pathophysiology: check your understanding 1
A patient with metastatic lung cancer wants to know her chances for survival. Which response is correct?
"Lung cancer has about a 15% survival rate."
Which is not normally secreted in response to stress?
Insulin
Your patient is scheduled for a staging procedure. She wants to know what that means. The correct response is which of the following?
It is a procedure for determining the extent of tumor spread.
Familial retinoblastoma involves the transmission of what from parent to offspring?
Mutant tumor-suppressor gene
The most common tumor-suppressor gene defect identified in cancer cells is
P53
All the following stress-induced hormones increase blood glucose except
aldosterone
Selye's three phases of the stress response include all the following except
allostasis
The effects of excessive cortisol production include
immune suppression
The cellular response indicative of injury because of faulty metabolism is
intracellular accumulations
Reperfusion injury to cells
involves formation of free radicals
After surgery to remove a lung tumor, your patient is scheduled for chemotherapy, which will
kill rapidly dividing cells
A patient has been exposed to meningococcal meningitis, but is not yet demonstrating signs of this disease. This stage of illness is called the _____ stage.
latent
Necrotic death of brain tissue usually produces _____ necrosis.
liquefactive
The effect of stress on the immune system
may involve enhancement or impairment the immune system
All these cellular responses are potentially reversible except
necrosis
Many of the responses to stress are attributed to activation of the sympathetic nervous system and are mediated by
norepinephrine
Breast cancer in women who have the breast cancer gene
occurs at an earlier age.
Somatic death refers to death
of the entire organism
A 17-year-old college-bound student receives a vaccine against an organism that causes meningitis. This is an example of
primary prevention
Indicators that an individual is experiencing high stress include all the following except
pupil constriction.
Carbon monoxide injures cells by
reducing oxygen level on hemoglobin
A patient with high blood pressure who is otherwise healthy is counseled to restrict sodium intake. This is an example of
secondary prevention
When the cause is unknown, a condition is said to be idiopathic
true
The hypermetabolic state leading to cachexia in terminal cancer is thought to be because of
tumor necrosis factor
The primary effect of aging on all body systems is
decreased functional reserve
Coagulative necrosis is caused by
interrupted blood supply.
Malignant neoplasms of epithelial origin are known as
carcinomas
Cancer grading is based on
cell differentiation
Apoptosis is a process that results in cellular
death
In general, with aging, organ size and function
decrease
Extreme cold injures cells by all the following except
decreased blood viscosity
Of the statements below, the accurate statement regarding nutrition and cellular health is
deficient cellular uptake by one cell type may contribute to excess nutrient delivery to other cell types
The cellular change that is considered preneoplastic is
dysplasia
A disease that is native to a particular region is called
endemic
The primary adaptive purpose of the substances produced in the alarm stage is
energy and repair
C.Q. was recently exposed to group A hemolytic Streptococcus and subsequently developed a pharyngeal infection. His clinic examination reveals an oral temperature of 102.3°F, skin rash, dysphagia, and reddened throat mucosa with multiple pustules. He complains of sore throat, malaise, and joint stiffness. A throat culture is positive forStreptococcus, and antibiotics have been prescribed. The etiology of C.Q.'s disease is
streptococcal infection
The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are well established, is referred to as
subclinical
After suffering a heart attack, a middle-aged man is counseled to take a cholesterol-lowering medication. This is an example of
tertiary prevention.
Allostasis is best defined as
the overall process of adaptive change necessary to maintain survival and well-being
Metaplasia is
the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another