Patho Chapter 2 ***
A client who has a diagnosis of lung cancer is scheduled to begin radiation treatment. The nurse knows that which statement about potential risks of radiation is most accurate?
"Some clients experience longer-term irritation of skin adjacent to the treatment site."
A client with pulmonary hypertension has hypertrophy of the heart's right ventricle. Which explanation is appropriate to tell the client?
"The cells enlarge in your heart from the increased workload."
Which statement would a nurse tell a client that best describes a lab finding of metaplasia?
"This is a change in cell form as it adapts to increased work demands or threats to survival."
(18) A client is experiencing muscle atrophy following 2 weeks in traction after a motor vehicle accident. Which factor has most likely contributed to the atrophy of the client's muscle cells?
A reduction of skeletal muscle use secondary to the traction treatment
Which statement is true regarding drug therapy and its effects on the body?
Antineoplastic cells directly damage cells.
A nurse is teaching a group of older adults about the value of including foods containing antioxidants in their diet. Which statement best captures the rationale underlying the nurse's advice?
Antioxidants inhibit the actions of reactive oxygen species.
The obstetric nurse explains to the client that when she stops breast-feeding, her breast tissue will reduce in size. The nurse understands that this regression is due to which physiologic process?
Apoptosis
What happens when a cell is confronted with a decrease in work demands?
Cell becomes smaller
A client is admitted with frostbite. What will the nurse tell the client about the changes that have occurred due to cold exposure?
Cold increases blood viscosity and thrombosis
A client has suffered nerve damage in his right arm. What can the nurse expect to happen to the muscles in that arm?
Decrease in the size of the cells (atrophy)
(14) A client's condition has resulted in a decrease in work demands of most cells in the body. Which change within the cell will likely result from this decrease in work?
Decreased size of organelles
Which situation causes atrophy? Select all that apply.
Disuse Denervation Decreased blood flow
(15) A client's lab report returns and a nurse is explaining to the client the significance of the changes. The nurse states that the finding is implicated as a precursor of cancer. Which finding was most likely on the lab report?
Dysplasia
(19) A client's lab report returns and a nurse is explaining to the client the significance of the changes. The nurse states that the finding is implicated as a precursor of cancer. Which finding was most likely on the lab report?
Dysplasia
A nurse practitioner is preparing to perform a client's Pap test and is answering the client's questions about the clinical rationale for the procedure. The nurse should describe what phenomenon?
Dysplasia of the cervical epithelium is associated with a high risk of cancer
Which assessment supports the finding of lead toxicity?
Hemoglobin 9 g/dL (90 g/L)
(16) A client asks why her breasts are enlarged during pregnancy. Which explanation is the best answer?
Hyperplasia due to estrogen stimulation
The nurse is conducting a physical assessment of a homeless man during a night when the wind chill factor is -10°F (-23°C). When assessing the man's fingers and toes for frostbite, the nurse looks for which type of cellular injury?
Hypoxic
(13) The radiologist is reviewing potential types of radiation therapy for a client. Select the type of radiation that directly breaks down chemical bonds in a cell.
Ionizing radiation
The radiologist is reviewing potential types of radiation therapy for a client. Select the type of radiation that directly breaks down chemical bonds in a cell.
Ionizing radiation
A client has an increased serum lactic acid level. The physician understands this is indicative of which disease process?
Ischemia
Which statement is true concerning hyperplasia?
It is a response to a stimulus.
Which statement is true in relation to lead exposure?
Lead is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract or the lungs.
A public health nurse is conducting a wellness seminar in which a participant has asked how to minimize the potentially harmful effects of free radicals. What should the nurse recommend?
Make dietary changes and limit UV exposure.
Which change exemplifies physiologic hypertrophy?
Muscle mass increase with exercise
What happens as a cell's workload declines? Select all that apply
Oxygen consumption decreases. Protein synthesis decreases. Cell size decreases.
(20) A 68-year-old male client with aortic stenosis secondary to calcification of the aortic valve is receiving care. Which statement best captures an aspect of this client's condition?
The client has possibly undergone damage as a result of calcification following cellular injury.
A nurse is teaching a class on health promotion and includes information about the risk from ultraviolet radiation. Which concepts should be included in this class? Select all that apply.
Ultraviolet radiation increases the risk of skin cancer. Ultraviolet radiation damages DNA.
Which condition is an example of physiologic hyperplasia?
Uterine enlargement in pregnancy
Hypertrophy may occur as the result of normal physiologic or abnormal pathologic conditions. The increase in muscle mass associated with exercise is an example of physiologic hypertrophy. Pathologic hypertrophy occurs as the result of disease conditions and may be adaptive or compensatory. Examples of adaptive hypertrophy are the thickening of the urinary bladder from long-continued obstruction of urinary outflow and the myocardial hypertrophy that results from valvular heart disease or hypertension. What is compensatory hypertrophy?
When one kidney is removed, the remaining kidney enlarges to compensate for the loss.
The nurse in an infectious-disease clinic will primarily treat injuries to tissues and cells caused by:
biologic agents.
The student is reviewing the aging process. One group of theories of aging involves the shortening of telomeres until a critical minimal length is attained and then senescence ensues. These theories are known as:
cellular theories.
Assessment of a client with diabetes reveals that the toes are dark in color and the skin is shrunken and wrinkled, with a clear delineation between affected and unaffected regions. This client likely has:
dry gangrene.
In a genetic disorder called xeroderma pigmentosum, an enzyme needed to repair sunlight-induced DNA damage is lacking. This autosomal recessive disorder is characterized by:
extreme photosensitivity and a greatly increased risk of skin cancer in skin that has been exposed to the sun.
The nurse explains to the hypertensive client that the increased workload required to pump blood against an elevated arterial pressure results in a progressive increase in left ventricular muscle mass. This is an example of:
hypertrophy
A client has developed heart failure. The doctor reviews the client's chest x-ray and notes that the heart has enlarged. The changes in the size and shape of the heart are the result of:
hypertrophy.
A nurse is assessing a client who is a bodybuilder. The nurse documents the increased size of the client's muscle as resulting from:
hypertrophy.
The nurse explains to the hypertensive client that the increased workload required to pump blood against an elevated arterial pressure results in a progressive increase in left ventricular muscle mass. This is an example of:
hypertrophy.
(12) A client has developed cell atrophy. The most likely cause would be:
ischemia
A yellow-brown pigment that accumulates in neurons and may be a sign of cellular stress is:
lipofuscin.
The nurse is counseling a heavy smoker about the dangers of smoking. The nurse tells the smoker that due to persistent irritation of the lungs from carcinogens, columnar cells may turn into squamous cells as a method of adaptation known as:
metaplasia.
(17) A client with diabetes who is diagnosed with a gangrenous right heel ulcer presents with a wound that has no line of demarcation, is spreading rapidly, and has a foul odor. The health care worker recognizes these manifestations as:
moist gangrene
(20) A client with diabetes who is diagnosed with a gangrenous right heel ulcer presents with a wound that has no line of demarcation, is spreading rapidly, and has a foul odor. The health care worker recognizes these manifestations as:
moist gangrene.
The physical therapist is evaluating a male client who has increased his muscle mass by exercising. The therapist understands this physiologic process is known as:
physiologic hypertrophy.
