Penny's Exam Review Ch. 24, 25, 32

the cervix should measure at least

3cm

the fetal lip typically closes by

8 weeks

The placenta is considered too thick when it measures:

>4mm

the measurement that should be carefully scruntinized in a case of IUGR is the

AC

the "sunburst" of the cerebral sulci is a sonographic finding of:

ACC

a cystic hygroma is the result of

An abnormal accumulation of lymphatic fluid within the soft tissue

the absence of the eyes is termed

Anophthalmia

which of the following is a genetic disorder that includes craniosynostosis, midline facial hypoplasia, and syndactyly?

Apert syndrome

a lemon-shaped skull is related to

Arnold-Chiari II malformation

Macroglossia is most commonly found with:

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome

the nuchal fold measurement is typically obtained

Between 15 weeks and 21 weeks

At what level is the nuchal fold measurement obtained?

CSP

What cerebral malformation is as a result of agenesis or hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis?

DWM

Normally, the S/D ratio:

Decreases with advancing gestation

Evidence of polyhydramnios should warrant a careful investigation of the fetal:

GI system

the most accurate measurement for estimating gestational age is

HC

increased S/D ratio is associated with

IUGR. placental insufficiency. perinatal mortality

With Rh isoimmunization, the maternal antibodies cross the placenta and destroy the fetal:

RBC's

placenta accreta denotes

The abnormal attachment of the placenta to the myometrium

micrognathia is a condition found in

Trisomy 18

absence of the skull

acrania

the most common cause of hypertelorism is

anterior cephalocele

the fourth ventricle is located:

anterior to the cerebellar vermis

the third ventricle communicates with the fourth ventricle at the

aqueduct of sylvius

the most common cause of hydrocephalus in utero is

aqueductal stenosis

An abnormal division in the lip is referred to as

cleft lip

Fusion of the orbits is termed

cyclopia

An oral teratoma is referred to as

epignathus

A normal shaped skull is termed:

mesocephaly

what is the term for a smaller than normal ear

microtia

a cloverleaf-shaped skull is related to

thanatophoric dysplasia

what chromosomal aberration is most often associated with holoprosencephaly

trisomy 13

dangling choroid sign is associated with

ventriculomegaly

the cisterna magna should not exceed ___ in the transcerebellar plane

10mm

The thickness of the nuchal fold in the second trimester should not exceed

6mm

The anechoic midline brain structure located between the frontal horns and the lateral ventricles is the:

CSP

which of the following will also typically be absent with ACC

CSP

Doppler assessment of the middle cerebral artery:

Can evaluate the fetus for hypoxia

a succenturiate lobe of the placenta refers to an

accessory lobe

An anechoic mass is noted within the umbilical cord during a routine sonographic examination. What is the most likely diagnosis?

allantoic cyst

the most severe form of holoprosencephaly is

alobar

a group of abnormalities associated with entrapment of fetal parts and fetal amputation is

amniotic band syndrome

a growth disorder syndrome synonymous with enlargement of several organs including the skull, tongue, and liver

beckwith-wiedmann syndrome

IUGR is evident when EFW is

below 10th percentile

the third ventricle is located

between the two lobes of the thalamus

all of the following are associated with oligohydramnios

bilateral renal agenesis. infantile polycystic kidney disease. premature rupture of membranes.

The measurement obtained between the lateral walls of the orbits is referred to as the:

binocular diameter

which of the following is a benign congenital neck cyst found most often near the angle of the mandible

branchial cleft cyst

Close-set eyes and a nose with a single nostril is termed:

cebocephaly

normal umbilical cord insertion point into the placenta is

central

the structure located between the two lobes of the cerebellum is the:

cerebellar vermis

most common placental tumor is

chorioangioma

the fetal contribution of the placenta is the

chorion frondosum

Enlargement of the frontal horns and narrowing of the occipital horns is termed:

colpocephaly

the condition in which the frontal horns are small and the occipital horns are enlarged is referred to as

colpocephaly

The band of tissue that allows communication between the right and left cerebral hemispheres is the:

corpus callosum

all of the following are sonographic features of alobar holoprosencephaly

cyclopia. monoventricle. fused thalamus

A large, mostly cystic mass containing a thick, midline septation is noted in the cervical spine region of a fetus. This most likely represents a(n):

cystic hygroma

the maternal contribution to the placenta is the

decidua basalis

Nuchal thickening is most commonly associated with:

down syndrome

there is a definite link between microtia and what syndrome

down syndrome

which of the following is also referred to as trisomy 21

down syndrome

all of the following are sonographic findings of Arnold Chiari II malformation:

enlarged massa intermedia. hydrocephalus. obliteration of cisterna magna

which of the following conditions does not affect the orbits

epignathus

the condition in which there is no nose and a proboscis separating two close-set orbits is:

ethmocephaly

The double fold of dura mater that divides the cerebral hemispheres is the:

falx cerebri

The isolated enlargement of the fetal thyroid is referred to as:

fetal goiter

all of the following are associated with a thick placenta

fetal infections. Rh isoimmunization. multiple gestations

which of the following would be associated with immune hydrops

fetal splenomegaly or hepatomegaly. anasarca

With what structure does the posterior fossa cyst associated with DWM communicate?

fourth ventricle

which of the following should not be included in the correct level for an HC measurement

fourth ventricle

the placenta releases ____ to maintain corpus luteum

hCG

What cerebral abnormality are atypical facial features most commonly associated with?

holoprosencephaly

facial anomalies, when discovered, should prompt the sonographer to analyze the brain closely for signs of

holoprosencephaly

the sonographic finding of a fluid filled cranium with absence of cerebral tissue is consistent with

hydranencephaly

an increase distance between orbits is referred to as

hypertelorism

A reduction in the distance between the orbits is referred to as:

hypotelorism

Fetal TORCH is frequently associated with:

intracranial calcifications

which of the following would be the most likely fetal cranial findings with TORCH infections?

intracranial calcifications

which of the following would be most difficult ro detect sonographically

isolated cleft palate

which of the following is located onn both sides of the midline?

lateral ventricles

the lack of sulci within the fetal cerebrum is a reliable indicator of

lissencephaly

which of the following would not be normally located within the midline of the fetal brain?

lobes of the thalamus

which of the following is described as the situation in which the placental edge extends into the lower uterine segment but ends more than 2cm away from the internal os

low lying placenta

An unusual protuberance of the tongue is termed

macroglossia

Mothers with gestational diabetes run the risk of having fetuses that are considered:

macrosomic

Insertion of the umbilical cord at the edge of the placenta is referred to as:

marginal cord insertion

Pools of maternal blood noted within the placental substance are referred to as:

maternal lakes

a cisterna magna that measures 15mm and a normal appearing cerebellum is most likely

mega cisterna magna

What fetal suture is located within the frontal bone along the midline of the forehead?

metopic suture

a small mandible is termed

micrognathia

which of the following may also be referred to as Turner Syndrome

monosomy X

what would most likley be confused for a uterine leiomyoma

myometrial contraction

the most common location of a cystic hygroma is within the

neck

Mothers with pregestational diabetes, as opposed to gestational diabetes, have an increased risk of a fetus with:

neural tube defects

all of the following are associated with polyhydramnios

omphalocele. gastroschisis. esophageal atresia

Penetration of the placenta beyond the uterine wall would be referred to as:

placenta percreta

When the placenta completely covers the internal os, it is referred to as:

placenta previa

one of the most common causes of painless vaginal bleeding in the 2nd and 3rd trimester is

placenta previa

nonimmune hydrops is associated with

pleural effusion. turner syndrome. fetal infections

following an intracranial hemorrhage, a cyst is noted within the cerebrum that communicates with the lateral ventricle. this is referred to as

porencephaly

pregnancy-induced maternal high blood pressure and excess protein in the urine after 20 weeks is

preeclampsia

all of the following are associated with a thin placenta

preeclampsia. IUGR. long standing diabetes

which of the following would increase the likelihood of developing placenta previa

previous c section

all of the following are sonographic features of holoprosencephaly

proboscis with cyclopia. fused thalamus. monoventricle

the optimal scan plane to visualize micrognathia is

sagittal

The development of fluid-filled cleft within the cerebrum is consistent with:

schizencephaly

the interthalamic adhesion (massa intermedia) passes through the

third ventricle

the most frequently encountered chromosomal abnormality associated with holoprosencephaly is

trisomy 13

which of the following is also referred to as patau syndrome

trisomy 13

a strawberry shaped skull is commonly associated with

trisomy 18

the choroid plexus cyst could be associated with an increased risk of?

trisomy 18

An absent or hypoplastic nasal bone is most likely associated with:

trisomy 21

an increased nuchal fold is most likely associated with

trisomy 21

which of the following would most likely involve the development of a cystic hygroma

turner syndrome

the normal umbilical cord has

two arteries and one vein

all of the following are clinical features of placental abruption

vaginal bleeding. uterine tenderness. abdominal pain

Doppler sonography reveals vascular structures coursing over the internal os of the cervix. this finding is indicative of:

vasa previa

a velamentous cord insertion is associated with

vasa previa

the abnormal insertion of the umbilical cord into the membranes beyond the placenta edge is termed

velamentous insertion