Unit 1

Purkinje Cells

In striated cardiac muscle (and cerebellum) -carry signals from nodes to regular cardiac cells ***larger and lighter fibers*** with ovular nuclei **in the endocardium**

Lymphocytes ---->>>> turn into plasma cells

Leukocytes-WBC -Family B- Agranulocytes -20-25% leukocytes -main functional cells of the lymphatic system, associated with antibodies "immunologic response" -most common agrunlocyte. small med lrg forms ***-Large, dark staining nucleus that occupies most of the cell** -in small type the cytoplasm looks like thin crescent moon -large looks like big nucleus -cant see granules

Nissle Bodies

basophillic material in

adipose cells

cells that look empty (sometimes a nucleus pushed up to edge)

Components of Connective Tissue

cells+extracellular matrix extracellular matrix= fibers + ground substance cells= fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells, adipocytes, neutrophils and other white blood cells

Satellite Cells

derived from myoblast -support cell--start mitosis at injury

Ossification 2: Endochondral Ossification

formed from cartilage template that is replace by bone (long bones) 1) Hyline cartilage model mesenchymal-->chondroblasts-->hyaline cartilage 2) Vascularization and primary ossifcation center: vascularization of the diaphysis periochondrium-->subperiosteal bone collar by intramembranous ossification -chondrocytes --in center of cartilage hypertropy 3) secondary ossification center: subperiostical bone collar increases in size, osteoclasts form a marrow cavity within diaphysis, -secondary ossification begin in epiphyses 4&5) epiphyseal plate develops elongation at epiphyseal plate vascular perosteum doenst cover cartilage surface -articular cartilage at end

Cartilege (function, components, qualities)

functions: support soft tissue, help with growth of long bone, role in various joints components: cells (chondroblast, chondrocytes) fibers (collagen, elastin), ground substance Qualities: avascular, solid/firm yet pliable

Endosteum and its components

lines the marrow cavity of bone -has osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and occassional osteoclasts

psuedostratified columnar

sensation/receptors (nose) **-all nuclei touch basal lamina, but not the lumen***

stratified squamous

mechanical protection (skin) -possibly keratinized or mucosa nuclei bulge out into lumen

the 2 centrioles

microtubules arranged in 9 sets of triplets in circular pattern-->form centrosome (microtubule organizing center) -basal bodies of cilia -important for mitotic spindle formation for cell division -makes new microtubules longitudinally and latitudinally 90 degrees to eachother

compound tubuloacinar gland

multicellular exocrine type -acini of pancreas (granulized zymogen) -salivary (sublingal) glands- a sero-mucous gland--> has serous demilunes with round nuclei

simple tubular gland

multicellular exocrine type intestinal gland (pink secretory, blue duct)

Hemopiesis

production of blood that takes place in bone marrow

simple columnar

protection, mucous membrane -look at apical end for shape SIMPLE COLUMNAR: **elongated cells with basal nuclei**

How is the inner cellular layer of periosteum affixed to bone

sharpey's fibers--collagenous bundles trapped in the calcified bone matrix during ossification

collagen type 1

type 1- dermis of skin, tendons, ligaments, bone, very strong, and resistant to tensile stress--common in perichondrium, articular cartilage type II- hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, resistance to pressure type III- "reticular" delicate supporting meshwork in lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow type IV-basal lamina of basement membrane

Loose reticular connective tissue

type III collagen fibers. -appear as black squiggly lines unlike collagen or elastin silver stain -make supporting networks -found in lymphnodes--> will find lymphocytes in background

reticular fibers

type III. silver stain. delicate supporting meshwork in lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow

goblet cells

unicellular exocrine gland type **-in the expanded apical region among simple columnar epithlelial cells with microvilli*** *****elongated nucleus of the simple columnar** **-golgi zone-between nucleus and theca cell** -use merocrine secretion

What connects Haversion canals to one another

volkmann's canal

Formed Elements of Blood

1) Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells) 2) Lymphocytes (WBC) 2a. Thrombocytes

Thrombocyte Pathway

"Platelet Pathway"

Red Bone Marrow

"blood forming marrow" Components: A. Cords- have immature blood cells and megakaryocytes****dark purple nuclei**** B. Sinusoids- small thin walled ovular, basically expanded capillaries, holding areas of red blood cells until they are MATURED-->where they RBC then travel to blood vessels/arteries to get to blood stream, seperating the cords ***look like granular pink areas, which are the mature RBC*** C. Blood Vessels (arteries)-have the muscle and elastic fiber in center D. Adipose Cells Highly vascularized, ***between the trabeculae of spongy bone*** axial skeleton, girdle bones, and proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur -in newborns all bone marrow is red

Erythrocytes

(aka Red Blood Cells), formed element in blood -MOST ABUNDANT blood cell -transfers O2 and Co2 from and to tissues -"biconcave disk shape"-->increases surface area -anucleates when mature (ejects nucleus and organelles) -120 day lifespan -"FEATURELESS" ****-very thin centers on slide****** -Will always be in CAPILLARY, which is slightly narrower than RBC-->rbc stretches cel wall to make gas exchange easier -can act as ruler on slide (usually 7.8 microns)

Basophils

(leukocyte-white blood cell) -Family A) Granulocytes ***-LEAST ABUNDANT WBC**** .5-1% -same size as neutrophils ***-numerous V large granules, stained with basic dye (dark blue)*** ***granules obscure the bilobed nucleus in smears*** but S shaped large nucleus -release histamine, serotonin, INTENSIFY inflammation

Eosinophils

(leukocyte/white blood cell) Family A) Granulocytes ***-2-4% of leukocytes*** -same size as neutrophils -nucleus often bilobed -****very pixilated granules**** stain with acidic (red pink) dye "reddish-orange"-gartner -distinctive crystalloid granules**** in Electron Microscope -can also acts as phagocytes (allergic rxns, inflammation, parasitic infections)

LEUKOCYTES (and its affiliates)

(white Blood Cells)-formed element in blood 2 -Classified based on specific granules in cytoplasm BENLM A. Granulocytes (visible granules) 1) Neutrophils 2)Eosinophils 3)Basophils B. Agranulocytes (invisible granules) 1) Lymphocytes 2)Monocytes

endocrine glands

**-lack ducts**-->secrete directly into bloodstream -only see secretory **cells with single layer** *****-many capillaries around****** with RBC INSIDE -make hormones

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

**-will see a lot of glands and blood vessels-->v supportive**

perichondrium

**found in hyaline and elastic cartilage** surrounds a fascile allows for appositional growth 2 layers OUTER FIBROUS LAYER -dense irregular connective tissue -mostly just fibroblasts and collagen fibers INNERCELLULAR LAYER -chondrogenic layer" has chondroblasts (elongated nuclei)-->cells that secrete the cartilage matrix --this layer where cartilege grows appositionally when chondroblasts secrete matrix around them they become incarcerated in their own secretions (lucuna)-->now called chondrocytes chrondrocytes that undergo cell division-->cartilage can grow from within (interstitial growth)

3 types of carilage

1) Hyaline 2)Elastic 3)Fibrous

Which are the largest cells of the cerebellum?

-Cerebellum-->(hindbrain) purkinje cells

Monocyte (precursors of macrophages in CT, kupffer cells in liver, Lnagerhans cells (macrophages) in epidermis of skin) -leave bloodsteam to CT-->become known as macrophages,

-Leukocyte (wbc) -Family B) Agranulocyte ***-Largest of the WBC*** 18 microns -v 1indented nucleus (mickey mouse looking) -phagocytes

Neutrophils

-Type of Leukocyte (white blood cell) -Family A) Granulocytes **-Large majority of leukocytes (60-70%) v common** -"neutral loving"--> **granules have v little affinity to stains**--but evenly distributed throughout it's cytoplasm -**at least 2 nuclear (LAB 2-5)lobes connected by strands of nuclear material, v seperated lobes** -nuclear lobes stain bluish purple color -phagocytic function against microbes, very present in response to bacterial infection, burns, inflammation--referred to as microphages -larger than red blood cells

Dense Elastic Connective Tissue

-Usually made by fibrocytes, but in artery walls made by smooth muscle cells

Thrombocytes (platelets)-derived from megakaryocytes of bone marrow

-also contained in circulating blood ***(small, oval-to-round structures)*** ***smaller than red blood cells*** very common, dark purple blue cell, up close look dark granulamere center and fuzzy side (hyalomere) pale blue -anucleate -derived from megakaryocytes of bone marrow -function in homestasis, the clotting mechanism of blood, in association with fibrin threads -10 day lifespan -ETC oval plasma membrane with glycocalyx -longitudinal section shows microtubles HYALOMERE-outer region, shape maintained by ring of microtubes in periphery GRANULOMERE-central region with organelles with canal system

Megakaryocyte

-big cell seen in cords of bone marrow ***polynucleoid****cell that replicates itself w/out cytokinesis -precursor to thrombocyte in bone marrow

Osteoclasts

-break down bone, reabsorb it, then move the nutrients somewhere else -large multinucleated cells -found in shallow depressions on trabecular surface (HOWSHIP'S LACUNAE)

Simple Branched Tubular

-cardiac stomach, fundic stomach, pylorich stomach

Bowman's capsule

-cup-like sack at the beginning of the tubular component of a nephron in the mammalian kidney that performs the first step in the filtration of blood to form urine. -A glomerulus is enclosed in the sac. Fluids from blood in the glomerulus are collected in the Bowman's capsule (i.e., glomerular filtrate) and further processed along the nephron to form urine.

Steps to Intramembranous Ossification

-direct formation of bone with no cartilage template (flat bones of skull) 1)Development of ossification center: vascularized mesenchymal cells -->osteoblasts-->secretion of organic matix 2) Calcification: cells surrounded by secretion, which is now stopped cytoplasmic processes extend into canaliculi in all direction, calcium salts doposited-->ECM hardens 3) Formation of Trabeculae: -bony ecm-->forms into trabeculae -trabeculae fuse to form spongy bone around a network of blood vessels -CT associated with it becomes red bone marrow 4) Development of Periosteum-mesenchymal cells at periphery of bone condense to become periosteum -thin layer of compact bone replaces surface of spongy bone -diploe spongey layer in middle

Plasma

-fluid matrix of blood -90% water-->solvent for proteins (antibodies and etc) -electrolytes: Na+, K+, Ca2+ -nutrients: glucose, lipids, amino acids -nonprotein N products of metabolism: urea, creatine -regulatory substances: hormones, enzymes

Purpose of Neuroglia Cells

-function in metablism to prevent spontaneous depolarization of neuron's cell membrane The glial cells surround neurons and provide support for and insulation between them. Glial cells are the most abundant cell types in the central nervous system. Types of glial cells include oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, Schwann cells, microglia, and satellite cells. Specialized Neuroglial cells CNS: astrocytes and oligodendroglia PNS: Capsule and Satellite Cells

Masson's Trichrome

-good for connective tissue -3 colors, more variations -**COLLAGEN IS BLUE GREEN***--> CT -nuclei are black, cytoplasm is pink/red

Hemopoietic growth factors

-hormones produced by kidneys -stimulate proliferation of the progenitor cells (ie erythropoietin and thromboietin)

chondroblasts/chondrocytes

-in cartilage's cellular components cyte-mature blast-baby -chondrocytes*** housed in lucunae in the matrix, chondroblasts that became embedded, round nuclei -INTERSTITIAL GROWTH (expands from cartilage from within) by cell division (isogenic groups) -chondroblasts**** (chondrogenic cells) elongated -come from stem cells -in the dense irregular collagenous connective tissue membrane, the perichondrium *active in forming ecm -APPOSITIONAL GROWTH chondroblasts: -low O2 (poorly vascularized) give rise to other chondroblast -High O2, they can differentiate into osteoprogenitor cells-->osteoblasts

two types of smooth muscle

1) Multi-unit smooth muscle -unorganized cells-->contract as individuals -found in walls of blood vessels 2) Single-unit (visceral) smooth muscle -forms sheets of muscle-->contract together -cells connected x gap junctions -within walls of most hollow organs

fibroblast

-in connective tissue -actively producing collagen and elastic fibers, maintain ground substance vast majority of cells in connective tissue will be fibroblast -usually will just see a bunch of nuclei in and amongst fibers -can see RER depending on activity--> makes a lot of protein mainly collagen (pink bundles) -well developed nucleus inactive-fibroblast-looks naked, not much cytoplastm

SARCOMERE:striated muscle structure, filament arrangement

-in the myofibrils Function: contractile units -M LINE at middle -H ZONE on both sides of M line (where THICK FILAMENTS are, they are anchored to M line) -->DARK BAND becuase of thickness in middle --H zone that intersects inbetween the A zone (dark area) is paler -endpoints are the Z DISCS (like at end of alphabets) -THIN FILAMENTS are anchored to Z -thick and thin filaments (Myosin and Actin dominated) with I (LIght) A (dArk) BANDS ***z disks found bisecting each alternating I band*** I and H zone disappear during contraction

Duodenum

-lower area of the small intestine -recieves chyme and mixes all chemicals in from pancreas, liver and etc --> uses muscle (in submucosa layer) using peristaltic contractions -absorbs the nutrients- -mucosa innermost membrane-uses simple columnar w/ microvilli that protects it from the acidity and secrete mucous -serosa layer (outlayer) secrets serum to reduce friction--simple squamous epithelium

ground substance

-mainly water-->allows for diffuse between tissues -GAG, proteoglycans, glycoproteins -plasma is blood's ground substance -bone tissue gs is mineralized by calcium salts -in cartilage GS is solid but still more cushiony than in bone

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

-many collagen layers densely packed, all going the same direction **-dots would be nuclei of fibroblast/cytes inbetween collagen fibers** **-Collagen appear as pink bundles ** -tendons and ligaments

woven bone (fibrous/primary bone)

-newly formed bone ie created after fractures -more cellular than mature bone, no lumillae -very unorganized collagen fibers -weak and more flexible than lamellar (mature) bone -osteoblasts and osteoclast work to replace this with mature secondary bone

Loose Areolar Connective Tissue

-papillary region of dermis skin layer -ALWAYS adjacent to epithelium -collagen fibers are thicker than reticular fibers

Spongy (Cancellous Bone)

-parallel lumillae** -trabechulae (larger) (aka spicules, if smaller) think plates of bones) -no osteons -always surrounded by compact bone -extend into marrow (medullary cavity) BONE MARROW SURROUNDS SPONGY BONE -present inside the epiphyses (heads) of long bones

exocrine glands

-secrete pdts directly onto surface through ducts -ducts can modify secretion -unicellular and multicellular types A. Unicellular 1. Goblet Cell B. Multicellular 1. simple tubular, simple branched tubular, simple coiled tubular, simple acinar, simple branched acinar, compound tubular, compound acinar, compound tubuloacinar -produce saliva, digestive enzymes, sweat

Fibrocartilage

-see type I collagen fibers, (and type II , but too small to see) -inbetween fibers see chondrocyte lucunae w/ fried egg appearance nuclei (round cells surrounding bundles) in parallel longitudinal rows -looks like dense irregular CT -NO perichondrium, but always up against another tissue, uses periosteum of bone next to it for nutrients -intervertebral discs, jaw joint, pubic symphysis, knee menisci, between tendon and bone

Elastic Cartilage

-similar to hyaline cartilage -see coarse elastic fibers as dark red lines (HE stains) Won't be able to differentiate without special stain *** -has perichondrium **DENSE DARK CT** **-chondrocytes in isogenous groups** -chondroblasts-->appositional growth -external ear, eustachian tube, epiglottis

Articular Cartilage

-special type of hyaline cartilage -found covering the ends of articulating bones -no perichondrium--not a big deal bc it can get nutrients from synovial fluid instead pressed up against the end of a joint (right next to end of hyaline cartilage)--makes up the synovial membrane -joint capsule will inbetween the joints with synovial fluid

Acid-Schiff Reaction (PAS)

-stains mucus of goblet cells purple/magenta (areas rich in mucus, basement membranes, or carbohydrates) -basement membranes stain pink/red -glycogen also stains red/magenta -most goblet cells show up as empty spaces w/ bubbles inside

Hyaline Cartilage (wary: elastic)

-type II collagen (resistance to pressure) -won't see any fibers whatsoever -most abundant cartilage -weakest of the cartilages **Most abundant cartilage** -has perichondrium (grown by the chondroblasts) -glassy appearance -chondrocytes-the cells in the empty looking lachunae, which may form clones of itself (isogenous groups) -chondroblasts-->appositional growth -nasal septum, larynx, tracheal rings, -present at articulating surfaces of most bones -basophillic- stains (purplish blue) acidic structures of cytoplasm purplish blue by hemotoxyillin

Pyrimidal Cells aka...

-upper motor neurons (in cerebrum) -lower motor neurons in (spinal cord)

**sebaceous gland--simple branched acinar

-usually associated with hair -surrounded by slender connective tissue capsules (pear shaped saccules with short ducts -cuboidal basal cells line the saccules

Osteoid

0 interposed between calcified bone and the cells of bone and appears light in color (figure 4 on plate 4-4 gartner)

CNS NEUROGLIAL TYPES (glial cells=glue)

1) Astrocytes ***-larges and most abundant in CNS*** **like star** -strength, permeability of endothelium of capillaries -maintain environment 2) Oligodendrocytes (similar to schwann cells in PNS) -can mylinate to many axons ***smaller than astrocytes*** -form the mylinate sheath in CNS 3) Microglia -***spine like projections*** -function as phagocytes 4) EPENDYMAL CELLS ***-line brain ventricles and cental canal of the spinal cord*** -maintain and produce the CSF **have cilia and microvilli 5) Soma-in the cns, collection of some called a nucleus

Skeletal Muscle Types of Fibers

1) Type I slow Oxidative Fibers (red)=Aerobic (b/c much mitochondria and myoglobin) **-smaller, darker** -resistant to fatigue, long slow contracts 2) Type IIb Fast Glycolytic Fibers (white)=Anaerobic **-larger, lighter**a fatigue prone rapid contraction, precise fine movement

3 TYPES OF LOOSE PROPER (fiber dominated) CONNECTIVE TISSUE

1) areolar connective tissue 2)adipose tissue 3)reticular connective tissue less fiber and more ground substance

3 TYPES OF DENSE PROPER (fiber dominated) CONNECTIVE TISSUE

1) dense regular 2)dense irregular 3)elastic more fiber, less ground substance

Neuron Connective Tissue Covering

1)MYELIN SHEATHS cover the AXON 2) Endonerium 3) perineurium 4) epinuerium -neuron can only have one axon, but number of dendrites varies

Which myofilaments are anchored to the Z-lines of a sarcomere?

Actin

collagen

Amino acid chains unite as triple helix to form tropocollagen

Muscle-appearance, development

Appearance A) striated (muscle, skeleton) B) nonstriated (smooth muscle) Development: -All 3 types derived from mesoderm -myoblasts become myocytes -skeletal is the only multinucleate type -some myoblast persists as satellite cells (support cells at site of injury)

Intercalated disks: Types of cell junctions at intercalated disks

Cardiac muscle Types of cell junctions at intercalated disks: A. Mechanical- 1) fascia adherens (adheren junctions) 2) desmosomes (macula adherens) B. Electrical- 3) gap junctions (action potentials)

CNS & PNS

Central Nervous System -brain -spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System -cranial nerves -spinal nerves -ganglia

Gross anatomy of the brain white inside gray outside

Cerebrum = Forebrain -white matter -gray matter (cerebral cortex) many layers ***PYRIMIDAL CELLS** DISTINCTIVE Cerebellum=Part of Hindbrain -white matter (arbor vitae) branches through -gray matter (foila) A. **Molecular Layer** Stellate cells (unmyelated) --more superficial Basket (unmylinated) B. ***Purkinje Layer*** Flask Shaped Cells (dendrites to ML) (axons in Granular layer** C. ***Granular Layer** -Granular Cells and Cerebellar Islands D. Pia Mater ****PURKINJE CELLS****DISTINCTIVE

Basal Bodies

Cilia attach to dense basal bodies at apical margin of the cell essentiall centrioles, made up of microtubules? -microtubule organizing center Common area: trachea

Gray matter's 2 sections (Spinal Cord)

Dorsal Horn Ventral Horn and central canal Ventral roots-processes of neurons leave and enter the spinal cord as "ventral roots"

Connective Tissue of CNS

Dura Mater (Thicker than Pia)-protect the brain and spinal cord A. Periosteal -blood goes inbetween the perosteal and miningeal B. Meningeal -Arachnoid- the most lower connective tissue, bordering the trabichulae -Arachnoid Trabichulae-delicate spider web structure with the SUBARACHNOAID SPACES -CEREBRAL SPINAL FLUID held inbetween the pia and arachnoid Pia Mater-like wet ceran wrap covering the the brain

BONE (functions, components, qualities)

FUNCTIONS - support soft tissues, attachment sites, protects internal organs, stores/releases minerals, has bone marrow COMPONENTS -cells (osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts) -compact & spongy bones QUALITIES -calcified matrix, good blood supply, an organic component

BLOOD (Functions, Components, Qualities)

Functions: transport nutrients, O2, waste, CO2, transport hormones, acts as buffer, protection (humoral immunity) Components: -Plasma (extracellular stuff)=55% volume -Formed elements: erythrocytes, leukocytes (BENLM)/ thrombocytes Quality: Fluid/liquid connective tissue type

Hematoxylin and Eosin Stain

Hemotoxylin- basic stain, stain nuclei and ribosomes purple Eosin-Acidic stain, stain eythrocytes, collagen fibers, blood and muscle fibers pink/red

Layers of the Cerebrum

Molecular - Pia Mater w/ Blood Vessel External/Outer Granular External/Outer Pyrimidal Internal/Inner Granular Internal/Inner Pyrimidal Multiform Mole EG EP IG IP Multi

Skeletal muscle communication

Myoneural Junctions -Cells divide into Axons which have Synaptic terminals that attach to motor end plate on the sarcolemma -allows muscle to work like dimmer switch by having multiple different motor units

Smooth Muscle V Nerve Tissue

NERVE TISSUE ***nuclei not specifically in anything***-nuclei of schwann cells or maybe a fibroblast ***myelin sheath* **endoneurium perineurium ***RIBBON LIKE**** ***node of ranvier*** **axons*** ***schwann cell***crescent shaped nuclei**ON CS at the periphery of a mylinated axon **LS-->in the middle of nothing really in nerve tissue) **fibroblast, skinny oval nuclei** Smooth Muscle

PNS Neuroglia Types

NEUROGLIAL (GLIAL CELLS) 1) Schwann Cells (similar to oligodendrocytes in CNS) **-wrapped around mylinated or unmylinated CNS** **-can only mylinate to only ONE axon, unlike oligodendrocytes ** -help with axon regeneration 2) Satellite Cells **-found around cell bodies of neurons** -structural support -regulate interstitial fluid 3) Ganglia -collection of nerve cell bodies in PNS

Tight Junctions Adherens desmosomes hemidesmosomes gap junctions

Occluding Tight Junctions-weblike strands of protein fuse togehter outsides of of adjacent cell membranes to form these, fusion is peripheral only, form a diffusion barrier or seal eal encircling the cell Anchoring: Adherens- the type of cell junctions that form the adhesion belt (adheren junctions), reach inside cell and connect cytoskeleton of each cell, stabalize structural cohesion of epithelial sheet, encircle the cell Desomosomes- structural stability and maintain cell contacts, spotlike, connect cytoskeleton of each, cell junction in stratum spinosum of skin hemidesmosomes- anchor cytoskeleton (basal surface) of epi cells to basement membrane Communicating: Gap junctions-communicating, allow diffusion between cells

is there communication between the chondrocytes' amongst themselves, and osteocytes' lucunae?

Only between osteocytes there are canals inbetween the lucunae called CANALICULI since bone is vascular, cartilage isn't, canaliculi eventually open into HAVERSION CANALS (parallel to the longitudenal section of bone) that house the blood vessels that will peforate the bone. -supplies nutrients and O2 each haversion canal is surrounded by it's own lumillae that has canaliculi radiating to it from the osteocytes in the lucanae are known as OSTEONS or haversian canal system

Simple Acinar

Penis

Purkinje vs Pyrimidal Cells

Pyrimidal- cerebrum Purkinje-Cerebellum

Rough endoplasmic reticulum SER Golgi

RER continuous iwth outer nuclear membrane, has ribosomes on surfaces, mkaes proteins, has cisternae, near basal lamina-->why it may glow purple since attracted to proteins SER- continuous with RER, no surface ribosoemes, makes phospholipids and cholesterol and steroid hormones, detoxifies drugs in liver, more tubular, harder to see Golgi-ER-->Golgi, has cisternae, recieiveing cis-->trans, secretory pathway, lysosomes membrane bound doesnt stain well, requires silver stain

Erythropoiesis

Red Blood Cell FormationPathway Proerythroblast Basophillic erythroblast Polychromatophilic erythroblast Normoblast Reticulocyte Erythrocyte

Skeletal Muscle

STRIATED ***nucleus: numerous and peripheral*** ****long cylandrical parallel fibers*** -No gap junctions--no cell to cell communication (so communicate through synapse junctions (-NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION (myoneural junction)- Axon terminals of somatic motor neurons sypanspe with ***motor end plate of sarcolemma*** -sarcoplasmic reticulum hollow networks that mainly store calcium ions -TRANSVERSE TUBULE- pushes up against two end plates of SR -TRIAD -Where T-tubule meets 2 expanded terminal cisternae of SR Inside of fiber-->myofibrils-->myofilaments (thick-myosin and thin-actin) -Sarcomere (I, A, Z, M lines) -stretch receptors in (also in tendons) -->Protrpioceptive sensations ---sensory nerve endings wrapped around specialized muscle fibers (intrafusal fibers). surround by ordinary muscle fibers (extrafusal fibers)

Which organelle of a striated muscle cell does a T-Tubule contact

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum -lie over the junction between dark and light bands -travel thru cell to other side of sarcolemma, going around myofibrils -transmit action potential down into the cell. specifically to SR

SKELETAL MUSCLE ANATOMY

Skeletal, and Cardiac Straitions are myofilaments arranged in specific ordered array -fibers are living entities unlike those of connective tissue -skeletal muscle cell=fiber surrounded by ENDOMYSIUM (fine reticular fibers) -bundle of cell=fascicle surrounded PERIMYSIUM (looser connective tissue)

STRIATED MUSCLE

Skeleton and Cardiac Actin and Myosin overlap-->causes shortening (sliding filament theory) Cell membrane-SARCOLEMMA Smooth ER- SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM TRANSVERSE TUBULES- Infoldings of sarcolemma Cytoplasm-sarcoplasm mitochondria-sarcosomes Contractile units=SARCOMERES alternating light and dark bands =striations= sliding filament mechanism TRIAD- (diads in cardiac muscle)****T-tubules pressing up against 2 endplates of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum**

Silver Stain

Stains brown somewhat -stains nerve processes black, surrounding tissues are brown/yellow -use when want to pick up nerve fibers or reticular fibers -can still see nucleus but don't glow in same way

Proprioceptive Sensations

Stretch receptors embedded in muscles and tendons (MUSCLE SPINDLES) sensory nerve ending that wrap around special muscle fibers (intrafusal fibers), inside of a capsule, surrounded by ordinary muscle fibers (extrafusal fibers)

Exocrine V Endocrine

The **acini** on side are exocrine function (making saliva and etc...) lined with simple cuboidal(dark blue ring) Center of it all is endocrine---bc see capillaries

Ependymal Cells

Type of glial cell In the CNS -line the brain ventricals and central canal of spinal cord -columnar epithelium with cillia that assist in the circulation of cerebral brain fluid will be bordering nervous tissue

Smooth Muscle

Unstriated ***Flowing*** only see as sheaths or **borders around blood vessels*** ***crossecution cut nuclei at middle*** **Fusiform shaped cells** (tapers at edge) along with fusiform nuclei No sarcomeres, but **DENSE BODIES** (anchor the fibrils) gap junctions CAVEOLAE instead of T-tubules -can make ELASTIC FIBERS not fibroblast TWO TYPES OF SMOOTH MUSCLE A)multi-unit smooth muscle B)Single unit smooth muscle

microphage

a lot of vacuoles (lysosomes) and one big nuclei appear in CT may see mitochondria around it

simple cuboidal

absorption/secretion (kidney, glands) stratified cuboidal in ducts

concentric v inner/outter circumferential v interstitial lamellae

concentric-inside osteon inner/outer circumferential- where there needs to be a plate interstitial-inbetween adjacent osteons, dont really go with anything

lamina propina

connective tissue of mucousal layer

Periosteum

connective tissue that surrounds BONE's outer layer--to muscle -equivalent to periochondrium, but in bone 2 Layers I) Outer Fibrous layer-dense irregular connective tissue (w/ mainly of collagen fibers populated by fibroblasts) II) Inner cellular layer (osteogenic layer)-some collagen fibers and mostly osteoprogenitor cells and their progeny--osteoblasts, layer of flat cells

simple squamous aka ENDOTHELIUM in Blood Vessels also mesothelium of cavities

diffusion or lubrication (lungs), reduce friction ***nuclei bulge out into lumen*** cytoplasm of these cells are highly thin sometimes the nuclei may appear more flattened, due to contraction of smooth muscles

duct portion of gland

double layered

merocrine secretion

exocrine gland function -membrane bound vessicle fuses with cell membrane to export (exocytosis) -used by goblet cells

holocrine secretion

exocrine gland function -pdt accumulates in a maturing cell-->apoptosis--> pdt relased with cell debris

apocrine secretion

exocrine gland function -pdt is released w/ thin layer of cytoplasma w/in a plasma membrane

transverse tubules

in skeletal muscle-triads triad-where T tubule meets 2 expanded terminal cistarnae of SR travel through cell to the other side of sarcolemma, going around myofibrils -transmit action potential down into the cell, specificially to sarcoplasmic reticulum SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM -hollow network that mainly stores Ca2+

compound acinar gland

multicellular exocrine type mammary gland -large duct -lots of CT seperating the lobes -lots of adipose tissue near secretion regions saw exaple of simple cuboidal staining purple due to PAS stain--much fat in stratified cuboidal --endothelium wouldn't color purple so not artery

simple branched acinar gland

multicellular exocrine type sebaceous glands (halocrine secretion) -may have smooth muscle around sebaceous gland

simple coiled tubular gland

multicellular exocrine type sweat gland

plasma cell

nucleus is way off to one side in the cell appear in CT

osteoblasts

osteoprogenitor cells give rise to osteoblasts osteoblasts-produces bone matrix--as they make more, they become trapped in in lacunae--> now called osteocytes -osteocytes now have arms that reach outside the lucunae called CANALICULI

mast cell

similar to basophils in blood -make histamine appear as very dark granules appear in CT -might see nuclei darkly

secretory portion of gland

single layered -has well defined basement membrane (sometimes) acini secretory cells- trapezoid shaped with round basal nuclei

Elastic Van Gieson Stain

stains Elastic fibers dark blue/black -not found in many slides -used in large blood vessels or cartilage Scar. Verhoeff-Van Gieson elastic staining staining: absence of ...

transitional

stretch (urinary bladder) -urothelium relaxed vs distended (looks kinda squamous)

CARDIAC MUSCLES

striated muscle (-->sarcomeres) ENDOCARDIUM- continuous with endothelium PERICARDIUM EPICARDIUM-Visceral layer == But in this case we're not really worried about that ****Nucleus large and in middle of perinuclear clear area of cell*** ***shorter cells than skeletal***harder to see striations *diad* (with T tubule) ****intercalated disks****** allow for communication (has its gap junctions, adherens, desmosomes) ***branching connections*** bc in heart you want groups of heart muscles to fire, rather than just muscle cells as in Skeletal muscle -PURKIJE CELLS ***larger and lighter fibers*** -capilarries inbetween each cell **cross section cut-- nuclei will be at dead middle like in smooth muscle**

Microfilaments Intermediate Filaments microtubules

the 3 types of cytoskeleton present throughout cytosol Microfilaments: actin protein filaments in a helix, form terminal web internal to cell mem, support microvilli (and related stereocilia), most common, uses myosin intermediate filaments: variety of dif proteins, including keratin, have structural role, also found in stratified microtubules: tubulin protein arranged to form hallow tubes where movement is involved, 9 doublets going around 2 in middle and only important for cilia and centrioles, and flagella

elastic fibers

thin, small, branching, with less tensile strenght than collagen. -stretch and recoil in artery walls. -abundant in lungs, bladder, and skin. silver stain.