pathophysiology: check your understanding 1

A patient with metastatic lung cancer wants to know her chances for survival. Which response is correct?

"Lung cancer has about a 15% survival rate."

Which is not normally secreted in response to stress?

Insulin

Your patient is scheduled for a staging procedure. She wants to know what that means. The correct response is which of the following?

It is a procedure for determining the extent of tumor spread.

Familial retinoblastoma involves the transmission of what from parent to offspring?

Mutant tumor-suppressor gene

The most common tumor-suppressor gene defect identified in cancer cells is

P53

All the following stress-induced hormones increase blood glucose except

aldosterone

Selye's three phases of the stress response include all the following except

allostasis

The effects of excessive cortisol production include

immune suppression

The cellular response indicative of injury because of faulty metabolism is

intracellular accumulations

Reperfusion injury to cells

involves formation of free radicals

After surgery to remove a lung tumor, your patient is scheduled for chemotherapy, which will

kill rapidly dividing cells

A patient has been exposed to meningococcal meningitis, but is not yet demonstrating signs of this disease. This stage of illness is called the _____ stage.

latent

Necrotic death of brain tissue usually produces _____ necrosis.

liquefactive

The effect of stress on the immune system

may involve enhancement or impairment the immune system

All these cellular responses are potentially reversible except

necrosis

Many of the responses to stress are attributed to activation of the sympathetic nervous system and are mediated by

norepinephrine

Breast cancer in women who have the breast cancer gene

occurs at an earlier age.

Somatic death refers to death

of the entire organism

A 17-year-old college-bound student receives a vaccine against an organism that causes meningitis. This is an example of

primary prevention

Indicators that an individual is experiencing high stress include all the following except

pupil constriction.

Carbon monoxide injures cells by

reducing oxygen level on hemoglobin

A patient with high blood pressure who is otherwise healthy is counseled to restrict sodium intake. This is an example of

secondary prevention

When the cause is unknown, a condition is said to be idiopathic

true

The hypermetabolic state leading to cachexia in terminal cancer is thought to be because of

tumor necrosis factor

The primary effect of aging on all body systems is

decreased functional reserve

Coagulative necrosis is caused by

interrupted blood supply.

Malignant neoplasms of epithelial origin are known as

carcinomas

Cancer grading is based on

cell differentiation

Apoptosis is a process that results in cellular

death

In general, with aging, organ size and function

decrease

Extreme cold injures cells by all the following except

decreased blood viscosity

Of the statements below, the accurate statement regarding nutrition and cellular health is

deficient cellular uptake by one cell type may contribute to excess nutrient delivery to other cell types

The cellular change that is considered preneoplastic is

dysplasia

A disease that is native to a particular region is called

endemic

The primary adaptive purpose of the substances produced in the alarm stage is

energy and repair

C.Q. was recently exposed to group A hemolytic Streptococcus and subsequently developed a pharyngeal infection. His clinic examination reveals an oral temperature of 102.3°F, skin rash, dysphagia, and reddened throat mucosa with multiple pustules. He complains of sore throat, malaise, and joint stiffness. A throat culture is positive forStreptococcus, and antibiotics have been prescribed. The etiology of C.Q.'s disease is

streptococcal infection

The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are well established, is referred to as

subclinical

After suffering a heart attack, a middle-aged man is counseled to take a cholesterol-lowering medication. This is an example of

tertiary prevention.

Allostasis is best defined as

the overall process of adaptive change necessary to maintain survival and well-being

Metaplasia is

the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another