Personality

personal, environmental, behavioral

Bandura's three factors of personality

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Freud's psychosexual stages

psychoanalysis

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

psychoanalytic theory

Freud's theory that proposed that childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality

conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, extraversion

Robert McCrae's and Paul Costa's big 5

unconditional positive regard

a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance

false consensus effect

a cognitive bias that causes people to see their own behavioral choices and judgments as relatively common and appropriate to existing circumstances

collectivist culture

a culture that tends to focus on group interactions; group goals are prioritized over individual goals

individualistic culture

a culture that tends to focus on the individual; personal goals are seen as more important than group goals

fixation

a lingering focus of pleasure seeking energies at an earlier psychological stage in which conflicts were unresolved

projective test

a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

personality inventory

a questionnaire, often with true-false or agree-disagree items, on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits

id

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drive; pleasure principle; in the unconscious level

central traits

a small number of specific traits that predominate an individual's personality

empirically derived test

a test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups

terror management theory

a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death

idiographic

a unique aspect of each individual's personality

Oedipus complex

according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

Electra complex

according to Freud, a girl's sexual desires toward her father and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival mother

self actualization

according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential

self transcendence

according to Maslow, the striving for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self

personality

an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

phenotypic trait

an obvious and observable trait; the expression of genes in an observable way, such as hair color

surface traits

aspects of personality that can easily be seen by other people in the outward actions of a person

Gordon Allport

believed all people have unique traits, not impacted by their environment; focused on the present rather than the past

Julian Rotter

believed personality was based in (1) choices people make and (2) activities to achieve an outcome that will satisfy their psychological needs

Robert Triandis

believed that cultural style has an influence on personality development

Karen Horney

believed that love and security could create healthy states of consciousness and lack of them could create neurosis or anxiety; rejected Freud's theory of women's penis envy; proponent of self help

person centered theory

believed that people all have self concept, actual self, and ideal self

Albert Bandura

believed three factors interacted to create personality; those factors were personal, environmental, and behavioral

Carl Jung

believed unconsciousness is made up of the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious

Martin Seligman

believes in positive psychology

defensive self esteem

blockading yourself from negative influences for the sake of feeling good about yourself

archetypes

common reservoir of images shared by all humans

defense mechanisms

coping mechanisms to deal with intrapsychic conflict between ego, id, and superego to lessen anxiety; influenced by Anna Freud

phallic

coping with incestuous sexual feelings; superego develops; 3-6 years; abnormal family set up can result in self obsession or inferiority

Isabel Briggs Myers and Katharine Briggs

created the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) to sort people based on personality types

Abraham Maslow

created the hierarchy of needs

Carl Rogers

created the person centered theory

psychoticism vs socialization

degree of aggression and nonconformity

traits

distinguishing qualities of a person's behavior, thoughts, and emotions; are observable and measurable

rationalization

distorting reality in order to justify something that has happened

sublimation

diverting unwanted impulses into socially approved thoughts, feelings, or behaviors

latency

dormant sexual feelings; can result in the infatuation with a hobby; 6 years to puberty

secure self esteem

enables us to focus beyond ourselves and to deal with things confidently; you can take criticism

trait theories

examine characteristic patterns of behavior

social cognitive theories

explore interaction between traits and social context

humanistic theories

focus on inner capacities for growth and self-fulfillment

nomothetic

focuses on variables at the group level

compensation

how one deals with inferiority

actual self

how someone actually is

ideal self

how someone thinks they should be

free association

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing; Freud believed every thought could be traced to an event in the past

neuroticism vs stability

level of emotional instability

William Sheldon

looked at the relationship between body types and personality

genital

maturation of sexual interests; puberty and older

mesomorph

muscular, physically attractive, and confident

extraversion vs introversion

needing either more or less external stimuli

cognitive expectancy

one's belief that their behavior will yield the desired outcome (internal locus of control)

internal locus of control

people accepting responsibility for their life experiences

external locus of control

people who believe that most situations are governed by chance

anal

pleasure centers on bladder and bowel elimination control; 1.5-3 years; toilet training too harsh or too lax can result in obsessive tidiness or untidiness

oral

pleasure centers on the mouth; ego develops; 0-1.5 years; forceful feeding or early weaning can result in smoking or nail biting

endomorph

plump and jolly

secondary traits

preferences and attitudes

repression

preventing anxiety producing thoughts, memories, and painful feelings by pushing them into the unconscious

displacement

redirecting anger and other unacceptable impulses toward a less-threatening person or object

denial

refusing to accept or acknowledge an anxiety producing piece of information

personal unconscious

repressed thoughts, memories, and emotions

regression

retreating from a threatening situation by reverting to a pattern of behavior characteristic of an earlier stage of development

Sigmund Freud

said that personality arises from the conflict between impulse and restraint; the first psychologist to consider the unconscious mind

reality principle

seeking a realistic balance between long term gratification and the id's desire for immediate gratification

pleasure principle

seeking immediate gratification

collective unconscious

shared universal experiences among humans that are passed through the species

Hans Eysenck

studied opposite traits, particularly stability vs instability and introversion vs extraversion

Alfred Adler

studied the inferiority complex and compensation; believed birth order played a factor in personality; believed it was social rather than sexual tensions that shape personality

source traits

the 16 basic traits that underlie all other traits, determined by factor analysis

Freud's psychosexual stages

the childhood stages of development during which the id's pleasure seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

incongruence

the gap between the real self and the ideal self

reciprocal determinism

the idea that behavior both influences and is influenced by external factors

ego

the largely conscious, executive part of personality that mediates the demands of the id, superego, and reality; reality principle; in the conscious and preconscious levels

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests; originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use); now used for many other screening purposes

Rorschach inkblot test

the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

unconscious mind

the part of the mind that contains everything that affects behavior but we cannot think about, such as instincts, drives, and repressed memories; includes dreaming and altered states of consciousness

preconscious mind

the part of the mind that is outside of our awareness, but can be retrieved

conscious mind

the part of the mind that we are aware of

superego

the part of the moral compass that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement; in the preconscious level

identification

the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos

person situation controversy

the question of whether behavior is caused more by personality or by situational factors

genuineness, acceptance, empathy

the three elements that Carl Rogers believed would create a growth-promoting social climate

self concept

the way in which one perceives oneself

ectomorph

thin, frail, high-strung, uptight, and aloof

reaction formation

thinking or behaving in a way that is the opposite of your own unacceptable thoughts and feelings

cardinal traits

traits that become a dominant force in someone's personality

projection

transferring one's own unacceptable thoughts, motives, or personal qualities to others

individualism

trusting and acting on one's feelings, being true to oneself, and fulfilling oneself

Raymond Cattell

used stats and factor analysis to determine trait clusters; created the 16 PF questionnaire

psychodynamic theories

view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

Freudian slip

when you say one thing, but mean to say another