period 6 khan
"Destiny and the vast future interests of the United States in the Pacific clearly indicate who, at no distant day, must be responsible for the government of these islands. Under a territorial government they could be as easily governed. "The men qualified are here to carry on good government, provided they have the support of the Government of the United States. . . . If the American flag floats here at no distant day, the Asiatic tendencies can be arrested and controlled without retarding the material development of the islands, but surely advancing their prosperity by diversifying and expanding the industries, building roads and bridges . . . constituting a solid basis for American methods of government." -Source: John L. Stevens, in a letter to John W. Foster, 1892 The ideas expressed in the excerpt contributed most directly to which of the following? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Athe annexation of Hawaii as a US territory(Choice B)Bthe creation of free trade agreements(Choice C)Cthe belief in Social Darwinism(Choice D)Dthe rise of political machines in cities
a
"I am looking rather seedy now while holding down my claim And my victuals are not always served the best, And the mice play shyly 'round me as I nestle down to rest In my little old sod shanty in the West. "Yet I rather like the novelty of living in this way Though my bill of fare is always rather tame, But I'm happy as a clam on the land of Uncle Sam In my little old sod shanty on my claim. . . . "My clothes are plastered o'er with dough, I'm looking like a fright And everything is scattered 'round the room, But I wouldn't give the freedom that I have out in the West For the table of the Eastern man's old home. -Source: Oliver Edwin Murray, an excerpt from the song "The Little Old Sod Shanty On My Claim," 1870s The song lyrics most directly reflected which of the following developments during the late nineteenth century? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Amass migration to rural areas in the Midwest(Choice B)Bcreation of cooperative organizations for farmers(Choice C)Cdiscovery of gold and silver in California and Nevada(Choice D)Dconstruction of the transcontinental railroad
a
"I think there are only three places that are of value enough to be taken, that are not continental. One is Hawaii and the others are Cuba and Porto Rico. Cuba and Porto Rico are not now imminent and will not be for a generation. Hawaii may come up for a decision at any unexpected hour and I hope we shall be prepared to decide it in the affirmative." -Source: James G. Blaine, in a letter to President Benjamin Harrison, 1891 Blaine's remarks in the excerpt most directly reflected which of the following developments during the late nineteenth century? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Athe popular belief that the United States needed to expand to gain power(Choice B)Bthe rapid growth of cities due to falling crop yields on American farms(Choice C)Cthe growth in voluntary organizations advocating for social reform(Choice D)Dthe emergence of anti-immigrant sentiment against migrants from Asia
a
"In the end, the Ghost Dance offered believers, not an immediate and violent rejection of American governance, but an intense spiritual and emotional experience that facilitated their accommodation to American dominance in many areas of Indian life while simultaneously allowing them to seek out health and prosperity on Indian terms. The Ghost Dance, in other words, helped many believers accept conquest while strengthening their resolve to resist assimilation." -Source: Louis S. Warren, God's Red Son: The Ghost Dance Religion and the Making of Modern America, 2017 Which of the following most likely contributed to the rise of the "Ghost Dance" referred to in the excerpt? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Aefforts by the US government to control the indigenous communities in the West(Choice B)Bdecline in indigenous populations following several infectious diseases(Choice C)Cdeclarations of war against indigenous nations by the federal government(Choice D)Dlegislative measures that granted citizenship to all indigenous people
a
"No industry will ever be given up, except in order to take up a better one; and if, under free trade, any of our industries should perish, it would only be because the removal of restrictions enabled some other industry to offer so much better rewards, that labor and capital would seek the latter. It is plain that, if a man does not know of any better way to earn his living than the one which he is in, he must remain in that, or move to some other place." -Source: William Graham Sumner, "Protectionism," 1885 Which of the following developments from the late nineteenth century emerged from ideas most similar to those expressed in the excerpt? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Athe application of Darwin's theory of evolution to explain the economic success of business leaders(Choice B)Bthe rise in public support for the idea that good Christians should fight for social justice for the poor(Choice C)Cthe surge in philanthropic donations by business leaders to support civic projects benefitting society(Choice D)Dthe increase in calls for the United States to restrict immigration and support domestic workers
a
"The millionaires are a product of natural selection, acting on the whole body of men to pick out those who can meet the requirement of certain work to be done. In this respect, they are just like the great statesmen, or scientific men, or military men. It is because they are thus selected that wealth—both their own and that entrusted to them—aggregates under their hands. . . . They may fairly be regarded as the naturally selected agents of society for certain work." -Source: William Graham Sumner, The Challenge of Facts: and Other Essays, 1914 The perspective expressed in the excerpt most directly supported which of the following? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Alimited government regulation of businesses or the economy(Choice B)Blimited government intervention in the affairs of other countries(Choice C)Cgovernment measures to redistribute wealth and address poverty(Choice D)Dgovernment interference in business to prevent unethical behavior
a
"The object is to accomplish a thorough and systematic organization among farmers, horticulturists, and those engaged in rural pursuits throughout the United States, that will secure among them intimate social relations and acquaintance with each other, for the advancement and elevation of their pursuits, with an appreciation of their true interests. By such means may be accomplished that which exists throughout the country in all other vocations and among all other classes — combined co-operative association for the individual improvement and common benefit." -Source: W. Scott Morgan, History of the Wheel and Alliance and the Impending Revolution, 1889 The excerpt is best understood as a response to which of the following historical developments? (Choice A)Athe rise in sales of crops to national and international agricultural markets (Choice B)Bthe introduction of legislation that gave western land to families willing to cultivate it Choice C)Cthe migration of a religious group to present-day Utah and Nevada (Choice D)Dthe increase in conflicts with indigenous communities that lived in the West
a
"Whose voice was first sounded on this land? The voice of the red people, who had but bows and arrows. . . . What has been done in my country I did not want, did not ask for it; white people going through my country. . . . The white children have surrounded me and have left me nothing but an island. When we first had this land we were strong, now are melting like snow on the hillside, while you are grown like spring grass. . . . When the white man comes in my country he leaves a trail of blood behind him." -Source: Red Cloud (Mahipua Luta) of the Oglala Sioux, Report of the Board of Indian Commissioners, 1871 People who shared the author's ideas at the time most typically sought to achieve their goals by doing which of the following? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Aresisting migration and fighting American forces(Choice B)Bpetitioning the government for American citizenship(Choice C)Cfiling legal challenges in federal courts against white settlers(Choice D)Dmigrating north to Canada for more plots of land
a
Read the excerpt and answer the question below. "Give us our rights which belong to us. Give us fair and living wages for a fair day's work. Treat our women with the respect due to their sex. Open the doors of lucrative business to our young men and women. Assist and encourage us to educate our children and bring them up in refinement whenever our means will admit of it." -"An Appeal to the White People of the South," Virginia Star, 1882 The excerpt is best understood as a response to which of the following historical developments? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Aincreased discrimination against African Americans(Choice B)Bpassage of a law that limited immigration from China(Choice C)Csurge of immigrant participation in the Democratic Party(Choice D)Drise of labor unions to fight against unsafe working conditions
a
Read the excerpt and answer the question below. "We want eight hours and nothing less. We have been accused of being selfish, and it has been said that we will want more; that last year we got an advance of ten cents and now we want more. We do want more. . . . "In the age of electricity and steam that has produced wealth a hundred fold, we insist that it has been brought about by the intelligence and energy of the workingmen, and while we find that is now easier to produce it is harder to live. We do want more, and when it becomes more, we shall still want more. And we shall never cease to demand more until we have received the results of our labor." Samuel Gompers, "Eights Hours and Nothing Less," 1890 Arguments similar to those expressed in the excerpt were later employed to justify which of the following? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Adirect confrontations with their employers(Choice B)Bestablishment of business regulations(Choice C)Cexclusion of children from the labor force(Choice D)Drealignment of political parties to address complaints
a
Read the passage and answer the question below. "As America steadily became more urban and as real incomes rose, the share of food and clothing produced at home declined sharply, freeing some of the time previously engaged in household production. New types of processed food were invented, and many of today's name brands became commonplace in the last three decades of the nineteenth century." -Source: Robert J. Gordon, historian, The Rise and Fall of American Growth: The U.S. Standard of Living Since the Civil War, 2016 The excerpt best illustrates which of the following developments? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Athe effects of industrialization(Choice B)Bthe mass migration to rural areas(Choice C)Cthe growth of labor unions(Choice D)Dthe expansion into foreign markets
a
SOURCE 1: "We must make a departure. Instead of laying on the burdens of taxation upon the necessaries of life, instead of destroying our foreign commerce, we should encourage it as we would encourage our home commerce. We should remove every unnecessary burden." -Source: Democratic Congressman Roger Q. Mills, Congressional Record, 1888 SOURCE 2: "We are uncompromisingly in favor of the American system of protection; we protest against its destruction as proposed by the President and his party. They serve the interests of Europe; we will support the interests of America." -Source: Republican Party Platform, 1888 The excerpts most directly reflect which of the following trends in the late nineteenth century? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Athe growing divisions between political parties over economic policy(Choice B)Bthe influence of political machines on national social policy issues(Choice C)Cthe rise of bimetallism advocacy to address financial difficulties(Choice D)Dthe inability of Congress to effect any real change in economic policy
a
Which of the following was a direct effect of the trend in railroad lines after 1870 shown in the table? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Anew markets opened as perishable goods could travel greater distances faster(Choice B)Bproduction of goods decreased because trains traveled shorter distances(Choice C)Cregional cultures disappeared as the country became more connected(Choice D)Dcost of transport decreased because people could send goods farther
a
Which of the following was a significant cause of the trend in migration from 1870 to 1900 shown in the graph? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Ajob opportunities in urban areas(Choice B)Btenement housing in cities(Choice C)Creligious persecution(Choice D)Dsharecropping in the South
a
"Although the effects of immigrants on the composition of the U.S. population were apparent by the census of 1870, it was the dramatic shift, between the 1880s and 1900s, in the sources of European immigration to the United States from northwestern countries to southeastern ones that excited and sustained public debate and comment. In 1882 . . . 13.1 percent came from southern and eastern European countries. . . . In 1907, these countries supplied 81 percent of a total of 1,207,619 European immigrants." -Source: Desmond King, Making Americans: Immigration, Race, and the Origins of the Diverse Democracy, 2009 Which of the following most likely contributed to the increase in immigration from southern and eastern Europe referred to in the excerpt? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Apassage of an immigration quota act that favored European immigrants(Choice B)Breligious persecution and widespread poverty in European states(Choice C)Cresurgence of American agriculture as other countries industrialized(Choice D)Ddeclaration of the Monroe Doctrine, which eased immigration restrictions
b
"Five years ago we had no colored women's clubs outside of those formed for special work; today with little over a month's notice, we are able to call representatives from more than twenty clubs. ". . . we need to talk over those things that are of special interest to us as colored women, the training of our children, openings for our boys and girls . . . how to make the most of our own, to some extent, limited opportunities. These are some of our own peculiar questions to be discussed. Besides these are the general questions of the day, which we cannot afford to be indifferent to: temperance, morality, the higher education, hygienic and domestic questions." -Source: Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin, keynote for the Women's Era Club Conference, 1895 The excerpt most strongly suggests that in 1895 which of the following was correct? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)ABlack women did not seek to fight for social reform through voluntary work.(Choice B)BWhite women and black women had separate voluntary organizations.(Choice C)CBlack women started and ran all voluntary organizations in the United States.(Choice D)DWhite women encouraged black women to work in voluntary organizations.
b
"It is little more than four years ago since I was last in this then almost unknown, but now world-famous, oil region. In the comparatively brief interval that has elapsed everything but the geographic conformation of the country, everything but its mountains and rivers, has been changed. . . . "Take one instance. Corry, four years ago, was a poor farm where the thinly-scratched soil of cold clay land yielded so little that the whole place, buildings and all, might easily have been purchased at 8 or 10 dols. an acre. . . . I was at Corry the other night. It is a fine rough city of about 10,000 inhabitants. The Atlantic and Great Western Railway, which has opened it up, has its great depot there, and has made it the central exchange of petroleum. It has nearly twenty banks, two newspapers, and the city is now building a large opera-house. The quotations made on the oil exchange at Corry, whether of oil, gold, or breadstuffs, influence Wall-street, and have infinitely greater weight on the trade of the country than anything done throughout all of Pennsylvania. -Source: "The Oil Regions of Pennsylvania," The Money Market Review: A Weekly Commercial and Financial Journal, Volumes 10-11, 1865 A historian would most likely use this passage to illustrate which of the following? :(Choice A)Ahow railroad companies caused the rise of boomtowns in the West by selling land surrounding their railroad tracks (Choice B)Bhow the discovery of mineral resources and fuel led to the rapid creation of new communities (Choice C)Chow mass migration depleted areas of valuable resources, leading to the abandonment of once-thriving communities (Choice D)Dhow the federal government financially supported the settlement of western states
b
Read the excerpt and answer the question below. "We have got to go to manufacturing to save ourselves. We have got to go to it to obtain an increase of population. Workmen go to furnaces, mines, and factories— they go where labor is brought. Every new furnace or factory is sure to come from the neighborhood or from abroad. . . . Capital, to the extent that the South shall have occasion to borrow, will, by law of economy that never fails, flow here to erect, equip and start every manufacturing establishment as fast as it can profitably be run." -J.D.B. DeBow, De Bow's Review, 1867 The ideas discussed in the excerpt led to which of the following economic changes? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)AFactories opened up new earning opportunities for the lower classes, ending widespread poverty in the South.(Choice B)BNew factories emerged in the South and introduced manufacturing into the southern economy.(Choice C)CCotton was no longer a vital part of the southern economy, as workers sought high-paying factory jobs.(Choice D)DRace relations worsened in the South as Southern leaders called for white supremacy in the South.
b
Read the excerpt and answer the question below. "We want eight hours and nothing less. We have been accused of being selfish, and it has been said that we will want more; that last year we got an advance of ten cents and now we want more. We do want more. . . . "In the age of electricity and steam that has produced wealth a hundred fold, we insist that it has been brought about by the intelligence and energy of the workingmen, and while we find that is now easier to produce it is harder to live. We do want more, and when it becomes more, we shall still want more. And we shall never cease to demand more until we have received the results of our labor." Samuel Gompers, "Eights Hours and Nothing Less," 1890 The remarks in the excerpt were most likely given in response to which of the following? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Athe expansion of the labor force to include children(Choice B)Bthe rise of local and national labor organizations(Choice C)Cthe beginning of a national financial panic(Choice D)Dthe replacement of workers with labor-saving machines
b
Read the passage and answer the question below. "Although the effects of immigrants on the composition of the U.S. population were apparent by the census of 1870, it was the dramatic shift, between the 1880s and 1900s, in the sources of European immigration to the United States from northwestern countries to southeastern ones that excited and sustained public debate and comment. In 1882 . . . 13.1 percent came from southern and eastern European countries. . . . In 1907, these countries supplied 81 percent of a total of 1,207,619 European immigrants." -Source: Desmond King, Making Americans: Immigration, Race, and the Origins of the Diverse Democracy, 2009 Which of the following most directly led to the changes described in the excerpt? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Astart of the first major world war in Italy and Russia(Choice B)Beconomic opportunities in major US cities(Choice C)Coffers of government loans for people willing to relocate(Choice D)Drelaxation of immigration laws in the United States
b
Read the passage and answer the question below. "Even if investors had seized quickly upon industrial opportunities, if risk were not a factor, if all hesitant planters had ignored their neighbor's scorn, and if the socially conscious had considered only their private gains, the South might still have seemed under-industrialized to outside observers. The region's factor endowment would still have led to an industrial sector that was small relative to that in the East." -Fred Bateman and Thomas Weiss, economists, A Deplorable Scarcity, 2002 The patterns described in the excerpt most directly foreshadowed which of the following developments? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Athe mass migration to the West for available government land(Choice B)Bthe continued dominance of northern manufacturing(Choice C)Cthe gradual shift towards an agricultural southern economy(Choice D)Dthe emergence of cooperative farming organizations
b
The image most directly reflects which of the following developments during the late nineteenth century? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Athe increasing power and influence of women within major religious groups(Choice B)Bthe increased participation of women in voluntary social reform organizations(Choice C)Cthe emergence of a temperance movement to end the sale of alcohol(Choice D)Dthe creation of settlement houses to improve immigrant lives in the United States
b
The main trend shown in the graph was most directly associated with which of the following processes occurring in the late nineteenth century? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Athe concentration of wealth(Choice B)Bthe growth of a distinctive middle class(Choice C)Cthe rise in power of labor unions(Choice D)Dthe urbanization of American society
b
"Hereafter no Indian nation or tribe within the territory of the United States shall be acknowledged or recognized as an independent nation, tribe, or power with whom the United States may contract by treaty. Provided, further, that nothing herein contained shall be construed to invalidate or impair the obligation of any treaty heretofore lawfully made and ratified with any such Indian nation or tribe." -Source: excerpt from the Indian Appropriation Act, 1871 Which of the following was the most immediate result of the law excerpted? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Athe start of several armed conflicts between indigenous nations and white settlers(Choice B)Bthe creation of the Bureau of Indian Affairs to protect indigenous peoples' rights and interests(Choice C)Cthe removal of indigenous peoples from desirable lands and relocation to reservations(Choice D)Dthe rise of the Ghost Dance in indigenous nations across the West to protest federal actions
c
"Once segregation began, there was no logical place for it to stop. If railroad cars were segregated, why not railroad stations, even ticket windows? If jails were segregated, why not courtrooms, even the Bibles on which witnesses swore? . . . Whites touted segregation as a way to ensure social peace, to reduce conflict in public places, to make sure that blacks received at least some social services. The newer a place or institution, the more certain it was to be segregated." -Edward L. Ayers, historian, The Promise of the New South: Life After Reconstruction, 2007. The developments described in the excerpt best illustrate which of the following? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Aindustrialization of the southern economy following the Civil War(Choice B)Bincreased violence against African Americans by white supremacists(Choice C)Csuppression of African American civil rights after Reconstruction(Choice D)Dpersistence of discrimination against European immigrants in the United States
c
"Thus is the problem of rich and poor to be solved. The laws of accumulation will be left free, the laws of distribution free. Individualism will continue, but the millionaire will be but a trustee for the poor, intrusted for a season with a great part of the increased wealth of the community, but administering it for the community far better than it could or would have done for itself. The best minds will thus have reached a stage in the development of the race in which it is clearly seen that there is no mode of disposing of surplus wealth creditable to thoughtful and earnest men into whose hands it flows save by using it year by year for the general good." -Source: Andrew Carnegie, "Wealth," North American Review, 1889 Which of the following issues of the period was Carnegie most likely concerned with in the excerpt? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Athe consolidation of major businesses(Choice B)Bthe strikes organized by labor unions(Choice C)Cthe social problems caused by poverty(Choice D)Dthe emergence of voluntary organizations
c
"We protest, and with all reverence, that it is not God's fault. We protest that it is not the farmer's fault. We believe, and so charge, solemnly and deliberately, that it is the fault of the financial system of the Government—a system that placed on agriculture an undue, unjust and intolerable proportion of the burdens of taxation." -Source: Leonidas L. Polk, to the United States Senate Committee on Agriculture, 1890 Which of the following issues of the period was the author most likely concerned within the excerpt? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Athe urbanization of the United States in the 1890s(Choice B)Bthe emergence of the Populist Party in the 1890s(Choice C)Cthe economic instability throughout the 1880s(Choice D)Dthe spread of nativist sentiment in the 1870s and 1880s
c
A development related to the overall trend from 1866 to 1875 depicted in the table was the: Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Aintroduction of a sharecropping system in the South.(Choice B)Bdiscovery of precious metals and minerals in the West.(Choice C)Cmigration of farmers to the Great Plains region.(Choice D)Dcreation of free trade agreements with Asian countries.
c
Read the excerpt and answer the question below. "Iron replaced wood; steel replaced iron; and electricity . . . replaced horsepower. In 1870 agricultural production surpassed industrial production by about $500 million. Both were increasing year by year. But by 1900 manufacturing had increased by more than four times. . . . "Industrial growth and westward expansion were assured by the revolution in transportation and the revolution in communications. . . . A transcontinental railroad network brought farm and factory, country and town closer together. Telegraph and telephone, electricity and press increased public knowledge, business efficiency, and political debates." -Source: Sean Dennis Cashman, America in the Gilded Age, 1993 According to the passage, which of the following best explains the most important effect that innovations like the telegraph had on the American economy? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)AIt facilitated the concentration of wealth to business leaders.(Choice B)BIt developed a higher standard of living for most Americans.(Choice C)CIt improved the organization of the production process.(Choice D)DIt opened the United States up to foreign trade partners.
c
Read the excerpt and answer the question below. "There is no room in this country for hyphenated Americanism. When I refer to hyphenated Americans, I do not refer to naturalized Americans. Some of the very best Americans I have ever known were naturalized Americans, Americans born abroad. But a hyphenated American is not an American at all. This is just as true of the man who puts 'native' before the hyphen as of the man who puts German or Irish or English or French before the hyphen. Americanism is a matter of the spirit and of the soul. Our allegiance must be purely to the United States." -Source: Theodore Roosevelt, in an address delivered before the Knights of Columbus, 1915 The excerpt best serves as evidence of which of the following trends during the Gilded Age and Progressive Era? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Athe rise of nativist sentiment in response to the rise in immigration(Choice B)Bthe growth of patriotism following an attack on the United States(Choice C)Cthe increase in public debates over the assimilation of immigrants(Choice D)Dthe escalation of immigration from non-European countries
c
Read the excerpt and answer the question below. "What has not the steam engine done for the Nineteenth Century? It speeds the locomotive across the continent . . . [and] the mighty steamship on the sea; it grinds our grain; it weaves our cloth; it prints our books; it forges our steel, and in every department of life it is ubiquitous, tireless, potent agency of civilization." -Edward W. Byrn, The Progress of Invention in the Nineteenth Century, 1900 The author's remarks in the excerpt most directly reflected which of the following developments during the late nineteenth century? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Aenhancements in mass production(Choice B)Badvances in the steel-making process(Choice C)Cimprovements in power generation(Choice D)Ddevelopment of interchangeable parts
c
Read the excerpt and answer the question below. "What has not the steam engine done for the Nineteenth Century? It speeds the locomotive across the continent . . . [and] the mighty steamship on the sea; it grinds our grain; it weaves our cloth; it prints our books; it forges our steel, and in every department of life it is ubiquitous, tireless, potent agency of civilization." -Edward W. Byrn, The Progress of Invention in the Nineteenth Century, 1900 The development discussed in the excerpt led to which of the following economic changes? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)AIt increased the cost of railroad transportation.(Choice B)BIt increased wages for the working class.(Choice C)CIt improved the processes used to produce goods.(Choice D)DIt expanded the labor force to include women.
c
Read the passage and answer the question below. "Of the numerous other tariffs increased to protectionist levels after the war, the most abusive examples were the treatment of steel rails and nickel. In the case of steel rails, Congress changed the tariff in 1870 . . . to a specific duty based on weight, which came to $28 per ton. The effect of this change was astronomical due to new efficiencies then developing in the steel industry . . . which caused the price of steel to drop dramatically after 1870. . . . At a time of high demand for railroad materials in the late 1870s, during a period of explosive growth of rail lines, these domestic producers made out like bandits—or, more appropriately, robber barons—until the demand finally tapered off." -Source: C. Donald Johnson, historian, The Wealth of a Nation: A History of Trade Politics in America, 2018 The excerpt best illustrates which of the following developments? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Athe rise in technological innovations to improve manufacturing techniques(Choice B)Bthe influence of labor unions and political machines on foreign trade policies(Choice C)Cthe creation of government policies that supported US economic growth(Choice D)Dthe supremacy of the Democratic party in holding the office of the presidency
c
The image most closely reflects which of the following developments in the political climate in the United States? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Athe influence of monopolists on government policy(Choice B)Bthe government's intervention in the economy(Choice C)Cthe rise of political machines in major cities(Choice D)Dthe calls for civil service reform in the government
c
The main trend shown in the table was most directly associated with which of the following processes occurring in the United States at the time? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Areplacement of factory workers with labor-saving machines(Choice B)Bregulations on businesses to meet labor demands(Choice C)Cimprovements in industrialization and increase in factory work(Choice D)Dincreased migration to government-provided land in the Midwest
c
Which of the following arguments did some late-nineteenth century leaders use to justify the situation depicted in the image? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)AThe leaders of political machines represented disenfranchised agricultural workers in rural areas.(Choice B)BThe political machines took advantage of immigrants to influence federal policies unfairly.(Choice C)CThe leaders of political machines provided immigrants with social services that they needed to survive.(Choice D)DThe political machines undermined democracy by corrupting local, state, and federal elections.
c
Which of the following best describes the message in the political cartoon? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)AMost immigrants maintained their previous cultural values and languages rather than adopting American culture.(Choice B)BMost immigrants from Europe faced little oppression, but Asian immigrants often faced discrimination.(Choice C)CMost immigrants could adopt American culture, but Irish immigrants could not Americanize.(Choice D)DMost immigrants could not handle having the full rights and privileges of American citizenship.
c
"Five years ago we had no colored women's clubs outside of those formed for special work; today with little over a month's notice, we are able to call representatives from more than twenty clubs. ". . . we need to talk over those things that are of special interest to us as colored women, the training of our children, openings for our boys and girls . . . how to make the most of our own, to some extent, limited opportunities. These are some of our own peculiar questions to be discussed. Besides these are the general questions of the day, which we cannot afford to be indifferent to: temperance, morality, the higher education, hygienic and domestic questions." -Source: Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin, keynote for the Women's Era Club Conference, 1895 A historian would most likely use this passage to illustrate which of the following? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Ahow black women pushed for desegregation laws in Congress(Choice B)Bhow women gained financial support for women's colleges(Choice C)Chow women's roles changed because of industrialization(Choice D)Dhow women organized to promote social and political reform
d
"In the fall of 1873, Yale and Princeton met in the first game of their long football rivalry. The players had no uniforms or equipment as we think of them now. They played a soccerlike game under rules agreed on just one month earlier. . . . "Twenty years later, teams throughout the country were playing a distinctly American game of football under a standard code of rules, with standard formations and tactics. They also had plenty of footballs and special football uniforms, made in America and clearly products of a prospering sporting goods industry — a network of manufacturers, distributors, and retailers that had meshed in the late 1860s as baseball became the national pastime. . . . "These 'new providers' determined much of the leisure revolution that turned informal pastimes into commodities." -Source: Richard Butsch, historian, For Fun and Profit: The Transformation of Leisure Into Consumption, 1990 Which of the following cultural and social shifts resulted most directly from the trends described in the excerpt? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Athe emergence of regional cultures(Choice B)Bthe rise of donations to universities(Choice C)Cthe concentration of wealth(Choice D)Dthe expansion of consumer culture
d
"It seemed to me that Hull-House ought to be able to devise some educational enterprise, which should build a bridge between European and American experiences in such wise as to give them both more meaning and a sense of relation. I meditated that perhaps the power to see life as a whole is more needed in the immigrant quarter of a large city than anywhere else, and that the lack of power is the most fruitful source of misunderstanding between European immigrants and their children, as it is between them and their American neighbors: and why should that chasm between fathers and sons, yawning at the feet of each generation, be made so unnecessarily cruel and impassable to these bewildered immigrants?" -Source: Jane Addams, Twenty Years at Hull-House: With Autobiographical Notes, 1912 According to the author, what was the purpose of settlement houses? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Ato spread Protestant Christianity to Catholic and Jewish immigrants(Choice B)Bto send American teachers to underdeveloped countries(Choice C)Cto educate the children of factory workers in government public schools(Choice D)Dto help immigrants adopt US culture and the English language
d
"No industry will ever be given up, except in order to take up a better one; and if, under free trade, any of our industries should perish, it would only be because the removal of restrictions enabled some other industry to offer so much better rewards, that labor and capital would seek the latter. It is plain that, if a man does not know of any better way to earn his living than the one which he is in, he must remain in that, or move to some other place." -Source: William Graham Sumner, "Protectionism," 1885 Based on the excerpt, Sumner would be likely to support which of the following? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Aminimum wage laws(Choice B)Bantitrust regulations(Choice C)Cprotective tariffs(Choice D)Dbusiness consolidation
d
"The present year witnesses the completion of the most important enterprise of the kind ever executed in any country— a line of railroad from the Missouri River across the Continent, and with connecting lines from the Atlantic to Pacific Ocean. . . . the influence of these works . . . upon the commerce and welfare of this country must be immense. A vast commerce, yet in its infancy, already exists between the two shores of the Continent." -Source: Henry Varnum Poor, Manual of the Railroads of the United States, 1869-1870, 1889 Which of the following most directly contributed to the developments described in the excerpt? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Afederal legislation that gave land to families willing to work western land(Choice B)BUnited States victory over the Confederate states in the Civil War(Choice C)Ctrade agreements and partnerships with European and Asian countries(Choice D)Dgovernment loans to support railroad construction in the West
d
"Where does the money go? Andrew Carnegie makes a specialty of public libraries in his gifts, with a good sprinkling of checks among educational institutions of established reputation. . . . John D. Rockefeller takes splendid care of the University of Chicago, and has several millions annually to pass around among Baptist institutions and other interests that appeal to his consideration. . . . "It is quite safe to assert that the majority of gifts and bequests goes to colleges and universities, with homes and hospitals for men, women, and children next, and memorial buildings and church edifices following. . . . Giving has become a business." -Source: George J. Hagar, "Magnitude of American Benefactions," The Review of Reviews, 1904 The author's remarks in the excerpt most directly reflected which of the following developments during the late nineteenth century? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Athe creation of a federal income tax(Choice B)Bthe emergence of a middle class(Choice C)Cthe improvements in standards of living(Choice D)Dthe rise in philanthropic donations
d
"You have won no victories worthy the name. You are slaves, every last one of you. . . . Arouse from your slavery, join the Social Democratic Party and vote with us to take possession of the mines of the country and operate them in the interest of the people . . . and then, and only then, will 'glorious victories' have been achieved and you and your comrades be free and your families happy." -Source: Eugene V. Debs, 1899 Based on the excerpt, Debs was most likely a member of which group? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)ACapitalists(Choice B)BNativists(Choice C)CAgrarians(Choice D)DSocialists
d
Read the excerpt and answer the question below. "'What can labor do for itself?' The answer is not difficult. Labor can organize, it can unify, it can consolidate its forces. This done, it can demand and command. Such are the possible and the practical things labor can do, is doing, and will continue to do until constitutions and courts and laws based upon principles of eternal justice, make no distinction in dealing with the people." -Eugene V. Debs, Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen's Magazine, 1893 The excerpt provided is best understood in the context of which of the following? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Athe emergence of cooperative farming organizations calling for government regulation(Choice B)Bthe creation of new government regulations to limit the creation of trusts(Choice C)Cthe lack of public support for labor unions as the opposition portrayed them as anti-capitalist(Choice D)Dthe growing tension between employees and employers over wages and working conditions
d
Read the excerpt and answer the question below. "For the means of finding new productive employments for capital, therefore, it is necessary that the great industrial countries should turn to countries which have not felt the pulse of modern progress. Such countries have yet to be equipped with the mechanism of production and of luxury, which has been created in the progressive countries by the savings of recent generations. . . . Existing commodities now imported from the interior of these countries at great cost will be swept on paths of steel to the seacoast with the result of reducing their cost, increasing their consumption, and benefitting at once both producer and purchaser." -Source: Charles A. Conant, North American Review, 1898 Which of the following developments best represents a logical extension of the ideas expressed in the excerpt? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Athe creation of lax immigration policies to encourage emigration from China, Russia, and Italy(Choice B)Bthe negotiation of free trade agreements with China, Japan, and England to improve the economy(Choice C)Cthe commitment to an isolationist foreign policy to keep the United States out of international wars(Choice D)Dthe US acquisition of the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Hawaii to access their natural resources and to facilitate trade
d
Read the excerpt and answer the question below. "In whatever direction we look in any section of our vast republic, we find prodigious combinations of railway capital actually perfected, or progressing rapidly toward complete absorption of all smaller lines. This tendency to consolidation is irresistible. The economic advantages are so great, the temptations to vast profits are so incalculable, and the allurements to ambitious and able men afforded by the control of these mighty social machines are so enticing, that the movement must go forward." -Source: George Henry Lewis, National Consolidation of the Railways of the United States, 1893 The events discussed in the excerpt led to which of the following economic changes? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Athe regulation of railroad prices by the federal government(Choice B)Bthe creation of government subsidies to support smaller railroad companies(Choice C)Cthe end of tariffs to support struggling farmers during a financial panic(Choice D)Dthe concentration of wealth to a small group of business owners
d
Read the passage and answer the question below. "The rise of modern mass production required fundamental changes in the technology and organization of the processes of production. The basic organizational innovations were responses to the need to coordinate and control the high-volume throughput." -Source: Alfred D. Chandler, historian, The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business, 1977 One major change in American factories from 1850 to 1900 was the: Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Aprohibition of trusts and monopolies by the government.(Choice B)Bend of the use of children as the factory labor force.(Choice C)Cintroduction of new technologies to replace most workers.(Choice D)Duse of bureaucratic management structures in factories.
d
