Penny's Exam Review Ch. 24, 25, 32
the cervix should measure at least
3cm
the fetal lip typically closes by
8 weeks
The placenta is considered too thick when it measures:
>4mm
the measurement that should be carefully scruntinized in a case of IUGR is the
AC
the "sunburst" of the cerebral sulci is a sonographic finding of:
ACC
a cystic hygroma is the result of
An abnormal accumulation of lymphatic fluid within the soft tissue
the absence of the eyes is termed
Anophthalmia
which of the following is a genetic disorder that includes craniosynostosis, midline facial hypoplasia, and syndactyly?
Apert syndrome
a lemon-shaped skull is related to
Arnold-Chiari II malformation
Macroglossia is most commonly found with:
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
the nuchal fold measurement is typically obtained
Between 15 weeks and 21 weeks
At what level is the nuchal fold measurement obtained?
CSP
What cerebral malformation is as a result of agenesis or hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis?
DWM
Normally, the S/D ratio:
Decreases with advancing gestation
Evidence of polyhydramnios should warrant a careful investigation of the fetal:
GI system
the most accurate measurement for estimating gestational age is
HC
increased S/D ratio is associated with
IUGR. placental insufficiency. perinatal mortality
With Rh isoimmunization, the maternal antibodies cross the placenta and destroy the fetal:
RBC's
placenta accreta denotes
The abnormal attachment of the placenta to the myometrium
micrognathia is a condition found in
Trisomy 18
absence of the skull
acrania
the most common cause of hypertelorism is
anterior cephalocele
the fourth ventricle is located:
anterior to the cerebellar vermis
the third ventricle communicates with the fourth ventricle at the
aqueduct of sylvius
the most common cause of hydrocephalus in utero is
aqueductal stenosis
An abnormal division in the lip is referred to as
cleft lip
Fusion of the orbits is termed
cyclopia
An oral teratoma is referred to as
epignathus
A normal shaped skull is termed:
mesocephaly
what is the term for a smaller than normal ear
microtia
a cloverleaf-shaped skull is related to
thanatophoric dysplasia
what chromosomal aberration is most often associated with holoprosencephaly
trisomy 13
dangling choroid sign is associated with
ventriculomegaly
the cisterna magna should not exceed ___ in the transcerebellar plane
10mm
The thickness of the nuchal fold in the second trimester should not exceed
6mm
The anechoic midline brain structure located between the frontal horns and the lateral ventricles is the:
CSP
which of the following will also typically be absent with ACC
CSP
Doppler assessment of the middle cerebral artery:
Can evaluate the fetus for hypoxia
a succenturiate lobe of the placenta refers to an
accessory lobe
An anechoic mass is noted within the umbilical cord during a routine sonographic examination. What is the most likely diagnosis?
allantoic cyst
the most severe form of holoprosencephaly is
alobar
a group of abnormalities associated with entrapment of fetal parts and fetal amputation is
amniotic band syndrome
a growth disorder syndrome synonymous with enlargement of several organs including the skull, tongue, and liver
beckwith-wiedmann syndrome
IUGR is evident when EFW is
below 10th percentile
the third ventricle is located
between the two lobes of the thalamus
all of the following are associated with oligohydramnios
bilateral renal agenesis. infantile polycystic kidney disease. premature rupture of membranes.
The measurement obtained between the lateral walls of the orbits is referred to as the:
binocular diameter
which of the following is a benign congenital neck cyst found most often near the angle of the mandible
branchial cleft cyst
Close-set eyes and a nose with a single nostril is termed:
cebocephaly
normal umbilical cord insertion point into the placenta is
central
the structure located between the two lobes of the cerebellum is the:
cerebellar vermis
most common placental tumor is
chorioangioma
the fetal contribution of the placenta is the
chorion frondosum
Enlargement of the frontal horns and narrowing of the occipital horns is termed:
colpocephaly
the condition in which the frontal horns are small and the occipital horns are enlarged is referred to as
colpocephaly
The band of tissue that allows communication between the right and left cerebral hemispheres is the:
corpus callosum
all of the following are sonographic features of alobar holoprosencephaly
cyclopia. monoventricle. fused thalamus
A large, mostly cystic mass containing a thick, midline septation is noted in the cervical spine region of a fetus. This most likely represents a(n):
cystic hygroma
the maternal contribution to the placenta is the
decidua basalis
Nuchal thickening is most commonly associated with:
down syndrome
there is a definite link between microtia and what syndrome
down syndrome
which of the following is also referred to as trisomy 21
down syndrome
all of the following are sonographic findings of Arnold Chiari II malformation:
enlarged massa intermedia. hydrocephalus. obliteration of cisterna magna
which of the following conditions does not affect the orbits
epignathus
the condition in which there is no nose and a proboscis separating two close-set orbits is:
ethmocephaly
The double fold of dura mater that divides the cerebral hemispheres is the:
falx cerebri
The isolated enlargement of the fetal thyroid is referred to as:
fetal goiter
all of the following are associated with a thick placenta
fetal infections. Rh isoimmunization. multiple gestations
which of the following would be associated with immune hydrops
fetal splenomegaly or hepatomegaly. anasarca
With what structure does the posterior fossa cyst associated with DWM communicate?
fourth ventricle
which of the following should not be included in the correct level for an HC measurement
fourth ventricle
the placenta releases ____ to maintain corpus luteum
hCG
What cerebral abnormality are atypical facial features most commonly associated with?
holoprosencephaly
facial anomalies, when discovered, should prompt the sonographer to analyze the brain closely for signs of
holoprosencephaly
the sonographic finding of a fluid filled cranium with absence of cerebral tissue is consistent with
hydranencephaly
an increase distance between orbits is referred to as
hypertelorism
A reduction in the distance between the orbits is referred to as:
hypotelorism
Fetal TORCH is frequently associated with:
intracranial calcifications
which of the following would be the most likely fetal cranial findings with TORCH infections?
intracranial calcifications
which of the following would be most difficult ro detect sonographically
isolated cleft palate
which of the following is located onn both sides of the midline?
lateral ventricles
the lack of sulci within the fetal cerebrum is a reliable indicator of
lissencephaly
which of the following would not be normally located within the midline of the fetal brain?
lobes of the thalamus
which of the following is described as the situation in which the placental edge extends into the lower uterine segment but ends more than 2cm away from the internal os
low lying placenta
An unusual protuberance of the tongue is termed
macroglossia
Mothers with gestational diabetes run the risk of having fetuses that are considered:
macrosomic
Insertion of the umbilical cord at the edge of the placenta is referred to as:
marginal cord insertion
Pools of maternal blood noted within the placental substance are referred to as:
maternal lakes
a cisterna magna that measures 15mm and a normal appearing cerebellum is most likely
mega cisterna magna
What fetal suture is located within the frontal bone along the midline of the forehead?
metopic suture
a small mandible is termed
micrognathia
which of the following may also be referred to as Turner Syndrome
monosomy X
what would most likley be confused for a uterine leiomyoma
myometrial contraction
the most common location of a cystic hygroma is within the
neck
Mothers with pregestational diabetes, as opposed to gestational diabetes, have an increased risk of a fetus with:
neural tube defects
all of the following are associated with polyhydramnios
omphalocele. gastroschisis. esophageal atresia
Penetration of the placenta beyond the uterine wall would be referred to as:
placenta percreta
When the placenta completely covers the internal os, it is referred to as:
placenta previa
one of the most common causes of painless vaginal bleeding in the 2nd and 3rd trimester is
placenta previa
nonimmune hydrops is associated with
pleural effusion. turner syndrome. fetal infections
following an intracranial hemorrhage, a cyst is noted within the cerebrum that communicates with the lateral ventricle. this is referred to as
porencephaly
pregnancy-induced maternal high blood pressure and excess protein in the urine after 20 weeks is
preeclampsia
all of the following are associated with a thin placenta
preeclampsia. IUGR. long standing diabetes
which of the following would increase the likelihood of developing placenta previa
previous c section
all of the following are sonographic features of holoprosencephaly
proboscis with cyclopia. fused thalamus. monoventricle
the optimal scan plane to visualize micrognathia is
sagittal
The development of fluid-filled cleft within the cerebrum is consistent with:
schizencephaly
the interthalamic adhesion (massa intermedia) passes through the
third ventricle
the most frequently encountered chromosomal abnormality associated with holoprosencephaly is
trisomy 13
which of the following is also referred to as patau syndrome
trisomy 13
a strawberry shaped skull is commonly associated with
trisomy 18
the choroid plexus cyst could be associated with an increased risk of?
trisomy 18
An absent or hypoplastic nasal bone is most likely associated with:
trisomy 21
an increased nuchal fold is most likely associated with
trisomy 21
which of the following would most likely involve the development of a cystic hygroma
turner syndrome
the normal umbilical cord has
two arteries and one vein
all of the following are clinical features of placental abruption
vaginal bleeding. uterine tenderness. abdominal pain
Doppler sonography reveals vascular structures coursing over the internal os of the cervix. this finding is indicative of:
vasa previa
a velamentous cord insertion is associated with
vasa previa
the abnormal insertion of the umbilical cord into the membranes beyond the placenta edge is termed
velamentous insertion