Permit Test Unit 2 (LEARNING TO DRIVE)

here's how to safely drive through curves

- Keep slightly to the right of the lane Center on right Curves in the middle of your lane on left curves - the sharper the curve the more you need to reduce your speed - look for traffic coming from the opposite direction. A speeder could easily stray into your lane - for guidance abt how to steer your vehicle, scan ahead and look at the inside edges of the curve. There are multiple cars look at the Inside Edge of each crew as far ahead as you can see

4 second rule

- 4 seconds of space between others will allow you to steer or brake to avoid hazards safely - if you are too close and the vehicle in front of you suddenly stops you won't be able to avoid a crash - How to manage this: after the car ahead of you crosses a roadside object count how long it takes you to pass it

Dangers of floodwaters

- 6 inches of water, the length of a dollar bill can cause some cars to lose control or stall - 12 inches of moving war can move many cars - 2ft of moving water can move most SUV's and pickup trucks - water over any roadway can hide many hazards, including missing pavement and bridges. Moving water can also weaken the roadway - night travel may hide flooded roadways

U-turns

These are permitted only if they can be made without endangering other traffic. In choosing a place to make a U-turn, make sure drivers coming from all directions are at least five hundred feet away from you, and they can see you clearly. U-turns are not allowed on curves when you are approaching or nearing the crest of a hill.

turning right at a red light

Unless you see the sign you may turn right at a red light if traffic is clear. Before making the right term, you always stop first and yield to pedestrians, and cross traffic. If you're turning from a one-way street onto another one-way Street you may also turn left on a red signal after stopping, if traffic is clear and there is not a no turn on red sign.

Turning, Merging, and Passing

You must concentrate on many factors when making a turn. Speed is probably the most important factor. When turning reduced to a speed that allows you to maintain control of your vehicle, allows you to stay in your lane during the turn, and allows you to react to unexpected situations.

Adjust ventilation

You should maintain a constant supply of fresh air in your vehicle. This helps you stay alert and guards against Carbon monoxide poisoning when you drive

following a truck

because of their size trucks need longer distances to stop however a vehicle following too closely still may not be able to stop quickly enough to avoid rear-ending the truck. Your following a truck stay out of its nose own. Avoid following too closely and position your vehicle so the truck driver can see it in their side mirrors

Adjust head restraint

a head restraint that properly cushions the back of your head can prevent or reduce the severity of neck injuries in a crash. Adjust head restraint so the top of your head restraint is at least as high as the top of your ears

If your vehicle drifts off the pavement onto the shoulder

a serious crash can result if you did not know how to recover steering control After experiencing a drop-off along the edge of the road where the shoulder is lower than the pavement. A drop-off can happen if you are driving too close to the edge of the road or if you drive too fast through a curve and allow your front tire to drift off of the road. Drop-offs are fairly common, especially in rural roads they can also occur when roads are being resurfaced and there is a ledge at the shoulder

What is your blood alcohol level affected by

age, weight, gender, physical condition, amnt of food consumed, drugs or medicine your on

Managing Speed

along with the speed limit you must consider road conditions, visibility conditions and the flow of other traffic in choosing a safe speed to drive

passengers in an open-bed truck

an open bed pickup truck or any flatbed truck may not be driven at a speed of more than 35 mph is any person occupying the bed of the truck such a truck may not be driven when a child under 18 years of age is occupying the bed of a truck

blind spot

any place around a vehicle a driver cannot see without moving their head

drivers with .04% (half legal limit for a 21yr old)

are still between 2 and 7 times more likely to be involved in a crash

How many hours of sleep should u get before you drive

at least 8 hrs

Alcohol and drinking

cause approximately 40% of all traffic deaths

Fluids

check all fluid levels, i.e. engine oil, windshield washer, and fuel and fill as needed as per vehicle owners manual

.02% blood alcohal

considered driving under the influence

Statistics show 30% of drivers age 16-20 died in crashes had been

drinking

Speed limit in bad weather

drive below speed limit, even if your driving the speed limit can get a ticket because it could be too dangerout

if another vehicle is approaching head on in your lane

first honk your horn to attract attention. If the other driver does not move over try to escape to the right if possible. If you swerve left and the other driver corrects the last instant you will still crash. If a collision is unavoidable break firmly and steadily. Every mile per hour slow down will reduce the impact

floods

flooding is one of PA's top hazards according to the Center for Disease Control and prevention since 2006 nearly half of all flooding deaths reported in PA for related to Vehicles if you're driving and you reach of flooded roads I remember this simple phrase turn around don't drown. Find another travel route and do not attempt to cause any flooded Road way it is against the law to pass any flood control barrier

Looking behind

important when you are planning to change lanes or back up

Posted speed limits

indicate the maximum safe driving speed is under ideal road, traffic, weather conditions

speed limit in school zones

is 15mph when the lights on the school zone sign are flashing or during the time period indicated on signs

windshield

it is against the law to place anything on the front windshield that blocks a drivers view of the roadway

escape ramps

long downgrades there may be special Escape or Runway ramps for trucks these Rams are to be used only by large vehicles that are out of control or cannot stop because of brake failure never stop or park in the vicinity of these ramps

Snow squalls

most often happen on clear and otherwise pleasant driving days, when an intense snow burst reduces visibility to near zero and slickens the roadway in a matter of seconds

MOST IMPORTANT

never start a left turn until you can see all the lanes you need to cross clear and you can safely make the turn

truck backing crashes

never try to cross behind a chocolate heading to back up often when a truck driver were paying to back the truck from a roadway into a loading area there is no choice but to temporarily block the roadway it is here that some drivers and pedestrians attempt to pass behind the truck rather than wait the few seconds for the truck to complete its maneuver

how many drinks per hour

no more than one an hour

what will sober you up

only time

Maximum speed limit on interstate highways

posted after each interchange

Keep a space cushion to the sides

potential escape path is another vehicle suddenly moves into your lane

buses

same procedures apply to buses that did with trucks

rearview mirror

should be adjusted so you can see the traffic directly behind your vehicle

jughandles

some roads in busy, commercial areas have a physical barrier dividing traffic moving in opposite directions and signs at all signalized intersections saying no left turn or no u-turn and all turns from the right. in this situation the road may be designed with jug handles for making left turns. Instead of making a left turn directly across oncoming traffic you will use the right lane curving back to intercept the major road at a traffic light then turn left

Interacting with other passengers

If you are a teen driver with other teen passengers stats show you are more likely to crash rather than when your driving alone

negotiating curves

If you are driving too fast on a curb your vehicle is going to keep moving straight ahead instead of around the curve no matter how much you try to steer it or slow it down to keep it in your lane. You will either run off the road or go into the other lane of traffic

Wear your contacts/glasses

If you normally wear corrective lenses, always wear them while driving

When do you add a longer following distance than usual

- on roads that are wet, slippery, or not paved - driver behind you wants to pass you - you are following a driver whose rear view is blocked (trucks, busses, vans) - following a large vehicle blocking your view ahead - You are following a driver carrying a heavy load or a trailer - approaching slow moving vehicles, including bikes - You are following school buses, taxis, and public busses - you are driving downhill - you are stopped on an uphill

Never stop or park your vehicle in these places

- on the roadway side of a vehicle already stopped or parked along the edge or curb of the street - on the sidewalk -within an intersection - on a crosswalk - along or opposite any street digging or work area - on any bridge or elevated structure, or in a highway tunnel -on any railroad tracks - btween roadways of a divided highway, including crossovers - within 50 ft of the nearest rail at a railroad crossing - at any place where official signs prohibit parking - at any place where official signs prohibit stopping - in front of a public/private driveway - within 15ft of a fire hydrant - within 20ft of a crosswalk at an intersection - within 30ft of any flashing signal, stop sign, yield sign or traffic control device located at the side of a roadway - within 20ft of a driveway entrance to a fire station - where your vehicle would prevent a streetcar from moving freely - on a limited access highway, unless official traffic control devices indicate you are allowed

Left and right turns

- on two-lane and two-way streets or highways make left turns from as close to the center line as possible. Make right turns from as close to the right edge of the roadway as possible - To turn left on multi-lane streets and highways, start from the left lane. You're turning right starting from the right lane. If you are turning onto a highway that has more than one lane in the direction you wish to travel turn into the closest lane going in that direction. If you want to change to another Lane wait until you have safely completed your turn

exiting the roundabout

- once you enter the roundabouts proceed counterclockwise to the exit point. You now have the right of way - as you approach your exit, use your right turn signal watch for pedestrians in the crosswalk, and be prepared to yield - exit the roundabout

Remember these when driving in snowy conditions

1. Clear all the windows, hood, trunk, and roof of your vehicle before starting to drive in the snow 2. Clear your headlights, taillights and directional signals of snow, ice and dirt 3. let the engine warm up before you start driving 4. Use your windshield wipers to keep your windshield as clear as possible 5. keep the defroster on to clear steamed windows 6. Turn on your low beams, even during the daytime

major types of crashes 16 and 17 yr olds get in

1. Hitting a stationary object 2. crashes where roads intersect (driveways, entranceways, intersections) 3. rear end collisions 4. head on collisions - About 92% of crashes and 93% of death is from these 4 types of crashes

Follow these guidelines to safely use center turn lanes

1. Put on your left turn signal at least 3 to 4 seconds before entering the left turn lane 2. do not get into the center turn lane too soon. The longer you drive in the center lane the more likely they are to meet someone had on coming from the other direction 3. when you enter the center lane enter it completely. Do not leave the back end of your vehicle sticking into the normal travel Lane, blocking traffic 4. turn only when safe. Look for vehicles coming toward you in the same Lane, and make sure there's a big enough gap before you turn across oncoming traffic

When you drive in fog remember these

1. Slow down enough so you can stop safely within the distance that you can see 2. Turn on your low beam headlights (and fog lights, if your vehicle has them) so others can see you)

Vehicle Checks

1. Tire safety 2. Fluids 3. Adjust drivers seat 4. Fasten your seat belt 5. Secure loose items in the passenger compartment 6. Adjust the rearview and side mirrors 7. Windshield 8. Adjust Ventilation 9. Adjust head restraints 10. Wear your prescription glasses/contact lenses 11. Lock your doors

10 reasons (16 and 17 yr olds) end up in crashes

1. driving too fast for conditions 2. Tailgating 3. proceeding without clearance or stopping 4. improper or careless turning 5. improper driving 6. inexperience 7. sudden slowing or stopping 8. speeding 9. distractions 10. over or under compensating at a curve

Follow these steps to merge with traffic from an acceleration lane

1. put your turn signal on, and look for an opening in traffic 2. Accelerate up to the speed of traffic 3. merge into the opening in traffic

To complete a turn safely

1. signal 3 to 4 seconds before you turn 2. position your vehicle in the proper lane 3.control your speed 4. complete your turn in the proper lane

Smart Driving Habits to Adopt

1. slow down, fuel consumption increases about 5% every five miles driven above 60 mph 2. ease up on the pedals, rapid starts and hard stops can increase fuel usage by 40% but reduce travel time by only 4% 3. Drive cool, avoid driving during the hottest parts of the day, cooler denser air can boost power and mileage 4. Stay cool, use your cars ac when driving more than 40 mph 5. Drive to warm up, even on the coldest days, it only takes 30sec to get your vehicle ready to drive 6. Keep cruising. Geta 7% average fuel savings by using cruise control while driving on flat highways 7. Follow the light. When your vehicles on-board diagnostics light turns on, it is possible that your fuel economy is decreasing and emissions are increasing 8. Drive safely. Keep enough distance btween you and others. Prevents wear and tear on your vehicle 9. Utilize your car. If your vehicle has an ECO setting use it. It will smooth out your gas pedal inputs, optimize transmission shift points, and decrease the impact of air conditioner on the engine 10. Turn it off. Idling wasted fuel and may be prohibited 11. Drive less. 12. Educate yourself. Practice safe driving

Parallel Parking tips

1. stop even with the vehicle ahead and two feet away from it 2. turn the wheels sharply to the right and back slowly toward the vehicle behind 3. as your front door passes the back bumper ahead quickly straighten the wheels and continue to back straight 4. when clear of the vehicle ahead turn the wheels sharply to the left and back slowly to the vehicle behind 5. turn the wheels sharply to the right and pull toward the center of the parking space

On other highways the maximum speed limit is posted at approximately

1/2 mile intervals

Lock your doors

Locking your doors and wearing your seatbelt will help to insure that you will not be thrown from your vehicle in a crash. Being thrown from a vehicle increases your chances of death by 75%. It will also reduce the likelihood of being carjacked or otherwise victimized when you stop at an intersection or pull into a parking lot

oversized loads

Oversize loads are accompanied by Pilot vehicles. oversize load movements operate the same as tractor trailers and should be treated with the same rules as trucks. most oversize loads operate within prescribed Lanes; however, their excessive obstacles on the burn could cause them to cross the yellow or white line.

Turning from or into a center turn lane

See you laying in the middle of a two-way street marked on both sides by 2 lines - one solid out-of-line and one broken Inner Line - it means this Lane may only be used for left turns. drivers traveling in either direction must use this lane to begin their left turns and drivers entering the road also use Lane to end the left into a cross street before entering the traffic stream

What is the maximum speed limit in PA

70 mph

How to hold your steering wheel

8 and 4 o'clock positions

negotiating intersections

The law does not give anyone the right-of-way at intersections it only says who must yield. Even when 1 driver is legally required to yield right-of-way, if they fail to do so, other drivers are still required to stop or year as necessary to avoid a crash. Never insist on having the right of way and may result in a crash

Adjusting audio devices

Headphones can only be in one ear for communication purposes

if your accelerator sticks

If the accelerator (gas pedal) sticks it will make your vehicle go faster and faster - keep your eyes on the road. You can tap the pedal a few times to see if it will spring back to normal or you may be able to lift it with your toe but do not reach down to try to free the pedal with your hand - shift to neutral immediately and use the brakes if the pedal remains stuck this will cause your engine to raise but the power won't be removed from your wheels - concentrate on steering and pull off of the roads when you have slowed down to a safe speed. stop, turn off the engine, and put on the emergency flashers

Adjust drivers seat

you must be able to easily reach the pedals and other controls and have a clear view out the windshield

Health factors

your driving can be affected by problems with vision, hearing, and medical conditions

fasten your seat belt

Fasten both your lap and shoulder belts on every trip.

Traffic flow

- Crashes often happen when some drivers go faster or slower than other vehicles on the road. Always try to drive with the flow of traffic within the posted speed limit - You may need to adjust your speed to maintain your space cushion depending on what traffic is doing around you. For example, when traveling in a pack of vehicles on the highway, you will often find yourself traveling in someone's blind spot with no space cushion for emergencies. When this happens to reduce your speed by just 2 or 3 mph will encourage traffic around you to clear out, so you're no longer closed in. - Another time to adjust to traffic flow is When there's more than one potential Hazard ahead you will confront at the same time. For example with a bicyclist to your right, the safe thing to do is to move left to allow a wide margin when you pass. But, if there is also an oncoming vehicle this creates a problem because normally you would want to move to the right in your lane in the circumstance. You should handle the situation by phasing only one traffic condition at a time. Slow down to let the oncoming vehicle pass and then move left to pass a cyclist leaving a sufficient amount of space for safety - When you are approaching an emergency scene, a police stop, or a tow truck picking up a disabled vehicle, you must move into a nonadjacent Lane. If you cannot move over you must reduce your speed to at least 20 mph below the posted speed limit

exiting highways

- Get in the proper lane for exiting well in advance do not slow down until after you have moved into the exit Lane - if you miss your exit take the next one do not stop or back up on the highway do not swerve across several Lanes to try to make the exit at the last second cannot cross over the median to try to turn around - these Maneuvers are legal and can be extremely hazardous to your health and safety exit ramps have warning signs to let you know the maximum safe speed

If you have to break suddenly

- If you'd hit your brakes in a hurry your safety depends on knowing whether your vehicle has conventional or anti-lock brakes and how to use them - without anti-lock brakes press and release the brakes repeatedly pumping the brakes will slide your vehicle and keep it under control slamming on their brakes can lock your wheels causing your vehicle to skid - with anti-lock brakes maintain firm and continuous pressure on the break your vehicle will not skid do not pump the brake pedal do not be alarmed by mechanical noises and or slight pulsations

Passing

- Look for signs and pavement markings that tell you when you can or cannot pass safely under normal driving conditions - look ahead carefully before you start to pass and check for any dangers in the passing area, such as driveways from which a vehicle could enter the roadway during your passing maneuver - look in your side and rearview mirrors and quickly check your blind spots to make sure there are no vehicles about to pass you when you start to pass - before passing, make sure the passing Lane is clear and give the proper turn signal to show you are going to change lanes. Signal early enough so others will know your plans in advance after passing, signal your plans to return to your lane - before you move back into the lane make sure you can see both headlights on the front of the vehicle you passed in your rearview mirror - when passing be extra careful in places where vehicles or pedestrians might enter across the road. These places include Crossroads and shopping center entrances and exits

Tips for drivers for snow squalls

- MONITOR: watch the forecast if you plan to travel - PLAN: Adjust your travel plan by either time, route or both to avoid squalls. Interstates are often the greatest risk due to high speed travel - AVOID: if you are driving and you see and approaching squall or know squalls are near, exit the roadway and wait for the squall to pass - CAUTION: if you encounter a snow squall, exercise extreme caution by gradually slowing and activating your hazard lights for increased visibility. DON"T SLAM BREAKS

merging with traffic

- Merge with traffic also demands good driver judgment. Whether you are changing lanes on a highway or entering a highway for a ramp, you need enough space to move safely into the traffic stream - entrance ramps for highways often have acceleration lines. These Lanes run beside main traffic lanes and should be long enough to allow you to accelerate to the speed of traffic before you enter the highway itself

school buses

- PA has special rules you must follow when you drive a school bus these rules protect children and drivers - when are school buses preparing to stop is a yellow lights will begin flashing when the bus stops with its red lights flashing and it stop arm extended you must stop at least ten feet away from the bus whether you are behind it or coming to word on the same road way or approaching intersection at which the school bus is stopped - remain stop until they're red light stop flashing the stop arm has been withdrawn and the children have reached a safe place - there is only one exception to the school bus stopping choir minute. If you are approaching a school bus that is stopped with its red lights flashing and stop arm extended and you were driving on the opposite side of a divided highway you do not have to stop. Reduce your speed and continue driving with caution.

when you hear a siren or see a vehicle with flashing red lights or a combination of red and blue lights you must:

- Pull over to the curb or side of the road and stop - Drive parallel and as near to the curb as possible. On one way streets, drive toward the nearest roadside and stop - start driving again after the emergency vehicle passes you, keeping at least 500ft away from it - make sure another emergency vehicle is not coming - stay clear of intersections

Move over law

- The Move Over Law requires motorists to move into a lane that is not adjacent to an emergency response area and or disabled vehicle - an emergency response area is an area on or near a road where services are being provided by police sheriff's Coroner medical examiner firefighters fire police Fire Marshal's rescue Personnel Emergency Medical Services Personnel Towing and Recovery Personnel hazardous material response team Etc - A disabeled vehicles in a traffic lane or on the side of a traffic lane that is clearly marked with at least two signal lamps road flares caution signals and or any other traffic control devices if drivers cannot move over because of traffic or other conditions they must reduce our speed to at least 20 mph below the posted speed limit - in cases where law enforcement may not be present, the law allows Road workers and emergency responders to report violations

Reactions to slow moving traffic

- Watch out for vehicles that have trouble keeping up with the flow of other traffic and when entering the roadway they take longer to pick up speed. These include some large trucks as well as farm equipment and horse-drawn vehicles. Trucks especially on long or steep upgrades typically use their flashes to let other drivers they are moving slowly - In rural areas an orange triangle is displayed on the back of farm tractors and horse vehicles does it need to operate at 25 mph or less this is a slower speed in traffic only travels. In certain areas of PA, it is not at all unusual to find yourself sharing the road with Farm tags and horse-drawn Vehicles. Stay a safe distance back and then do not honk to pass

remember when crossing traffic

- Whatever you cross traffic you need enough space to do it safely. - Stopping halfway across the street is safe only when there is a turning lane provided in the center medium large enough to hold your entire vehicle - if you're Crossing or turning, make sure there are no vehicles or pedestrians walking your path. You do not want to be caught in the middle of an intersection with traffic coming towards you - even if you have a green light, do not enter an intersection if there are Vehicles blocking your way. Wait until you were sure you can clear the intersection before starting to cross it do not pull out in front of an approaching vehicle with its turn signal on to enter or to cross the street. The driver may plan to turn into a street or drive just beyond you, may have changed their mind, or may have forgotten to turn off the signal. - Use extra caution when Crossing traffic in areas with hills or Curves, where you cannot see or be seen as well

approaching and entering circular intersections

- When approaching a roundabout to slow down and be prepared to yield to pedestrians in the crosswalks pull up to the yield line, look to the left and check for a bridge - in traffic with in the roundabout, circulating traffic has the right of way - enter the roundabouts when there is an adequate Gap in traffic

Sharing the Road with Bicycles

- When approaching or passing a bicycle slow down to a safe speed - after you passed a bicyclist do not slow down or stop quickly a quick stop could cause the bicycle to crash into your vehicle - do not sound your horn close to bicyclists unless you must do So to avoid a crash

Important safety info abt headlights and nighttime driving

- When driving at night use low beams as soon as you see another vehicle approaching in the upcoming lane, high beams can blind the other driver (PA law requires you to use low beams whenever you are within 500 ft of an oncoming vehicle and when you are following a vehicle within 300ft - if a vehicle using high beams comes toward you, flash your high beams quickly a few times. If the driver does not dim their lights look toward the right side of the road - don't try to punish the other driver by keeping your bright lights on - if glare from a following vehicles headlights is uncomfy because it is reflecting in your rearview mirror you can switch the inside rearview mirror from its day to night setting - Do not overdrive your headlights by driving as fast you could not stop in time to avoid a hazard that appears within the length of road ahead lighted by your headlights

State law requires drivers to use their headlights:

- When they cannot see because of insufficient light on gray days or in heavy traffic when their vehicle may seem to blend in with the surroundings - When there are unfavorable atmospheric conditions, including rain, snow, sleet, hail, fog, smoke, or smog - when they cannot see pedestrians or vehicles on the highway for a distance of 1,000 feet ahead of the vehicle they are operating - between sunset and sunrise - when driving through work zones - anytime your vehicles wipers are in continuos or intermittent use due to weather conditions

Possible traffic conflicts in this situation (CENTER LANE)

- When you enter the center lane to turn left into a driveway or cross street, you must watch for both oncoming vehicles in the center turn lane and vehicles turning from driveways and from streets into the center turn lane - When you were turning left from a driveway or cross street into a center lane, you must watch for through traffic coming from your left, as well as for drivers who are already in the center lane preparing to make a turn from either direction

Work zones

- Works zones with construction, maintenance, or utility work activities and are identified with orange channelizing devices such as cones are other temporary traffic control devices you may encounter a flagger directing traffic and wearing reflective clothing - warning signs Advance warning vehicles or variable message boards may be placed a minimum of two hundred feet approaching the work Zone when you see the first sign pay strict attention to the road vehicles equipment and people you could encounter - moving operations such as line painting crack sealing and mowing sometimes you Shadow vehicles at the back of the operation to warn motorists that there is a work Zone head and also serve as protection to the crew - an active work zone is where workers are located on or near the roadway always watch out for construction workers and be prepared for abnormal conditions such as narrow lanes rough pavement uneven lanes and abrupt lane shifts - drivers must yield the right-of-way to workers and construction vehicles in work zones by law you must turn on your vehicles headlights, not just the daytime running lights, and driving through these areas

Entering Highways

- Your first critical decision when entering a highway is to make sure you did not turn on to the exit ramp by mistake and drive head-on into other traffic - the exit ramp we marked with one-way signs as well as do not enter and wrong way signs sometimes but not always the entrance ramp will have a green sign that says Highway entrance if you see a white line on your right and a yellow light on the left your head in the right direction - somehow he entrances and exits are very close together with only a short weaving Lane in between. Traffic entering and exiting the highway must share the weaving Lane - a Potential Threat is posed by drivers who want to use the same space at the same time if you are the driver entering the highway you must yield to the exit in the driver - entrance ramps for highways often have acceleration Lanes these Lands Run beside mean traffic lanes and should be long enough to allow you to accelerate to the speed of traffic before you enter the highway itself

Keep a space cushion behind

- a driver following you has more control over the clear space than you do - if you see someone tailgating you move over to the right lane, if possible - If no right lane you can encourage them to go around you by slowly reducing speed

Sharing the road with drivers

- according to the law, you must allow the motorcyclist/moped driver to use one complete Lane - most motorcycle/vehicle or moped/vehicle crashes happen at intersections. usually, the vehicle turned left in front of a moving motorcycle when the driver of the vehicle should have yielded the right of way - do not assume a motorcycle is turning when you see its turn signal flashing. A motorcycle turn signal may not turn off automatically like a Vehicle. Do not pull out in front of the motorcycle until you see it is actually turning - obstacles that may prove minor to a motor motorist can be deadly to a motorcyclist driver be prepared for motorcyclist drivers to make sudden changes in Lanes or speeds as they attempt to avoid a hazard on the road - allow the same for second following distance or more you would allow for other vehicles

wet pavements

- all roads are slippery when wet but be extra careful on roads with posted sign that says SLIPPERY WHEN WET - pavements can become slippery within the first 10-15 min of a rain storm - this problem becomes worse in hot weather when the heat combined with the water causes more oil to rise to the road surface

remember this at railroad crossings

- always look left right and then left again as you approach a railroad crossing. Do this even if the crossing is active and the science signals are not flashing - they may not be working - if you are stopped at a railroad crossing with more than one track do not start as soon as the train passes wait until you of Clearview down both tracks before you start across. Even with 1 track do not start across immediately after the train passes never try to pass someone as you approach or enter a railroad crossing - Do not blindly follow the lead of another vehicle crossing the tracks. If you are following another vehicle check to make sure you have enough room to get all the way across before you drive onto the tracks - if you make the mistake of getting trapped on a railroad crossing and a train is approaching quickly leave the vehicle and move as far away from the train as you can

key points to remember (Side space cushion)

- avoid driving alongside other vehicles on multi-lane streets (they block your view and close your escape route) - Keep as much space as possible to the side of your vehicle and upcoming vehicles - Make room for vehicles entering highways by signaling and moving to an inside lane if safe - If you don't have a t least 8 ft of space on at least one side of your vehicle to use an escape path, you will need more space to the front byu increasing your following distance

How to avoid being in someones blind spot

- avoid driving on either side and slightly to the rear of another vehicle for a long time - when passing another vehicle get past the other driver blind spot as quickly and safely as possible

Keep your vehicle where it can be seen

- avoid driving your vehicle in another's blind spot

Tire Safety

- be sure your tires have adequate tread and air pressure - Prior to entering the car check tire pressure using psi - check your tires "cold" before you drive or at least 3 hours after you have driven - if psi is above number listed let air out - keep tools you need to change your tire in your car at all times (spare tire, lug wrench, jack, flashlight)

Changing lanes include

- changing from one lane to another on a roadway - entering a highway from an entrance lane - entering the roadway from the curb or shoulder

Drugs and Driving

- drugs are involved in 20% of deaths among motorists each year - combining drugs and alcohol severely increase danger risks - marijuana can slow reaction time, impair judgement, and decrease coordination - Cocaine and Meth can cause driver aggression and reckless driving

Headlights

- dual purpose - to help you see and to help you be seen - must clean at least once a week

Flooded roadways

- on flooded roadways even at low speeds as little as 6 in of water can cause you to lose control of your vehicle or truck and can float some small vehicles - 2 ft of water will carry away most vehicles including sport utility vehicles - what's a vehicle floats off of the road into deeper water in a roll and fill with water trapping the driver and passenger inside is there is moving what are on the road this table thing to do is find another route

travelling on highways

- half of the fatal crashes on highways involve vehicles that have run off of the road as a result of speeding and or driver fatigue - 65 mph almost 100 ft per second - it takes place in one second to run off the road - when you change lanes to pass a slow-moving vehicle on a highway only change lanes 1 line at a time use your turn signal every time you change lanes and turn it on and plenty of time for other drivers to see - if you see a vehicle about to enter the highway from an on-ramp a common courtesy is to change lanes to allow the driver to enter the highway more easily even though the N train drivers are required to yield the right-of-way to you such courtesy on your part keeps traffic moving smoothly. But first, check to make sure it's clear around your vehicle - another risk when driving on highways is inattention to the highway hypnosis. This happens when you stare Straight Ahead at the roadway for long periods of time and stopped actively scanning ahead behind and around your vehicle. If you don't out in this way you are very likely to crash into traffic slowing or stopping ahead of you

Vision

- have your vision check every 1-2 years - peripheral vision (side vision) - distance judgement and ability to see in low light conditions

if you have a tire blowout

- hold the steering wheel tightly - stay off of your break breaking after a blowout will cause you to skid and lose control of your vehicle - slowly take your foot off the gas pedal -steer where you want to go but steer smoothly - do not make large or jerky steering actions

Managing space

- if another driver makes a mistake you need to leave enough space between you so you can manage the situation - keep a space cushion on all sides of your vehicle

Extras (PARALLEL PARK)

- if the street you are on has a curb, you must park as close to it as possible, but no more than 12 inches away. - If it has no curb you must pull as far off of the roadway as possible

If your vehicle starts to skid

- if your vehicle starts to Skid on whether I see Road look and steer in the direction you want to go. - If the rear of your vehicle is skidding to the left turn the wheel to the left. - If the rear of your vehicle is skidding to the right turn the wheel to the right - when you steer the correct skid another skin may result in the opposite direction for the second skin will not be as bad as the first. - Be ready to stop the S get the same way by steering in the direction of the rear of your vehicle is skidding it may take a few of these Corrections before you have fully regained control of your vehicle - When skidding do not use your brakes if you hit the brakes this kid will be worse you rows locking your bills and losing all steering control

Looking to the sides

- important any place where one stream of traffic meets another (intersections, driveways, shopping center enter/exits) - When you come to an intersection follow the LEFT-RIGHT-LEFT RULE

tips to stay safe against an aggressive driver

- make every attempt to get out of the aggressive drivers way - do not block the passing lane, if someone demands to pass let them go - Don't challenge an aggressive driver by speeding up - avoid eye contact -ignore gestures and do not do gestures back - call the police if you have a hands free device and can do it safely

signs and pavement markings for lane assignment

- many streets have signs or pavement markings indicating a particular Lane is to be used for our particular traffic movement - if you end up in a lane marked for turns only when you want to go straight through the intersection you must make the turn - if you want to turn but end up in a lane marched through traffic you must continue straight through the intersection

one way, wrong way, and do not enter signs

- many streets in cities are one-way streets. You will know traffic on a particular Street moves in Only One Direction if you see a one-way signpost at the intersection. Another clue a road is one-way is when you see Vehicles parked on both sides of the road heading in the same direction - you'll see one-way signs and wrong-way signs and do not enter signs altogether at roads intersecting with dividing highways - making a right turn onto a divided highway is no different from making a right turn at any other intersection. Make sure you have a safe Gap to turn right in front of traffic approaching from your left - there's a special danger in making a left turn onto a divided highway however if you do not realize you were turning onto a divided highway you may turn left before you get to the physical divider and end up in a head-on collision with traffic approaching from your left - to correctly turn left onto a divided highway you need to cross the first road right when there is a safe Gap in traffic approaching from your left and then turn left on the other side of the barrier when there's a safe gap in traffic approaching from the right on the second roadway

Fog

- most dangerous driving environment - don't start a trip if the fog is so dense you cannot see - if you get caught in dense fog it is best to pull over and wait until it clears

Left and right rear areas

- need to know how to close other vehicles are to your vehicle and how fast they are going - these areas are blind spots

dealing with road rage

- never take your anger out on someone else on the road. Sometimes incidents of road rage are caused by simple misunderstandings between drivers. One driver made make a momentary error in judgment that another driver sees is an aggressive act though none was intended - never take it personally when someone cuts you off or pulls in front of you just let it go and ignore the other driver - if something does happen do not retaliate. It is a serious distraction to focus your attention on a contest with another driver. You are less able to respond to traffic signs signals and actions of other vehicles and pedestrians, as needed to avoid a crash

passing a truck

- on a level Highway it takes only three to five seconds longer to pass a truck and a vehicle. On an upgraded, a truck often loses speed so it is easier to pass a new vehicle. On a downgrade, the momentum of the truck will cause it to go faster so you may need to increase your speed - make sure there's plenty of space between your vehicle and any vehicle ahead of you in the passing Lane so you are not trapped if the truck begins to pull into your lane. Past quickly without hanging in the truck's blind spot. Keep both hands on the wheel to deal with the effects of turbulence you may want to stay to the left side of the Passing Lane

Passing on the right

- when the driver you're passing is making or signaling a left turn, the driver of the passing vehicle must stay on the berm or shoulder - when driving on a roadway with two or more marked traffic Lanes in each Direction

on a two-lane road (PASSING)

- passing on a two-lane road requires good judgment to avoid a head-on collision because you must use land belonging to oncoming traffic. At 45 mph this translates into a quarter mile of clear roadway you need to safely pass a slow vehicle - you need to be going about 10 mph faster than the vehicle you are passing. If there are other vehicles ahead of the vehicle you want to pass you may pass them as well but make sure you have a large enough space in front of the vehicle to move into before you begin your passing maneuver - the most dangerous to pass at night because you cannot see far ahead, and is more difficult to accurately judge distances. If you can only see the headlights of an oncoming vehicle you were likely to think it is further away than it really is

Follow these safety rules (WORK ZONE)

- plan your trip. You may avoid travel delays if you choose an alternate route around the work Zone - do not use your cruise control in work zones - double your following distance; the most common crash Type in work zones is the rear-end Collision - prepare to change lanes as soon as you see a message telling you your lane is closed ahead - do not cross a solid white line in a work Zone; stay in your lane - proceed cautiously and keep moving at a safe speed as you drive through the work Zone; do not slow or stop to watch road work - do not stop within a work Zone to ask for directions from the workers - obey flaggers - their Authority overrides conventional traffic control devices

snow plows

- plow drivers removing snow in the winter have very limited visibility in their mirrors. Plows must often turn around and their drivers cannot see behind them. Be sure to follow at a safe distance. This will help protect your vehicle from being damaged by the salt the icing liquid than anti-skid pellets thrown from snow plows - all so these vehicles may have Wing plows that stick out several feet on either side these are difficult for drivers to see in bad weather or at night and I have been involved in multiple sideswipe accidents

when roads get slick you should

- reduce your speed by 5 to 10 mph on wet roads and increase your following distance to 5 or 6 sec - on ice or snow covered roads you need to slow down ever more, on packed snow decrease speed by half - apply breaks gently, ease off if you start to skid and reapply when you regain control - Do not use your cruise control when driving on slippery roads, can cause wheel spin and loss of control - adjust your speed to avoid meeting other vehicles at slippery areas - on icy or snow packed roads try to time your arrival at an intersection by letting your vehicle coast until the light turns green and vehicles ahead of you have begun to move

circular intersections

- roundabouts and traffic circles are circular intersections where traffic moves counter-clockwise so that all turns into and out of the circle right turn this eliminates the risks of head-on collisions left turns and right-angle crashes. Roundabouts the special rules and a special design making them different from traffic circles - roundabouts have yield signs at each entry point and you'll lines painted on the pavement at each entry point. most roundabouts also have a destination sign on the approach you know where each accident Road will take you

Other driving distraction

- searching for or moving an object in the vehicle - Reading, writing, texting - Rubbernecking when passing a crash scene or work zone - Looking at people, objects, or events happening off the roadway

If you have an older vehicle and your breaks suddenly fail

- shift to a low gear and look for a place to slow to a stop pump the brake pedal quickly several times. This will often build up enough brake pressure to stop the vehicle use the parking (emergency) break if pumping the brake pedal does not work. Hold the brake release so you can let off of the parking brake if the rear wheels lock and you begin to skid - keep your eyes focused on where you are going and look for a safe place to pull off of the road look for an open place to steer into or steer into an uphill row - turn your ignition off as a last resort if the vehicle still will not stop and you are in danger of crashing do not turn it to the lock position because this will also lock your steering. Then shift into your lowest gear this could damage your transmission to only do this as a last-ditch resort to keep you fro

Driving Distractions

- takes your attention away from driving - Takes your eyes off the road - takes your hands of the wheel

exceptions of the law: passengers in an open-bed truck

- the child of a farmer, who is being transported between parts of a farm or Farms owned or operated by the farmer in order to perform work on the farm - a child employee to perform Farm laborer who is being transported between parts of a far more Farms owned or operated by the child employer - a child possessing a valid hunting license who's being transported between a hunting camp in a Hunting site or between hunting sites during hunting season - a child who is a participant in an Officially sanctioned parade only during the course of the parade

horse drawn vehicles and horseback riders

- there's some important things to keep in mind in areas where you may encounter horse-drawn vehicles or horseback Riders many horse-drawn vehicles are dark and color and therefore are difficult to see at Dawn, Dusk, or night - when following are stop behind a horse-drawn vehicle be sure to leave plenty of room between the 2 vehicles - after stopping horse-drawn Vehicles often row backward and following too close to home it's the horse-drawn Vehicles driver's ability to see you this will provide adequate space for when you prepare to pass - when you pass a horse-drawn vehicle on horseback rider do not drive too fast or Blow Your Horn as this may spook the horse

Looking ahead

- to avoid last minute moves you must look far enough ahead to see and react to things early - you should be able to identify problems 12 to 15 sec ahead-about 1 block in the city or a quarter of a mile at highway speedways -continue to scan all sides of the road

When you scan the road ahead watch for:

- vehicles and people who enter the road ahead of you and maybe moving much slower - a vehicle that has slowed or stopped ahead, waiting for other traffic to clear before making a turn - signs warning of danger ahead - Signs telling you abt places ahead and/or giving you info abt how to reach them

Backing up

- when backing up always check behind your vehicle - do it before you get in your vehicle - Children or small objects are hard to see from the driver seat - Before backing up, turn your head so you can see through the rear window - don't depend on your mirrors or sensors only

steering your way out of an emergency

- when you have a choice of either breaking or steering to avoid a collision is usually better if you can steer to avoid the hazard than to break particularly at speeds above 25 mph. this is because your reaction time to Swerve is faster than your reaction time to break. But you must have good steering skills to keep control of your vehicle in an emergency - as a general rule you should be holding the steering wheel with both hands especially important in emergencies because evasive steering requires you to turn the steering wheel quickly at least one have turned in One Direction and then turn the wheel back almost a full circle in the opposite direction once you clear the object. You then return to Center steering to continue moving in your original direction of travel at higher speeds left steering input is needed to move your vehicle to the left or right

parking

- when you must park on the roadway use your four-way flashers and give enough room to passing vehicles - Make sure your vehicle can be seen at least 500 ft in both directions - always Park in the direction traffic moves and make sure the vehicle cannot move. - Set your parking brake and shift to park if your vehicle has an automatic shift or to reverse or first if your vehicle has a manual shift

Sharing the road with pedestrians

- yield to pedestrians Crossing at intersections or crosswalks - right turn on red means stop look in all directions and then turn 1 this is safe. Look for pedestrians and allow ample time for them to clear the crosswalk - always reduce speed and use extra caution when children are in the vicinity. They may feel they understand the danger and they run out in front of you without looking - you must observe school zone speed limits in stop for school buses when red signals are flashing. School zones and school bus stops are locations with high concentrations of children - be patient with elderly pedestrians and pedestrians with disabilities - before backing up always check for pedestrians in your path - yield the right-of-way to Blind pedestrians whether they have a white cane or guide dog or are being led by others - When approaching a stopped vehicle from behind slow down and do not pass until you are sure there are no pedestrians Crossing in front of it - When pedestrians do see you it is never safe to wave a pedestrian into the line of traffic at any time and especially unmerge or mid Block locations

you may not pass if

- you are within 100 feet of or are crossing at any intersection or railroad grade crossing unless an official traffic-control device says you may - you are within 100 feet of any Bridge, elevated structure, or tunnel - you are approaching or on a curve or a Hillcrest restricting - - - your view of oncoming traffic - you were on the shoulder of a multi-lane highway

With less light

- your ability to judge distances is reduced -your ability to see colors is reduced - your ability to see things on the side is reduced - more likely to be surprised - pedestrians are hardest to see at night

Reasons for this (Driving at night)

- your vision is severely limited at night - glare from other vehicles' headlights may temporarily blind you - More people who are tired or who are driving under the influence are likely to be driving at night

How to measure depth using penny test

-Check once a month - Take a penny and hole Abe Lincoln's body btween your thumb and forefinger - Select a point on your tire where the tread appears to be lowest and places lincoln's head into one of the grooves - If any part of lincoln's head is covered by the treat your driving with the safe amnt of tread

laws governing who must yield in different driving situations:

-Drivers must yield to pedestrians when they are a) Crossing at any intersection without a traffic light b) crossing the roadway and marked crosswalks, whether or not at an intersection c) walking on the sidewalk crossing a driveway or alley d) when the driver is turning a corner and pedestrians are crossing with the light. Drivers must always yield to any blind pedestrian carrying a white cane or being led by a guide dog - drivers turning left must yield to oncoming Vehicles going straight ahead - drivers entering a circular intersection must yield the right-of-way to drivers already in the circle - when two vehicles approach to enter an intersection from different roadways at or about the same time, drivers coming from the left must yield to vehicles coming from the right - a vehicle entering a public highway from an alley, private road, or driveway you must wait until the main road is clear - at a four-way stop, all vehicles must stop. The first vehicle to reach the intersection should move forward first

Before you change lanes

-Give the proper turn signal (look in your rearview and side mirrors and make sure no one is going to pass you) - Do not depend on mirrors or sensors alone, look over your left and right shoulders to make sure no one is in your vehicles blind spots - on roads with. 3 or more lanes check all lanes before you make a lange change

Let others know where you are and what you plan to do by:

-Signaling when slowing down or stopping. Your brake lights tell other drivers you are slowing down or stopping. - Signaling when changing direction. Signaling tells others you want to make a turn, but it does not give you the right to make a turn - Under PA Law you must always use your turn signals at least 100 feet before turning, you're driving less than 35 miles per hour. If you are driving 35 mph or more, you must signal at least 300 feet in advance - Using emergency signals. If your vehicle breaks down on the highway you will need to pull off the road. Signal, then carefully exit the roadway and put on your hazard (four-way flashers) to warn other drivers - Using your horn. Your horn instantly attracts the attention of other drivers. Use it when you think another driver or pedestrian does not see you for example, if a child is beginning to run into the street or if you think another vehicle is about to hit you

Moving into and through intersections safely

-To travel across an intersection with a two-way stop sign - you need about a 6-second Gap in both directions to cross a 30 mph Street or about a block of clear space to the right and left. At the stop sign, first look to the left, then look to your right for a safe Gap, and then quickly check your left again before proceeding - to turn right - look left straight ahead, right, and then left again to make sure there's no traffic coming. Allow a gap of about eight seconds between you and any vehicle approaching from the left - to turn left. Make sure you have a clear Gap to turn in front of oncoming traffic and traffic on the cross street is stopped. If you're returning from a minor onto a major Street allowed a 9-second gap between you and any vehicle approaching from the right

hydroplaning

-happens when your tires lose their grip on the road and ride like skis on a film of water -the faster you drive on a wet roadway the less effective your tires become at wiping the water from the road - you can hydroplane at speeds as low as35 mph when water is only 1/10 of an inch deep

Driving at night

-highest crash rates occur during nighttime hours - Traffic fatality rates are 3 to 4 times higher at night

various diseases and medical conditions

-little probs like stiff neck or sore knees can have a serious impact - Most dangerous health prob would include seizure disorders

LEFT-RIGHT-LEFT Rule

-look left first because vehicles coming from the left are closer to you - look to the right - look to the left again before you pull out. You may see a vehicle you did not see the first time you looked

Most crashes result from human error

-the driver fails to understand how to use the vehicle or highway system - not paying enough attention - poor decisions - drivers with less that 5 yrs driving experience are most likely to make errors that lead to crashes

Hearing

-warns you of dangers you cannot see - warns you of emergency vehicles approaching

lack of sleep

-when you're tired you react slower - your judgement and vision are impaired - have trouble understanding and remembering things - similar effects of driving drunk - being awake for 18hrs is the same as a blood alc level of .05%

snow and ice

-you need to adjust your driving to accommodate any situation - A thin layer on top of ice is more dangerous than ice - watch for black ice a condition occurring on clear roadways when a thing layer of ice forms due to dropping temps

do this before you enter the curve

As you approach a curb, you will usually see a yellow diamond warning sign showing how the road bends. If the road bends at a 90-degree angle you may see a rectangular yellow sign with a large arrow pointing left or right some sharp curves also have Chevron warning signs placed throughout the turn these are very helpful at night or in poor visibility conditions

approaching intersections

As you approach an intersection, look for signs, signals, and pavement markings telling you what movements are allowed from which Lanes. Get into the correct position to turn or to travel through the intersection well in advance

funeral procession

If you see a funeral procession on the road you must yield to the procession. Once the lead vehicle has cleared an intersection the rest of the procession proceeds through the intersection other traffic must yield a lot of possession of hats and do not cut in and out of the procession unless you are directed otherwise by a police officer or an agent or employee of the funeral director during a funeral. all vehicles in a funeral procession must have their headlight and emergency flashers turned on in their flag or other Insignia doesn't need them as part of the procession. Vehicles in a funeral procession May also have flashing or evolving purple lights played on the vehicle during the procession. drivers and funeral processions need to see through a red light or stop sign if a vehicle starts through the intersection while the light was Green in the case of a stop sign the leading vehicle must first come to a complete stop before proceeding through the intersection funeral processions must yield to emergency vehicles.

dealing with driver emergencies

If you're like most drivers you and I have the chance to practice how you would act an emergency before it happens but knowing what to do in certain critical driving situations can still make a difference in taking the wrong action or no action when something goes wrong obviously will increase your chances of crashing your vehicle

Secure loose items in the passenger compartment

In a crash, loose items in your vehicle become projectiles that continue to travel the same speed your vehicle was moving before the impact. Put heavier objects, such as backpacks, luggage and tools in your trunk, whenever possible, or secure them with the vehicle's seat belts. never store items on the rear window deck.

if your vehicle has break failure

In newer Vehicles a split braking system reduces the possibility of total brake failure if your brake system warning light comes on you may have braking in two of the four-wheel probably one front wheel and 1 rear wheel. this will allow you to pull over to the side of the road or into the next service station. You will feel the brake pedal go down farther than usual before the vehicle begins to slow and you will need to push harder on the pedal your stopping distance is increased so be aware of where your vehicle is headed shifting to a lower gear will help you slow down

truck turns

Pay close attention to truck turn signals. truck drivers must make a wide turn so the rear of the truck or the rear of a tractor-trailer can clear the corner or any other standing obstructions. sometimes space from another Lane is used to clear Corners. To avoid a crash do not pass until the Turning action is complete

Eating, drinking, smoking

Require you to take your hands off the wheel and take your eyes off of the road

traffic signals and stop signs

Your safety at intersections depends a lot on your proper response to the green yellow and red lights you see on traffic signals and two-way and 4-way stop signs

Adjust the rear view and side mirrors

to remove blind spots around your vehicle, the rearview and side mirrors may have to be adjusted

truck braking

unlike the hydraulic brakes on vehicles trucks and buses may have air brakes and take longer distances to stop a loaded truck with good tires and properly adjusted brakes traveling at 65 mph on a clear dry roadway requires a minimum of 600 ft to come to a complete stop compared to the stopping distance of 400 ft for a passenger vehicle

In bad weather

use only low beams, high beams actually reduce visibility under these conditions

Talking on phone

wether its hands free or not always dangerous

Truck passing

when I truck passenger vehicle you can help the truck driver by keeping to the far side of your lane you will make it easier for the truck driver if you reduce your speed slightly and then keep your speed steady in any event do not increase your speed while the truck is passing you

side mirror

when you lean left/right you can just barely see the side of your vehicle

Sharing the road with trucks and buses

whether you're sharing the road with a vehicle truck bus or other large vehicles it is important for safety's sake to obey traffic laws, abide by the rules of the road and drive defensively. There are no special rules for sharing the road with trucks and buses and the following are some suggestions you can use to make your trip safer