paper registry 2

In mobile C-arm fluoroscopy, the minimal source-to-end of collimator assembly distance is ____.

12 inches

What is the angle of the neck to the shaft of a femur in the average adult?

125°

The correct IR orientation for a PA projection on a hyposthenic patient is __?

14x17 lengthwise

Patients with pes cavus require a ___ when performing a dorsoplantar foot radiograph

15° angle

Stator & rotor

2 mechanical parts of the rotating anode

At what level will you center for an AP axial SI joint?

2" below the ASIS

The permanent filtration required for mobile & fluoroscopic radiographic units is _____.

2.5 mm aluminum equivalent

Which of the following is not the proper flexion for a lateral knee?

20°-30° flexion

What angle is used for imaging the SI joints of a male?

30°

On a medial oblique foot, what anatomy should appear free of superimposition?

3rd-5th metatarsals

The correct degree of rotation for an internal oblique of the ankle to demonstrate the distal tibiofibular joint space is?

45°

To demonstrate the head of the fibula, which of the following should be performed?

45° medial oblique of the knee

The dose of radiation that causes ___% of irradiated subjects to die within __ days is referred to as:

50;30; LD 50/30

A common fracture of the foot occurs at what anatomical site?

5th Metarsal

Patients with pes planus require a ___ when performing a dorsoplantar foot radiograph

5° angle

What is the correct degree of angulation for a patient whose ASIS to tabletop (TT) measures 28 cm when imaging a knee?

5° cephalic angle

When performing oblique imaging for a study of the heart, the degree of obliquity should be which of the following?

60°

A dorsoplantar foot projection requires what angle?

7-10° posterior angle

To demonstrate the zygapophyseal joints of the thoracic spine, ___° of obliquity should be performed.

70

To reduce the magnification of the heart, which of the following techniques is used by the radiographer?

72" SID

What kVp would be necessary when performing radiography of the lungs?

>100 kVp

mortise

A 15-20° internal rotation of the ankle will demonstrate

A patient is suspected of having a tumor in the right apical region of the lungs. Which of the following positions could be performed to better visualize this area?

AP lordotic

Why is long-scale contrast important when performing chest radiography?

Allows for visualization of the thoracic structures in shades of white, gray, & black

_____, which may be placed outside of the tube housing to aid in the absorption of lower-energy x-rays, is/are a form of added filtration.

Aluminum sheets

Three

An automatic exposure system has __ different ionization chambers

Leakage

Any radiation that is not considered a primary radiation

Increases; inverse

As frequency decreases, wavelength ___ as a result of a ___ relationship

An oblique of the sternum is best demonstrated when which of the following techniques are employed?

Autotomography

When performing ankle radiography, which anatomic structure of the foot should be demonstrated?

Base of the 5th metarsal

Why is the angle if the female sacroiliac (SI) joints 35 degrees?

Because of the lumbosacral curve

a higher z number of the target material will result in what effect on the brems radiation produced?

Brems radiation produced will have greater efficiency

Which of the following statements is not true of the control-booth barrier? A. Diagnostic x-rays must scatter at least 2 times before reaching any area behind the barrier. B. Exposure cord must be short enough so that it may only be operated from behind the control booth barrier. C. Intercepts only remnant & scatter radiation. D. The barrier must extend 7 feet up from the floor & be secured to it.

C. Intercepts only remnant & scatter radiation.

What angle direction is appropriate for the axial view of the SI joint when the patient is supine?

Cephalic

What is not true about medical consent forms?

Consent forms are transferable to another date if the same procedure is rescheduled

A patient had a traumatic injury to the knee. To demonstrate if there is an effusion, which of the following areas should be imaged?

Cross-table lateral knee

The attenuation properties of the protective devices used in control-booth construction should include all of the following EXCEPT: A. Primary barriers consist of 1/16" lead equivalent B. Secondary barriers consist of 1/32" lead equivalent C. Secondary barriers should overlap the primary barrier by ½" D. Primary barriers should be 5-7 feet from the secondary wall

D. Primary barriers should be 5-7 feet from the secondary wall

To best demonstrate free air in the abdomen of a nonambulatory patient, which of the following projections should be performed?

Decubitus

Reduces pt exposure Improves image quality Can be manual or automatic collimator

Describes a beam restriction device

Pigg-o-stat

Device used to aid in the imaging of infants for chest radiographs

When performing erect abdominal radiographs, which of the following anatomical structures must be present?

Diaphragm

What radiograph would best demonstrate medial/lateral displacement of a calcaneus fracture?

Dorsoplantar axial

To have greater lung expansion, which of the following techniques should be used by the radiographer when instructing the patient?

Double inhalation

Which does not describe the difference between a young patient & an elderly patient?

Elderly patients have a greater support system

An ambulatory patient arrives for two-way abdominal imaging. In what order should the projections be taken to demonstrate whether there is free air?

Erect abdomen, then AP supine abdomen

A patient presenting with left posterior rib pain at the level of the 10th rib would require ___ breathing instructions.

Exhalation

What is the correct breathing technique when imaging the lower ribs?

Exhalation

Fluoroscopy; angiography

General x-ray, ____ & ___ are commonly 3-phase x-ray systems

____ & ____ are the resulting free radicals that have the ability to break chemical bonds & result in biologic damage.

H* & OH*

Autoclave sterilzation uses

High, moist heat (steam)

What is produced by radiolysis of positive water molecule (HOH+)?

Hydrogen ion (H+) & OH*

What accurately defines grids?

Increase image quality

As linear energy transfer (LET) ____ relative biologic effectiveness (RBE) increases

Increases

The human application of radio sensitizing agents ______.

Increases the enhancement of radiation by 2

The _____ surrounding the x-ray tube is/are a form of inherit filtration.

Insulation oil

Bremsstrahlung

Interaction of the projectile electron & the nuclear field of the target atom

To demonstrate degenerative joint disease of the knee, especially the area around the tibial eminences, which of the following should be performed?

Intercondylar Fossa View

When performing AP imaging of the pelvis, how should the patient's legs be positioned to best demonstrate the femoral necks in a non-trauma situation?

Internally rotated

The most sensitive phase of the cell cycle is _____.

Interphase

A patient complains of right anterior rib pain at the level of the sternum. What is the best projection to demonstrate a possible injury?

LAO

A patient complains of left posterior rib pain at the level of the body of the sternum. What is the best projection to demonstrate a possible injury?

LPO

Which of the following is the most radioresistant phase of the cell cycle?

Late S

To demonstrate the posterior malleolus of the ankle, which of the following projections should be performed?

Lateral (external oblique)

Which of the following projections will best demonstrate Osgood-Schlatter disease?

Lateral knee

The medical term describing a funnel (sunken) chest is best demonstrated on what radiograph?

Lateral sternum

Pes planus

Lateral weight-bearing projections of the feet best demonstrates

To best demonstrate a posteriorly displaced fracture of the ankle, which of the following projections should be performed?

Lateromedial lateral

Which S-C joint will be demonstrated when the patient is in a LAO position?

Left S-C joint

Do hypersthenic patients require more or less obliquity when oblique imaging of the sternum is being performed?

Less

Tissue is ____ radiosensitive under low oxygen conditions & ____ radiosensitive under aerobic conditions.

Less, more

As ____ transfer decreases, RBE decreases.

Linear energy

The ____ dose-response relationship produces a response in a radiated population regardless of size or dose.

Linear, nonthreshold

Tissues that are mature with a ___ metabolic rate are more radioresistant

Low

Digital monitors are subject to artifacts & display issues. A society of motion pictures & television engineers (SMPTE) patteren can be used to check for?

Luminescense

Which of the following cells are greatly affected by radiation exposure?

Lymphocytes

Tissues that are ____ with a low metabolic rate are less radiosensitive

Mature

The following statement is true as it relates to radiation damage to DNA EXCEPT: A. May be transferred through high LET radiations to daughter cells B. May result in rapid & uncontrolled cell proliferation C. May produce nondetectable responses at the cellular or whole-body level D. May not be visibly detected

May be transferred through high LET radiations to daughter cells

What view would best demonstrate the lateral cuneiform?

Medial oblique foot

____ is the ____ stage of mitosis.

Metaphase; second

Flexion/extension laterals of the spine are performed to elevate ___.

Mobility

Do asthenic patients require more or less obliquity when oblique imaging of the sternum is being performed?

More

Brain tissue is ____ when compared to bone marrow.

More radioresistant

What is the purpose of instructing a patient to drop the shoulders during chest radiography?

Moves the clavicles inferiorly from the apices

A ____ relationship is used to assess skin effects during high-dose fluoroscopy.

Nonlinear, threshold

What is produced by radiolysis of negative water molecule (HOH-)?

OH- & H*

Which of the following is indicative of a properly positioned lateral knee?

Open femoro-patellar joint space

To decrease dose to a patient, how should cervical obliques be performed?

PA

On an image of the lateral knee, what two structures are seen in profile?

Patella & tibial tubercle

Hypovolemia

Patient who is diagnosed with megacolon is at risk for this additional complication

Intravenous urography

Patients who have abnormal BUN levels may not undergo this procedure

To properly position for a lateral knee, how should the femoral condyles be positioned in relation to the IR?

Perpendicular

60 Hz AC

Power source in the US

Ionization occurs when a ___ interacts with an ___ & is successful in totally removing it from its orbital shell

Projectile electron ; inner shell electron

Pathology of the small intestines will be better demonstrated when the patient is __?

Prone

What is demonstrated on the medial oblique knee?

Proximal tibiofibular joint space open

A 15-20° RAO position of the sternum is performed for which of the following reasons?

Pulls the sternum away from the spine and into the heart shadow

Why is inhalation used when imaging the lateral sternum?

Pushes the sternum away from the thoracic cavity

When positioning a patient for a weight-bearing projection of the foot, it is necessary to instruct the patient to do which of the following?

Put full weight onto affected foot

A patient presents with right posterior rib pain. Which oblique position would best demonstrate potential pathology?

RPO

To demonstrate the right zygapophyseal joints of the lumbar spine, which of the following should be performed?

RPO

Which are true regarding quality assurance testing for light field & radiation field testing?

Radiopaque markers on edges of light field A fluorescent plate Plastic or aluminum tube for beam alignment

Aluminum is most frequently used in filtration because of its ability to _____.

Remove low-energy x-rays

A 10°-15° oblique image of the chest may be performed for which of the following reasons?

Remove superimposed tissue

Image intensifier

Replaces the flat panel detector in digital fluoro

Portal of exit

Required before a pathogen can be transmitted to another person

Which of the following is required for fluoroscopes per the NCRP?

SSD should be no less than 12" for mobile fluoroscopes

Which of the following is a disorder of the apex of the patella?

Sinding-Larsen-Johansson

A lateral radiograph of the lumbar spine would best demonstrate which of the following pathologies?

Spondylolisthesis

Cross-linking results in ____ structures.

Spur-like

How would a patient be positioned in the Holly method to demonstrate the sesamoids?

Supine

When a KUB is performed, what anatomical landmark can be used to ensure the bladder will be visualized on the radiograph?

Symphysis pubis

AEC

System that used detectors to determine appropriate amount of radiation to produce during an exam

The central ray is directed to the level of ___ for a PA chest.

T6-T7

The central ray placement for an AP image of the chest should be directed at __?

T6-T7

When a patient is positioned prone to demonstrate the sesamoids, how is the CR directed?

Tangentail

The ____ of mitosis results in the formation of two daughter cells.

Telophase

Judd

The PA method for imaging the dens

decreases

The effective energy of the characteristic energy decreases when the atomic Z number ____

Voltage waveform & generator type has an effect on quantity & quality of the resulting beam. What is a false statement?

The greater the efficiency of the generator, the more voltage ripple will occur

What positioning error has been made in the open mouth view if the lower margin of the front teeth is superimposed over the odontoid?

The head was flexed too much

Point lesions

The irradiation of the human body may result in lesions at the molecular level that are not detectable but will result in disruptions in single chemical bonds that may cause cell malfunction. This injury is known as ____.

When performing S-C joint projections, which of the following is the primary reason for positioning the patient in an RAO or LAO?

The joint appears magnified

Arm

The medial cubital vein is commonly used for contrast injection and is located here

Pectus excavatum

The medical term describing a sunken positioned chest

Prophase

The stage of mitosis in which the nuclear membrane disappears & visibility of the nucleolus is absent

Compton

This type of radiation is a major consideration during radiographic procedures associated with protection of patients & medical personnel.

Photoelectric effect

This type of useful ionizing radiation is produced through the energy transfer between the incoming x-ray photon & inner shell electron.

For radiographic procedures, radiographers should don proper protective shielding, including:

Thyroid shields of minimum 0.5 mm lead equivalent

Which of the following is not a principal observable effect resulting from irradiation of cells?

Transition

False

True or false Unlike conventional radiography, digital imaging receptors arent subject to artifacts

CR system Conventional film-type system DR system

Types of dedicated chest units

Tomography

Uses a pivot point & fulcrum between the x-ray tube & IR

DR

Uses flat panel detectors

Which of the following would not be present on a soft tissue analog neck radiograph?

Vertebral fracture

Which of the following is indicative of an under-rotated lateral knee?

Visualization of the adductor tubercle

Herniated Nucleus Pulposus (HNP)

When the nucleus pulposus extrudes from the annulus fibrosis

Main-chain scission

Where there is a break in the backbone of the long-chain macromolecule & a reduction in viscosity, the injury is determined

Esophagus

Zenker's diverticulum is an outpouching of

Deterministic

_____ radiation responses refer to human responses to radiation that are considered to be a result of early or acute exposure.

Stochastic

_____ radiation responses refer to human responses to radiation that are considered to be a result of late or chronic exposure.

Density

a 6" air gap will result in a change in ____

Aperture diaphragm

a beam restricting device

an increase in kVp will NOT result in

a decrease in filtration of the beam

decrease in amplitude

a decrease in mA/s results in a

Ghost image

a digital imaging artifact that can occur if a previous exposure is trapped

Structured

a form of a patient interview that allows specific information to be gathered quickly & easily

Itchy throat

a mild reaction to contrast media

Spinal cord trauma

a patient with flaccid paralysis may have suffered what traumatic energy

Pathogenicity of a microorganism

ability of an organism to produce disease

decrease in x-ray intensity

added filtration results in

10-20 breaths per minute is the normal respiratory rate for ___

adults

mA/s

affects radiographic density

mA

affects the quantity of radiation

Rectifier

allows the current to be changed from AC to DC

Tort

an action not punishable by imprisonment

Iatrogenic

an illness acquired through the treatment prescribed by the physician

Tungsten makes up the

anode

False imprisonment

applying leg and arm restraints without a medical order

density decreases

as mA/s decreases,

25%; inverse square law

as the distance from the source of radiation is doubled by 50%, the intensity of the radiation is reduced by____ based on the ____

Latex

besides iodinated contrast, another severe reaction in the radiology department can occur because patients are allergic to what commonly used material?

Electron speed & proximity to the nucleus

brems radiation is dependent on what

Majority of radiation that is produced at the target atom

bremsstrhlung

The AEC

can be adjusted in small increments

air-gap technique

can be used in place of a grid

What occurs when x-ray equipment malfunctions

can endanger the patient can endangerthe operator

Glucagon

common drug found in a crash cart

Timer

component that controls the duration of the x-ray exposure

Patients with a suspected perforated bowel should have what modifications to the procedure?

decrease the height of the enema bag to reduce flow

Eversion stress

demonstrates a medial ligament tear of the ankle

law of reciprocity

different combinations of mA & time that produce the same mA/s will produce the same density

Film-screen speed & density

directly proportional

Anaerobes

do not require oxygen to survive

The aorta & left primary bronchus result in indentations in what anatomical structure?

esophagus

The law of reproducibility

everytime the same combination of mA & time is set on the same x-ray unit, the resulting image will demonstrate the same density

Manual

exposure settings used to check for holes or cracks in lead aprons

DC

for an x-ray tube to generate an x-ray the incoming power needs to be converted from AC to

kVp

force that accelerates focused electrons

Tissues that are immature with a ___ metabolic rate are less radiosensitive

high

Absorbs liquid

hygroscopic, as it related to barium, is defined as a substance that ____

An imaging artifact

incomplete system erasures on CR & DR systems can contribute to

Droplet

influenza is classified as this type of disease transmission

The anode

is a rotating disk & is positively charged

Protraction

is continual dosing of radiation at a lower rate provided over a long period of time; the body is allowed time for cellular repair & tissue recovery

Fractionation

is dosing of radiation administered in equal portions separated by 24 hr time frames, during which the body is allowed time for cellular repair & recovery

Rotor

is made of soft iron & copper bars

Federal regulations mandates that _____ radiation must not exceed 100 milliroentgens per hour (mR/hr) at a distance of 1 meter from the tube housing.

leakage

Respondent superior

legal doctrine that states that the employer is responsible for the actions of the employee

Health insurance portability & accountability act (HIPPA) privacy practices

legal document signed by the patient with regard to the physician's policies concerning personal health information

kVp

main controlling factor of contrast

Infrared radiation

makes up 99% of the kinetic energy of projectile electrons

Cathartic

may be given in preparation for a BE to cleanse the bowel of any remaining fecal material.

Ecchymosis

medical term for "black & blue"

15° mortise

most accurately demonstrates the ankle joint

Tympatic

most common place to take a pulse with the hands

Thermionic emission

most x-ray tubes contain 2 different-sized wires that emit electrons during this process

Do not resuscitate

no efforts can be made to assist the pt once they have gone into cardiac or respiratory arrest

A blood pressure of 110/70 mmHg is considered

normal

Diarrhea

not a complication of instillation of barium after a BE

Characteristic radiation is ___

not useful for imaging

Valuing diversity

one of the 5 cultural competencies

Radiosensitive tissue that is in an environment rich in ____ will be radiosensitive to the effects of radiation.

oxygen

hospice

palliative care commonly occurs where

Normal flora

pathogen that is present on the patients skin & doesnt cause infection for the person

Hypothermia

patient with a body temperature below 95°

Metformin

patients are commonly asked to refrain from taking this common diabetic drug 1 day before receiving radiographic contrast

Droplet

patients in this type of isolation should be placed 3 feet away from another patient

increased pulse rate

patients with pyrexia may be experiencing

Battery

physically touching a person without their consent

Primary

radiation produced when the target is bombarded by electrons

Indirect effect

results from the irradiation of water molecules in the human body that results in the creation of ions & reactive free radicals

Urine Sweat Feces

secretion of drugs can occur through what mechanisms

During a BE, the enema bag should hang 18-24" above the ____

table

Temperature

the hypothalamus regulates ____

Inverse square law

the intensity of radiation is inversely proportional to the source of the distance from the x-ray source

Virulence

the likelihood a pathogen will result in active disease

Anaphase

the third stage of mitosis where centromeres divide.

Contrast

the visible difference between 2 densities on an image

45° angle

when injecting contrast media, the needle needs to be placed bevel up & at what angle