pediatrics test 2
23. The parents of a 5-year-old have just found out that their child has head lice. Which statement by the parents would support the nursing diagnosis of deficient knowledge? A) "I can't believe it. We're not unclean, poor people." B) "We'll have to get that special shampoo." C) "Everybody in the house will need to be checked." D) "That explains his complaints of itching on his neck."
A Feedback: Head lice is not an indication of poor hygiene or poverty. It occurs in all socioeconomic groups. Thus, the parents' statement about being unclean and poor reflects a lack of knowledge about the infection. A pediculicide is used to wash the hair to treat the infestation. Household contacts need to be examined and treated if affected. Extreme pruritus is the most common symptom, with nits or lice especially behind the ears or at the nape of the neck.
A mother brings her 8-year-old son for evaluation because of a rash on his lower leg. Which finding would support the suspicion that the child has Lyme disease A) Playing in the woods about a week ago B) Rash is papular and vesicular C) High fever occurring about 4 days before the rash D) Complaints of extreme pruritus with visible nits
A Feedback: Lyme disease is caused by the bite of an infected tick, with a rash appearing 7 to 14 days after the tick bite. Ticks are commonly found in wooded areas. Therefore, reports of the child playing in the woods about 7 days ago would support the diagnosis of Lyme disease. A papular and vesicular rash is commonly associated with varicella (chickenpox). A high fever for 3 to 5 days before a rash suggests roseola. Extreme pruritus with visible nits would suggest pediculosis.
30. The mother of a 4-year-old boy has contacted the physician's office. She reports her son was exposed to someone with chickenpox. She has inquired about when her son may show if he has gotten the disease. What information should be provided? A) The illness should be seen in a week if he has been exposed. B) Symptoms of the disease should show up within 24 to 48 hours of exposure. C) The incubation period for the disease is between 10 and 21 days. D) Younger children will have longer periods of incubation.
C Feedback: Chickenpox is the common name for varicella. This condition has an incubation period of 10 to 21 days.
Atonic or akinetic seizures
sudden momentary loss of consciousness, muscle tone, and postural control and can cause the child to fall
Myoclonic seizures
characterized by a sudden jerking of a muscle or group of muscles, often in the arms or legs, without loss of consciousness
infantile spasms
muscle contractions are sudden, brief, symmetrical, and accompanied by rolling eyes.
Origin: Chapter 15, 27 27. A child is diagnosed with a helminthic infection. Which treatments would the nurse expect to be prescribed? Select all that apply. A) Erythromycin B) Albendazole C) Pyrantel pamoate D) Acyclovir E) Metronidazole F) Permethrin
B, C Feedback: Drugs used to treat helminthic infections include albendazole and pyrantel pamoate. Erythromycin is used to treat bacterial infections. Acyclovir is used to treat viral infections. Metronidazole is used to treat trichomoniasis. Permethrin is used to treat pediculosis.
10. The nurse determines that it is necessary to implement airborne precautions for children with which infection? A) Measles B) Streptococcus group A C) Rubella D) Scarlet fever
A Feedback: Airborne precautions are designed to reduce the risk of infectious agents transmitted by airborne droplet nuclei or dust particles such as for children with measles, varicella, or tuberculosis. Droplet precautions would be used for children with streptococcal group A infections, rubella, and scarlet fever.
26. A nurse suspects that an adolescent may have community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CAMRSA). What would the nurse expect to assess? Select all that apply. A) Participation in contact sport B) Recent cut on the lower leg C) History of a recent sore throat D) Raised fluctuant lesions E) Erythematous rash over the trunk and face
A, B, D Feedback: With CAMRSA, skin and tissue infections are common, often appearing as a bump or skin area that is red, swollen, painful, and warm to the touch. There also may be fluctuance and purulent drainage. Participation in contact sports, openings in the skin such as abrasions and cuts, contact with contaminated items and surfaces, poor hygiene, and crowded living conditions are risk factors for CAMRSA. Recent sore throat and an erythematous rash on the trunk, face, and possibly the extremities are associated with scarlet fever.
Two signs of basilar skull fracture include
Battle sign (bruising or ecchymosis behind the ear) and "raccoon eyes" (blood leaking into the frontal sinuses causing an edematous and bruised periorbital area).
19. Hydrocephalus is suspected in a 4-month-old infant. Which would the nurse expect to assess? A) Sunken fontanels B) Diminished reflexes C) Lower extremity spasticity D) Skull symmetry
C Feedback: Hydrocephalus is manifested by spasticity of lower extremities, bulging fontanels, brisk reflexes, and skull asymmetry.
20. A nurse is providing teaching to the parents of a child who has had a shunt inserted as treatment for hydrocephalus. The parents demonstrate understanding of the teaching when they make what statement? A) "Having the shunt put in decreases his risk for developmental problems." B) "If he doesn't get an infection in the first week, the risk is greatly reduced." C) "He will need more surgeries to replace the shunt as he grows." D) "The shunt will help to prevent any further complications from his disease."
C Feedback: Parents need to know that hydrocephalus is a chronic illness that requires lifelong follow-up and regular evaluations, including future surgeries as the child grows. The risk for infection is ever present, but is most common 1 to 2 months after shunt placement. The child with a shunt and hydrocephalus is at risk for potential growth and developmental disabilities as well as complications such as infection and malfunction of the shunt.
21. A nurse is teaching the parents of a child diagnosed with cystic fibrosis about medication therapy. Which would the nurse instruct the parents to administer orally? A) Recombinant human DNase B) Bronchodilators C) Anti-inflammatory agents D) Pancreatic enzymes
D Feedback: Pancreatic enzymes are administered orally to promote adequate digestion and absorption of nutrients. Recombinant human DNase, bronchodilators, and anti-inflammatory agents are typically administered by inhalation.
Therapy for bacterial tonsillitis includes
an antipyretic for fever, an analgesic for pain, and a full 7- to 10-day course of an antibiotic such as penicillin or amoxicillin.
Peritonsillar abscess may be noted by
asymmetric swelling of the tonsils and shifting of the uvula to one side
Bacterial pharyngitis
caused by the Group A streptococci. Fever is a symptom of bacterial pharyngitis. Other symptoms are an elevated WBC count, abrupt onset, headache, sore throat, abdominal discomfort, enlargement of tonsils, and firm cervical lymph nodes
Signs and symptoms for cerebral contusions include
disturbances to vision, strength, and sensation. A child suffering a concussion will be distracted and unable to concentrate
Children who are considered high risk and could benefit from the influenza vaccine are:
immunocompromised; have a chronic pulmonary disease; have had a congenital abnormality, chronic renal or metabolic diseases, sickle-cell disease, HIV, and any type of neurological disorder (seizures).
The pediatric Glasgow Coma Scale assesses
level of consciousness using three parts: eye opening, verbal response, and motor response.
The community health nurse has just completed a presentation to a group of parents regarding drowning prevention. Which statements by the parents indicate understanding of the teaching? Select all that apply A)."I am so glad our 6-year-old child had swim lessons. We really can't afford a fence around our pool." B"Since we have a 16-year-old I am really concerned about supervision when our child is swimming in the ocean." C)"We always make sure our babysitter keeps her CPR training up to date." D)"It is scary to think that we have a pool and drowning is the second leading cause of accidental death in children." E)"We make sure to keep our bathroom door closed when our 10-month-old is walking around the house since the door handle is too high to reach."
B, C, D, E Feedback: In children older than 15 years of age, most drownings occur in natural water settings, such as oceans or lakes. Most incidents of drowning are accidental and result from inadequately supervising children of any age. It is important for any caregivers of children to be current on CPR in case of any accident. Children younger than 1 year old most often drown in bathtubs, buckets, or toilets, so keeping the bathroom door closed helps decrease the risk of drowning.
9. The nurse is performing a physical examination on a 9-year-old boy who has experienced a tick bite on his lower leg and is suspected of having Lyme disease. Which assessment finding would the nurse expect to find? A) Swelling in the neck B) Confusion and anxiety C) Ring-like rash on lower leg D) Hypersalivation
C Feedback: A ring-like rash at the site of the tick bite is characteristic for Lyme disease. Swelling in the neck is a symptom of mumps. Confusion, anxiety, and hypersalivation are symptoms of rabies.
24. A child is brought to the emergency department by his parents because he suddenly developed a barking cough. Further assessment leads the nurse to suspect that the child is experiencing croup. What would the nurse have most likely assessed? A) High fever B) Dysphagia C) Toxic appearance D) Inspiratory stridor
D Feedback: A child with croup typically develops a bark-like cough often at night. This may be accompanied by inspiratory stridor and suprasternal retractions. Temperature may be normal or slightly elevated. A high fever, dysphagia, and toxic appearance are associated with epiglottitis.
14. After teaching the parents of a child with varicella zoster, the nurse determines that the parents have understood the teaching when they state that their child can return to school at which time? A) After day 5 of the rash B) When the rash is completely healed C) Once the rash appears D) After the lesions have crusted
D Feedback: Children with chickenpox (varicella zoster) can return to school once the lesions have crusted.
14. The nurse inspects the eyes of a child and observes that the sclera is showing over the top of the iris. The nurse documents this finding as: A) Decorticate posturing B) Nystagmus C) Doll's eye D) Sunsetting
D Feedback: Sunsetting is when the sclera of the eyes is showing over the top of the iris. Decorticate posturing includes adduction of the arms, flexion at the elbows with the arms held over the chest, and flexion of the wrists with both hands fisted and the lower extremities adducted and extended. Nystagmus is manifested by involuntary rapid rhythmic eye movements. Doll's eye is a maneuver that tests for symmetric eye movement to the opposite side when the head is turned in the other direction.
21. A nurse is preparing a presentation for an expectant parent group about neural tube defects and prevention. Which would the nurse emphasize? A) Smoking cessation B) Aerobic exercise C) Increased calcium intake D) Folic acid supplementation
D Feedback: The cause of neural tube defects is unknown, but there is strong evidence to support the use of folic acid supplementation for prevention. Smoking cessation and aerobic exercise are general health recommendations unrelated to neural tube defects. Increased calcium intake is important for fetal growth and development, but it is not linked to preventing neural tube defects.
10. The nurse is examining a 5-year-old boy. Which sign or symptom is a reliable first indication of respiratory illness in children? A) Slow, irregular breathing B) A bluish tinge to the lips C) Increasing lethargy D) Rapid, shallow breathing
D Tachypnea, or increased respiratory rate, is often the first sign of respiratory illness in infants and children. Slow, irregular breathing and increasing listlessness are signs that the child's condition is worsening. Cyanosis (a bluish tinge to the lips) or the degree of cyanosis present is not always an accurate indication of the severity of respiratory involvement.
A nurse is preparing a presentation for a local health fair about meningitis and has developed a display that lists the following causes: Streptococcus group B Haemophilus influenzae type B Streptococcus pneumoniae Neisseria meningitidis What would the nurse highlight as the most common cause of meningitis in newborns? A) Streptococcus group B B) Haemophilus influenzae type B C) Streptococcus pneumoniae D) Neisseria meningitides
A Feedback: Meningitis due to Streptococcus group B along with Escherichia coli is most common in newborns and infants. H. influenzae type B is a common cause in infants between the ages of 6 and 9 months. S. pneumoniae and N. meningitides are common causes in children older than 3 months and in adults.
1. The nurse is assessing a 7-year-old boy with pharyngitis. What assessment finding would suggest the child has developed a peritonsillar abscess? A) Palatal edema B) Difficulty swallowing C) Rash on the abdomen D) Sore throat and headache
A Feedback: Peritonsillar abscess may be noted by asymmetric swelling of the tonsils, shifting of the uvula to one side, and palatal edema. Difficulty swallowing, sore throat, and headache are consistent with pharyngitis, as is the rash, which would be fine, red, and sandpaper-like (called scarlatiniform) but do not indicate a peritonsillar abscess..
The nurse is caring for a 19-month-old boy who has been admitted to the emergency department with a skull fracture. The parents state that the child fell down when running through the house and hit his head on the floor. Based on normal characteristics of skull fractures, what should be the initial focus of the assessment? A) Possible physical abuse B) Possible bone cancer C) Possible chronic neurological disease D) Possible developmental delay
A Feedback: Physical abuse must be investigated first because it takes a great deal of force to produce a skull fracture in infants and children younger than 2 years old. Due to the flexibility of the immature skull, it is able to withstand a great degree of deformation before a fracture will occur.
3. The nurse is caring for a child hospitalized with Reye syndrome who is in the acute stage of the illness. The nurse would assess the child most carefully for what finding? A) Indications of increased intracranial pressure B) An increase in the blood glucose level C) A decrease in the liver enzymes D) A presence of protein in the urine
A Feedback: Reye syndrome is characterized by brain swelling, liver failure, and death in hours if treatment is not initiated. Therefore, increased intracranial pressure could occur. Liver enzyme levels typically increase. Blood glucose levels and protein in the urine are not characteristic of this illness.
A group of students are reviewing information about head injuries in children. The students demonstrate understanding of this information when they identify what as the most common type of skull fracture in children? A) Linear B) Depressed C) Diastatic D) Basilar
A Feedback: The most common type of skull fracture in children is a linear skull fracture, which can result from minor head injuries. Other, less common types of skull fractures in children include depressed, diastatic, and basilar.
4. The physician has ordered rectal diazepam for a 2-year-old boy with status epilepticus. Which instruction is essential for the nurse to teach the parents? A) Monitor their child's level of sedation. B) Watch for fever indicating infection. C) Gradually reduce the dosage as seizures stop. D) Monitor for an allergic reaction to the medication.
A Feedback: Diazepam is useful for home management of prolonged seizures and requires that the parents be educated on its proper administration. Monitoring the child's level of sedation is key when giving diazepam because it slows the central nervous system. Parents need to monitor the overall health of the child, including temperature when needed, but that has nothing to do with the diazepam. When the use of an anticonvulsant is stopped, gradual reduction of the dosage is necessary to prevent seizures or status epilepticus. This is not done without a physician's order. Monitoring for allergic reactions is necessary when any medications have been prescribed, but is not specific to diazepam.
22. A 15-year-old adolescent is brought to the emergency department by his parents. The adolescent is febrile with chills that started suddenly. He states, "I had a sinus infection and sore throat a couple of days ago." The nurse suspects bacterial meningitis based on which findings? Select all that apply. A) Complaints of stiff neck B) Photophobia C) Absent headache D) Negative Brudzinski sign E) Vomiting
A, B, E Feedback: In addition to the adolescent's complaints and history, other findings suggesting bacterial meningitis include complaints of a stiff neck, photophobia, headache, positive Brudzinski sign, and vomiting.
23. A child is brought to the emergency department after sustaining a concussion. The child is to be discharged home with his parents. What would the nurse include in the child's discharge instructions? A) "Expect his headache to get worse initially and then disappear." B) "Wake him every 2 hours to check his movement and responses." C) "Call your medical provider if he vomits more than five times." D) "Any watery fluid draining from his ears is normal."
Ans: B The nurse should instruct the parents to wake the child every 2 hours to ensure that he moves normally and wakes enough to recognize and respond appropriately to them. The parents should be instructed to call the physician or nurse practitioner or bring the child back to the emergency department if he experiences a constant headache that gets worse, vomits more than two times, or has oozing of blood or watery fluid from his ears or nose.
15. A nurse is preparing a teaching program for a parenting group about preventing foreign body aspiration. What information would the nurse include? A) Avoid giving popcorn to children younger than the age of 2 years. B) Withhold peanuts from children until they are at least 5 years of age. C) If an object fits through a standard toilet paper roll, the child can aspirate it. D) Keep pennies and dimes out of the child's reach; quarters do not pose a problem.
Ans: C Feedback: Items smaller than 1.25 inches (3.2 cm) can be aspirated easily. A simple way for parents to estimate the safe size of a small item or toy piece is to gauge its size against a standard toilet paper roll, which is generally about 1.5 inches in diameter. If it fits through the roll, it can be aspirated. Popcorn and peanuts should not be given to children until they are at least 3 years old. All coins should be kept out of the reach of children.
18. A group of nursing students are reviewing information related to seizures that occur in infants and children. The students demonstrate a need for additional review when they identify which type as common in neonates? A) Tonic B) Focal clonic C) Multifocal clonic D) Myoclonic
Ans: D Feedback: Five major types of seizures have been recognized in the neonatal period: subtle, tonic, focal clonic, multifocal clonic, and myoclonic. Of these, myoclonic seizures rarely occur during the neonatal period. Subtle seizures affect preterm and full-term neonates. Tonic seizures primarily occur in preterm neonates. Focal clonic and multifocal clonic are more common in full-term neonates.
28. The nurse is providing care to several children who have been brought to the clinic by the parents reporting cold-like symptoms. The nurse would most likely suspect sinusitis in which child? A) A 2-year-old with thin watery nasal discharge B) A 3-year-old with sneezing and coughing C) A 5-year-old with nasal congestion and sore throat D) A 7-year-old with halitosis and thick, yellow nasal discharge
Ans: D Feedback: The frontal sinuses, those most commonly associated with sinus infection, develop by age 6 to 8 years. Therefore, the 7-year-old would most likely experience sinusitis. In addition, this child also exhibits halitosis and a thick, yellow nasal discharge, other findings associated with sinusitis. Thin watery discharge in a 2-year-old is more likely to indicate allergic rhinitis. A 3-year-old with coughing and sneezing or a 5-year-old with nasal congestion and sore throat suggests the common cold.
A 10-year-old boy is seen in the emergency department after falling down a flight of stairs and hitting his head. The child will be monitored overnight for complications. Which occurrence in the coming hours will warrant further assessment? A) The child reports a backache. B) The child is increasingly irritable with his mother and caregivers. C) The child refuses offers of snacks. D) The child reports his stomach is upset.
B Feedback: After a head injury the patient should be closely observed for neurological changes. Behavioral changes such as lethargy and irritability should be evaluated for the potential development of complications.
26. A nursing instructor is preparing a class on chronic lung disease. Which information would the instructor include when describing this disorder? A) It is a result of cystic fibrosis. B) It is seen most commonly in premature infants. C) It typically affects females more often than males. D) It is characterized by bradypnea.
B Feedback: Chronic lung disease, formerly known as bronchopulmonary dysplasia, is often diagnosed in infants who have experienced respiratory distress syndrome, most commonly seen in premature infants. Male gender is a risk factor for development. Tachypnea and increased work of breathing are characteristic of chronic lung disease.
3. The nurse is examining an 8-year-old boy with tachycardia and tachypnea. The nurse anticipates which test as most helpful in determining the extent of the child's hypoxia? A) Pulmonary function test B) Pulse oximetry C) Peak expiratory flow D) Chest radiograph
B Feedback: Pulse oximetry is a useful tool for determining the extent of hypoxia. It can be used by the nurse for continuous or intermittent monitoring. Pulmonary function testing measures respiratory flow and lung volumes and is indicated for asthma, cystic fibrosis, and chronic lung disease. Peak expiratory flow testing is used to monitor the adequacy of asthma control. Chest radiographs can show hyperinflation, atelectasis, pneumonia, foreign bodies, pleural effusion, and abnormal heart or lung size.
7. The nurse is assessing a 5-year-old girl who is anxious, has a high fever, speaks in a whisper, and sits up with her neck thrust forward. Based on these findings, what would be least appropriate for the nurse to perform? A) Providing 100% oxygen B) Visualizing the throat C) Having the child sit forward D) Auscultating for lung sounds
B Feedback: The child is exhibiting signs and symptoms of epiglottis, which can be life-threatening. Under no circumstances should the nurse attempt to visualize the throat. Reflex laryngospasm may occur, precipitating immediate airway occlusion. Providing 100% oxygen in the least invasive manner that is most acceptable to the child is a sound intervention, as is allowing the child to assume a position of sitting forward with the neck extended. Auscultation would reveal breath sounds consistent with an obstructed airway.
22. When performing the physical examination of a child with cystic fibrosis, what would the nurse expect to assess? A) Dullness over the lung fields B) Increased diaphragmatic excursion C) Decreased tactile fremitus D) Hyperresonance over the liver
C Examination of a child with cystic fibrosis typically reveals decreased tactile fremitus over areas of atelectasis, hyperresonance over the lung fields from air trapping, decreased diaphragmatic excursion, and dullness over the liver when enlarged.
4. The nurse is discussing discharge instructions with the parents of a 6-year-old who had a tonsillectomy. What is the most important thing to stress? A) Administer analgesics. B) Encourage the child to drink liquids. C) Inspect the throat for bleeding. D) Apply an ice collar.
C Feedback: Inspecting the throat for bleeding is the most important discharge information to give the parents. Hemorrhage is unusual postoperatively but may occur any time from the immediate postoperative period to as late as 10 days after surgery. The nurse should inspect the throat for bleeding. Mucus tinged with blood may be expected, but fresh blood in the secretions indicates bleeding. Administering analgesics, encouraging fluids and applying an ice color are important but not as important as assessing for bleeding.
6. Bacterial pneumonia is suspected in a 4-year-old boy with fever, headache, and chest pain. Which assessment finding would most likely indicate the need for this child to be hospitalized? A) Fever B) Oxygen saturation level of 96% C) Tachypnea with retractions D) Pale skin color
C Feedback: Pneumonia is usually a self-limiting disease. Children with bacterial pneumonia can be successfully managed at home if the work of breathing is not severe and oxygen saturation is within normal limits. Hospitalization would most likely be required for the child with tachypnea, significant retractions, poor oral intake, or lethargy for the administration of supplemental oxygen, intravenous hydration, and antibiotics. Fever, although common in children with pneumonia, would not necessitate hospitalization. An oxygen saturation level of 96% would be within normal limits. Pallor (pale skin color) occurs as a result of peripheral vasoconstriction in an effort to conserve oxygen for vital functions; this finding also would not necessitate hospitalization. ;
5. The nurse is developing a teaching plan for the mother of a 4-year-old girl with cold and fever. What would the nurse include in this teaching plan? A) Keeping the child covered and warm B) Calling the doctor if the child's fever lasts more than 36 hours C) Ensuring fluid intake to prevent dehydration D) Observing for changes in alertness resulting from brain damage
C Feedback: Teaching the mother to ensure fluid intake is important because fever can cause dehydration. The child should be dressed lightly. There is no need to call the doctor unless the child's fever lasts more than 3 to 5 days or the fever is greater than 105°F. A rapid rise to a high fever can cause a febrile convulsion, but it does not lead to brain damage.
14. A parent asks the nurse about immunizing her 7-month-old daughter against the flu. Which response by the nurse would be most appropriate? A) "She really doesn't need the vaccine until she reaches 1 year of age." B) "She will probably receive it the next time she is to get her routine shots." C) "Since your daughter is older than 6 months, she should get the vaccine every year." D) "The vaccine has many side effects, so she wouldn't get it until she's ready to go to school."
C Feedback: The current recommendations are for all children older than 6 months of age to be immunized yearly against influenza.
13. What would be most important to include in the teaching plan for parents of a child with pinworm? A) "Seal the child's clothing in a plastic bag for at least 10 days." B) "Be sure your child wears shoes at all times." C) "Make sure the child washes his hands after using the bathroom." D) "After applying this special cream, leave it on for about 8 to 10 hours."
C Feedback: The most effective measure to prevent pinworms or a recurrence is good hand hygiene, especially after using the bathroom and before eating. Sealing the child's clothing in a plastic bag is appropriate for pediculosis capitis. Having the child wear shoes at all times is helpful in preventing hookworm. Use of a cream that remains on for a specified time is associated with scabies.
The nurse is caring for a 19-month-old boy who has been admitted to the emergency department with a skull fracture. The parents state that the child fell down when running through the house and hit his head on the floor. Based on normal characteristics of skull fractures, what should be the initial focus of the assessment? A) Possible physical abuse B) Possible bone cancer C) Possible chronic neurological disease D) Possible developmental delay
Feedback: Physical abuse must be investigated first because it takes a great deal of force to produce a skull fracture in infants and children younger than 2 years old. Due to the flexibility of the immature skull, it is able to withstand a great degree of deformation before a fracture will occur.
"fifth disease."
It starts with a fever, headache, and malaise. One week later, a rash appears on the face. A day later, the rash appears on the extensor surfaces of the extremities. One more day later, the rash appears on the trunk and flexor surfaces of the extremities.
A nurse is assessing a preterm newborn for possible sepsis. The nurse suspects an early onset infection based on which risk factors? Select all that apply.
Risk factors for early onset neonatal infection include preterm labor, prolonged rupture of membranes, and maternal fever.
treatment of rubella
Rubella infection is usually mild and self-limited. Rest is encouraged. Medications administered are normally limited to anti-pyretics and analgesics.
Signs of increased intracranial pressure
Signs of increased intracranial pressure include buldging fontanelle (increased head circumference), decreased pulse, vomiting, increased blood pressure and behavior changes . Irritability, lack of appetite, i ncreased crying, or inability to settle down may indicate increased intracranial pressure.
mumps
The child is contagious 1 to 7 days prior to the onset of the swelling and 4 to 9 days after the onset of the swelling
A video electroencephalogram
can determine the precise localization of the seizure area in the brain.
Reye syndrome
occurs after a viral illness, particularly after an upper respiratory infection or varicella (chickenpox). Administration of aspirin during the viral illness has been implicated as a contributing factor The symptoms appear within 3 to 5 days after the initial illness: vomiting, irritability, lethargy, and confusion occur.
absence seizures
the child loses awareness and stares straight ahead but does not fall
4 month infant
the infant is able to lift the head and look around. The infant can roll from prone to supine. When being pulled up, the head leads. T he 4-month-old infant can make simple vowel sounds, laugh aloud, and vocalize in reponse to voices.
the CSF of clients diagnosed with bacterial meningitis looks like
the pressure is elevated, the appearance is cloudy, and the leukocytes are elevated. A decreased sugar content is noted.