insulation oil
Bremsstrahlung
Interaction of the projectile electron & the nuclear field of the target atom
To demonstrate degenerative joint disease of the knee, especially the area around the tibial eminences, which of the following should be performed?
Intercondylar Fossa View
When performing AP imaging of the pelvis, how should the patient's legs be positioned to best demonstrate the femoral necks in a non-trauma situation?
Internally rotated
The most sensitive phase of the cell cycle is _____.
Interphase
A patient complains of right anterior rib pain at the level of the sternum. What is the best projection to demonstrate a possible injury?
LAO
A patient complains of left posterior rib pain at the level of the body of the sternum. What is the best projection to demonstrate a possible injury?
LPO
Which of the following is the most radioresistant phase of the cell cycle?
Late S
To demonstrate the posterior malleolus of the ankle, which of the following projections should be performed?
Lateral (external oblique)
Which of the following projections will best demonstrate Osgood-Schlatter disease?
Lateral knee
The medical term describing a funnel (sunken) chest is best demonstrated on what radiograph?
Lateral sternum
Pes planus
Lateral weight-bearing projections of the feet best demonstrates
To best demonstrate a posteriorly displaced fracture of the ankle, which of the following projections should be performed?
Lateromedial lateral
Which S-C joint will be demonstrated when the patient is in a LAO position?
Left S-C joint
Do hypersthenic patients require more or less obliquity when oblique imaging of the sternum is being performed?
Less
Tissue is ____ radiosensitive under low oxygen conditions & ____ radiosensitive under aerobic conditions.
Less, more
As ____ transfer decreases, RBE decreases.
Linear energy
The ____ dose-response relationship produces a response in a radiated population regardless of size or dose.
Linear, nonthreshold
Tissues that are mature with a ___ metabolic rate are more radioresistant
Low
Digital monitors are subject to artifacts & display issues. A society of motion pictures & television engineers (SMPTE) patteren can be used to check for?
Luminescense
Which of the following cells are greatly affected by radiation exposure?
Lymphocytes
Tissues that are ____ with a low metabolic rate are less radiosensitive
Mature
The following statement is true as it relates to radiation damage to DNA EXCEPT: A. May be transferred through high LET radiations to daughter cells B. May result in rapid & uncontrolled cell proliferation C. May produce nondetectable responses at the cellular or whole-body level D. May not be visibly detected
May be transferred through high LET radiations to daughter cells
What view would best demonstrate the lateral cuneiform?
Medial oblique foot
____ is the ____ stage of mitosis.
Metaphase; second
Flexion/extension laterals of the spine are performed to elevate ___.
Mobility
Do asthenic patients require more or less obliquity when oblique imaging of the sternum is being performed?
More
Brain tissue is ____ when compared to bone marrow.
More radioresistant
What is the purpose of instructing a patient to drop the shoulders during chest radiography?
Moves the clavicles inferiorly from the apices
A ____ relationship is used to assess skin effects during high-dose fluoroscopy.
Nonlinear, threshold
What is produced by radiolysis of negative water molecule (HOH-)?
OH- & H*
Which of the following is indicative of a properly positioned lateral knee?
Open femoro-patellar joint space
To decrease dose to a patient, how should cervical obliques be performed?
PA
On an image of the lateral knee, what two structures are seen in profile?
Patella & tibial tubercle
Hypovolemia
Patient who is diagnosed with megacolon is at risk for this additional complication
Intravenous urography
Patients who have abnormal BUN levels may not undergo this procedure
To properly position for a lateral knee, how should the femoral condyles be positioned in relation to the IR?
Perpendicular
60 Hz AC
Power source in the US
Ionization occurs when a ___ interacts with an ___ & is successful in totally removing it from its orbital shell
Projectile electron ; inner shell electron
Pathology of the small intestines will be better demonstrated when the patient is __?
Prone
What is demonstrated on the medial oblique knee?
Proximal tibiofibular joint space open
A 15-20° RAO position of the sternum is performed for which of the following reasons?
Pulls the sternum away from the spine and into the heart shadow
Why is inhalation used when imaging the lateral sternum?
Pushes the sternum away from the thoracic cavity
When positioning a patient for a weight-bearing projection of the foot, it is necessary to instruct the patient to do which of the following?
Put full weight onto affected foot
A patient presents with right posterior rib pain. Which oblique position would best demonstrate potential pathology?
RPO
To demonstrate the right zygapophyseal joints of the lumbar spine, which of the following should be performed?
RPO
Which are true regarding quality assurance testing for light field & radiation field testing?
Radiopaque markers on edges of light field A fluorescent plate Plastic or aluminum tube for beam alignment
Aluminum is most frequently used in filtration because of its ability to _____.
Remove low-energy x-rays
A 10°-15° oblique image of the chest may be performed for which of the following reasons?
Remove superimposed tissue
Image intensifier
Replaces the flat panel detector in digital fluoro
Portal of exit
Required before a pathogen can be transmitted to another person
Which of the following is required for fluoroscopes per the NCRP?
SSD should be no less than 12" for mobile fluoroscopes
Which of the following is a disorder of the apex of the patella?
Sinding-Larsen-Johansson
A lateral radiograph of the lumbar spine would best demonstrate which of the following pathologies?
Spondylolisthesis
Cross-linking results in ____ structures.
Spur-like
How would a patient be positioned in the Holly method to demonstrate the sesamoids?
Supine
When a KUB is performed, what anatomical landmark can be used to ensure the bladder will be visualized on the radiograph?
Symphysis pubis
AEC
System that used detectors to determine appropriate amount of radiation to produce during an exam
The central ray is directed to the level of ___ for a PA chest.
T6-T7
The central ray placement for an AP image of the chest should be directed at __?
T6-T7
When a patient is positioned prone to demonstrate the sesamoids, how is the CR directed?
Tangentail
The ____ of mitosis results in the formation of two daughter cells.
Telophase
Judd
The PA method for imaging the dens
decreases
The effective energy of the characteristic energy decreases when the atomic Z number ____
Voltage waveform & generator type has an effect on quantity & quality of the resulting beam. What is a false statement?
The greater the efficiency of the generator, the more voltage ripple will occur
What positioning error has been made in the open mouth view if the lower margin of the front teeth is superimposed over the odontoid?
The head was flexed too much
Point lesions
The irradiation of the human body may result in lesions at the molecular level that are not detectable but will result in disruptions in single chemical bonds that may cause cell malfunction. This injury is known as ____.
When performing S-C joint projections, which of the following is the primary reason for positioning the patient in an RAO or LAO?
The joint appears magnified
Arm
The medial cubital vein is commonly used for contrast injection and is located here
Pectus excavatum
The medical term describing a sunken positioned chest
Prophase
The stage of mitosis in which the nuclear membrane disappears & visibility of the nucleolus is absent
Compton
This type of radiation is a major consideration during radiographic procedures associated with protection of patients & medical personnel.
Photoelectric effect
This type of useful ionizing radiation is produced through the energy transfer between the incoming x-ray photon & inner shell electron.
For radiographic procedures, radiographers should don proper protective shielding, including:
Thyroid shields of minimum 0.5 mm lead equivalent
Which of the following is not a principal observable effect resulting from irradiation of cells?
Transition
False
True or false Unlike conventional radiography, digital imaging receptors arent subject to artifacts
CR system Conventional film-type system DR system
Types of dedicated chest units
Tomography
Uses a pivot point & fulcrum between the x-ray tube & IR
DR
Uses flat panel detectors
Which of the following would not be present on a soft tissue analog neck radiograph?
Vertebral fracture
Which of the following is indicative of an under-rotated lateral knee?
Visualization of the adductor tubercle
Herniated Nucleus Pulposus (HNP)
When the nucleus pulposus extrudes from the annulus fibrosis
Main-chain scission
Where there is a break in the backbone of the long-chain macromolecule & a reduction in viscosity, the injury is determined
Esophagus
Zenker's diverticulum is an outpouching of
Deterministic
_____ radiation responses refer to human responses to radiation that are considered to be a result of early or acute exposure.
Stochastic
_____ radiation responses refer to human responses to radiation that are considered to be a result of late or chronic exposure.
Density
a 6" air gap will result in a change in ____
Aperture diaphragm
a beam restricting device
an increase in kVp will NOT result in
a decrease in filtration of the beam
decrease in amplitude
a decrease in mA/s results in a
Ghost image
a digital imaging artifact that can occur if a previous exposure is trapped
Structured
a form of a patient interview that allows specific information to be gathered quickly & easily
Itchy throat
a mild reaction to contrast media
Spinal cord trauma
a patient with flaccid paralysis may have suffered what traumatic energy
Pathogenicity of a microorganism
ability of an organism to produce disease
decrease in x-ray intensity
added filtration results in
10-20 breaths per minute is the normal respiratory rate for ___
adults
mA/s
affects radiographic density
mA
affects the quantity of radiation
Rectifier
allows the current to be changed from AC to DC
Tort
an action not punishable by imprisonment
Iatrogenic
an illness acquired through the treatment prescribed by the physician
Tungsten makes up the
anode
False imprisonment
applying leg and arm restraints without a medical order
density decreases
as mA/s decreases,
25%; inverse square law
as the distance from the source of radiation is doubled by 50%, the intensity of the radiation is reduced by____ based on the ____
Latex
besides iodinated contrast, another severe reaction in the radiology department can occur because patients are allergic to what commonly used material?
Electron speed & proximity to the nucleus
brems radiation is dependent on what
Majority of radiation that is produced at the target atom
bremsstrhlung
The AEC
can be adjusted in small increments
air-gap technique
can be used in place of a grid
What occurs when x-ray equipment malfunctions
can endanger the patient can endangerthe operator
Glucagon
common drug found in a crash cart
Timer
component that controls the duration of the x-ray exposure
Patients with a suspected perforated bowel should have what modifications to the procedure?
decrease the height of the enema bag to reduce flow
Eversion stress
demonstrates a medial ligament tear of the ankle
law of reciprocity
different combinations of mA & time that produce the same mA/s will produce the same density
Film-screen speed & density
directly proportional
Anaerobes
do not require oxygen to survive
The aorta & left primary bronchus result in indentations in what anatomical structure?
esophagus
The law of reproducibility
everytime the same combination of mA & time is set on the same x-ray unit, the resulting image will demonstrate the same density
Manual
exposure settings used to check for holes or cracks in lead aprons
DC
for an x-ray tube to generate an x-ray the incoming power needs to be converted from AC to
kVp
force that accelerates focused electrons
Tissues that are immature with a ___ metabolic rate are less radiosensitive
high
Absorbs liquid
hygroscopic, as it related to barium, is defined as a substance that ____
An imaging artifact
incomplete system erasures on CR & DR systems can contribute to
Droplet
influenza is classified as this type of disease transmission
The anode
is a rotating disk & is positively charged
Protraction
is continual dosing of radiation at a lower rate provided over a long period of time; the body is allowed time for cellular repair & tissue recovery
Fractionation
is dosing of radiation administered in equal portions separated by 24 hr time frames, during which the body is allowed time for cellular repair & recovery
Rotor
is made of soft iron & copper bars
Federal regulations mandates that _____ radiation must not exceed 100 milliroentgens per hour (mR/hr) at a distance of 1 meter from the tube housing.
leakage
Respondent superior
legal doctrine that states that the employer is responsible for the actions of the employee
Health insurance portability & accountability act (HIPPA) privacy practices
legal document signed by the patient with regard to the physician's policies concerning personal health information
kVp
main controlling factor of contrast
Infrared radiation
makes up 99% of the kinetic energy of projectile electrons
Cathartic
may be given in preparation for a BE to cleanse the bowel of any remaining fecal material.
Ecchymosis
medical term for "black & blue"
15° mortise
most accurately demonstrates the ankle joint
Tympatic
most common place to take a pulse with the hands
Thermionic emission
most x-ray tubes contain 2 different-sized wires that emit electrons during this process
Do not resuscitate
no efforts can be made to assist the pt once they have gone into cardiac or respiratory arrest
A blood pressure of 110/70 mmHg is considered
normal
Diarrhea
not a complication of instillation of barium after a BE
Characteristic radiation is ___
not useful for imaging
Valuing diversity
one of the 5 cultural competencies
Radiosensitive tissue that is in an environment rich in ____ will be radiosensitive to the effects of radiation.
oxygen
hospice
palliative care commonly occurs where
Normal flora
pathogen that is present on the patients skin & doesnt cause infection for the person
Hypothermia
patient with a body temperature below 95°
Metformin
patients are commonly asked to refrain from taking this common diabetic drug 1 day before receiving radiographic contrast
Droplet
patients in this type of isolation should be placed 3 feet away from another patient
increased pulse rate
patients with pyrexia may be experiencing
Battery
physically touching a person without their consent
Primary
radiation produced when the target is bombarded by electrons
Indirect effect
results from the irradiation of water molecules in the human body that results in the creation of ions & reactive free radicals
Urine Sweat Feces
secretion of drugs can occur through what mechanisms
During a BE, the enema bag should hang 18-24" above the ____
table
Temperature
the hypothalamus regulates ____
Inverse square law
the intensity of radiation is inversely proportional to the source of the distance from the x-ray source
Virulence
the likelihood a pathogen will result in active disease
Anaphase
the third stage of mitosis where centromeres divide.
Contrast
the visible difference between 2 densities on an image
45° angle
when injecting contrast media, the needle needs to be placed bevel up & at what angle
