Patho Ch 6

T1, N1, and M0

A 42-year-old female client with breast cancer has a tumor that is minimal in size and extension, has minimal regional lymph nodes involved, and has no distant metastasis. Using the TNM system, the tumor is staged as:

chemotherapy

A 51-year-old client has been diagnosed with stage IV breast cancer with lung metastases. The oncologist sits down with the client/family to explain treatment options. The nurse knows that which treatment option will be discussed for her cancers?

Pediatric tumors are more responsive to chemotherapy than adult cancers.

A big difference in the treatment of childhood cancer as opposed to adult cancer is that chemotherapy is the most widely used treatment therapy for childhood cancer. What is the reason for this?

It allows for DNA-damaged cells to survive.

A client has been diagnosed with cancer that was a result of dysfunctional apoptosis. The health care provider explains the process to the multidisciplinary client care team. Select the best explanation.

By compressing and eroding blood vessels, causing ulceration and necrosis, along with frank bleeding and sometimes hemorrhage.

A client is being treated for stomach cancer. The client is in considerable and constant pain, and the family is asking why. How does soft tissue cancer cause pain?

Taking tissue biopsy and looking for abnormal cells

A client is scheduled for a bronchoscopy related to a history of "bronchitis" for the last 3 months that has been unresponsive to antibiotics. The nurse shares with the client that a primary purpose for this bronchoscopy is to help diagnose which complication?

Markers are antigens expressed on the surface of tumor cells.

A client who has just recently been diagnosed with cancer asks the nurse what tumor markers are. Which answer would be the nurse's best response?

"Cancer cells differ from normal cells by being immortal and have an unlimited life span."

A client who is diagnosed with breast cancer asks the nurse if cancer cells ever die. Which statement is the nurse's best response?

BRCA1 BRCA2

A client whose mother and grandmother both have had cancer is at a higher risk for also developing the disease. Which tumor suppressor genes are associated with genetic susceptibility to breast cancer? Select all that apply.

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells with the capacity to generate multiple different cell types.

A family member asks the nurse, "What do they mean when they start talking about stem cells?" What is the nurse's best response?

The tumor will grow by expansion and is likely encapsulated.

A lung biopsy and magnetic resonance imaging have confirmed the presence of a benign lung tumor in a client. Which characteristic is associated with this client's neoplasm?

Age Environment Genetics Heredity

A nurse is teaching a group of clients about causes/risk factors for cancer, which include which factors? Select all that apply.

Malignant neoplasms tend to grow slowly.

A nursing instructor sees the need for further instruction when one student makes which statement concerning cancer?

"Sentinel node is used to describe the initial lymph node to which the primary tumor drains."

A nursing student is caring for a client who was recently diagnosed with breast cancer. The student is explaining what the doctor meant when the term "sentinel node" was mentioned. What will the student tell the client?

false

A nursing student says the following to her instructor: "Malignant neoplasms are more well-differentiated than benign tumors." Which of the following is the answer?

normal cells

A nursing student who describes cell characteristics that include regulated growth, genetic stability, limited lifespan, and growth factor dependence is talking about which type of cell?

Loss of cell differentiation in cancerous tissue

A nursing student who is studying cancer cells identifies which of the following to be the best definition of anaplasia?

To limit the size of the tumor by limiting its ability to recruit blood vessels

An oncologic client is scheduled to begin antiangiogenesis therapy. What is the goal of this type of treatment?

Nuclear division occurs.

An oncology class is reviewing the cell cycle as it pertains to tumor growth. When talking about the M phase, which process is occuring at this time?

Cancer cells have an unlimited life span. Cancer cells have lost contact inhibition. Cancer cells are termed genetically unstable.

Cancer cells have lost the ability to accurately communicate with other cells, and they do not have to be anchored to other cells to survive. How else are cancer cells different from normal cells? Select all that apply.

multiple types of treatment

Cancer prognosis has improved most dramatically when treatment plans include which of the following?

Cell differentiation

During a review session discussing cells, a student asks, "What do you call it when a cell becomes more specialized in terms of structure?" Which response answers the question correctly?

breast cancer

Genetic screening may be indicated for individuals who have a family history of which neoplasm?

lung and ovarian cancers

In some cancers, the presenting factor is an effusion, or fluid, in the pleural, pericardial, or peritoneal spaces. Research has found that almost 50% of undiagnosed effusions in people not known to have cancer turn out to be malignant. Which cancers are often found because of effusions?

Hormonal factors, chemicals, and immunologic mechanisms

It is well known that cancer is not a single disease. It follows then that cancer does not have a single cause. It seems more likely that the occurrence of cancer is triggered by the interactions of multiple risk factors. What are some identified risk factors for cancer?

epithelial cells.

Select the option that best identifies how adult cancers differ in origin from childhood cancers. Adult cancers originate from:

Undifferentiated cells of continuously dividing tissues that have the capacity to generate multiple cell types

Select the statement that best describes stem cells.

growth factors

The angiogenesis process, which allows tumors to develop new blood vessels, is triggered and regulated by tumor-secreted:

Rapidly proliferating cells

The nurse is explaining to a client the adverse side effects of cancer therapies. Which target of both chemotherapy and radiation treatment accounts for the adverse as well as therapeutic effects of these treatments?

A fibrous capsule

The nurse is orienting a student to the oncology setting. Which characteristic does the student identify as one that is representative of a benign tumor?

lung cancer

The nursing student who is studying about cancer correctly identifies which type to be the leading cause of cancer death in both men and women?

sexual intercourse blood by sharing needles infants through breast milk

When educating a client who has tested positive for human T-cell leukemia virus-1 (HTLV-1), what mode(s) of transmission should the nurse discuss to prevent the spread? Select all that apply.

G1 phase

Which cell cycle phase occurs after mitosis in which DNA synthesis ceases while RNA and protein synthesis and cell growth continue to take place?

It uses drugs that selectively attack malignant cancer cells.

Which statement represents the primary advantage of targeted cancer therapy?

"There are built-in checkpoints in the cell cycle to allow for defects to be edited and repaired."

While studying for a pathophysiology exam on cells and tissue repair, a student asks, "What happens if, in the process of going through the cell cycle, a cell is damaged?" Which is the best response?