PHIL chap 1-4

Every horse can run a mile in under 3 minutes. Evie has a horse. Therefore, Evie's horse can run a mile in under three minutes. A. Deductive B. Inductive

A. Deductive

Every horse can run a mile in under 3 minutes. Evie has a pet that can run a mile in under 3 minutes. Therefore, Evie's pet is certainly a horse. A. Deductive B. Inductive

A. Deductive

"Generator" means the device that allows your car to convert mechanical energy into electricity. A. stipulative B. lexical C. precising D. functional E. persuasive

D. functional

T/F Premises are dependent when they are all true at the same time.

False

T/F The extension of a term is specified by listing the properties or attributes that the term connotes.

False

T/F A functional definition of a term specifies the purpose or use of the objects denoted by the term.

True

T/F A single premise can be used to support independent conclusions.

True

T/F An deductive argument is one in which the inferential claim is that the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises

True

T/F An invalid argument is automatically an unsound argument

True

T/F Premises are dependent when they act together to support a conclusion.

True

T/F Some terms have an intension but no extension.

True

T/F We will assume that every statement is either true or false, and never both; these two possibilities are called "truth values".

True

T/F An argument must have at least two premises

False

T/F An inductive argument is cogent when the argument is strong, even if the premises are false

False

T/F A counterexample to an argument is evidence that the conclusion is false

False

T/F A lexical definition always provides a theoretical definition.

False

T/F A valid argument always has a true conclusion.

False

T/F An inductive argument is one in which the inferential claim is that, whenever the premises are true, the conclusion must be true as well

False

T/F Every explanation is an argument

False

T/F In a valid argument, all premises are true.

False

T/F In an invalid argument, at least one of the premises is false.

False

T/F Some terms have an extension but no intension.

False

T/F When premises are independent, the falsity of any one would weaken the support the others give to the conclusion.

False

I have a stomach ache. It must be those nachos I ate. A. Explanation B. Argument

A. Explanation

Most horses can run a mile in under 3 minutes. Evie has a horse. Therefore, Evie's horse probably can run a mile in under 3 minutes. A. Inductive B. Deductive

A. Inductive

Let "spanco" henceforth mean a hybrid-bird whose parents are a sparrow and a junco. A. stipulative B. lexical C. precising D. functional E. persuasive

A. stipulative

For the following enthymeme, determine the missing premise so that the argument can be seen to be valid. Write down the missing premise in the textbook below. I have a headache. I just took two aspirins. So, my headache will be relieved.

Aspirin relieves headaches.

Under what circumstance can we call an argument "TRUE"? A. All sound and all cogent arguments are true. B. When it is not only valid, but also sound, and only then. C. We can call any argument "true" that is also a statement and corresponds to the facts. D. Under no circumstances: "true" only applies to statements, never to arguments.

D

Determine whether the following inductive arguments are strong or weak. Reference: Ref 1-20 Most people over 18 are registered to vote. Lisa is 19 years old. So, Lisa is registered to vote. A. Strong B. Weak

A

No squares are triangles. No squares are circles. Therefore, no triangles are circles. Which one of the following correctly expresses the form of the argument? (Let S = squares, T = triangles, and C = circles.) A. No S are T. No S are C.No T are C. B. No T are S. No S are C.No T are C. C. No S are T. No C are S.No T are C. D. No S are T. No S are C.No C are T.

A

No squares are triangles. No squares are circles. Therefore, no triangles are circles. Which one of the following substitutions shows the argument invalid? A. S = motorcycles, T = cats, and C = mammals. B. S = cats, T = motorcycles, and C = mammals. C. S = cats, T = mammals, and C = motorcycles. D. S = mammals, T = cats, and C = motorcycles.

A

More damage was done last year from hurricanes than earthquakes. There was $100 million damage last year from hurricanes. There was $70 million damage last year from earthquakes. A. Argument B. Not an argument

A. Argument

There is no reason why anyone should remain ignorant of what's going on in the world: Newspapers are a good source of in-depth news and they are easily accessible. Weekly magazines are good source of in-depth news and they are easily accessible. PBS, CNN, and CSPAN are good sources of in-depth news and they are easily accessible. A. Argument B. Not an argument

A. Argument

Argument 1Hamburgers are loaded with saturated fat and sodium. Pizza is loaded with saturated fat and sodium. Too much saturated fat and sodium is harmful to your heart. Jim takes in too much saturated fat and sodium. It follows Jim is harming his heart. Reference: Ref 1-1 Jim is harming his heart. A. Conclusion B. Premise

A. Conclusion

Paris is called the "City of Lights." Las Vegas is also called the "City of Lights." So, there must be at least two cities with the same nickname. Reference: Ref 1-3 There must be at least two cities with the same nickname. A. Conclusion B. Premise

A. Conclusion

All rectangles are squares. All rectangles are parallelograms. Therefore, all parallelograms are squares. Reference: Ref 1-11 Which one of the following substitutions shows the argument invalid? A. R = mammals, S = dogs, and P = puppies. B. R = puppies, S = dogs, and P = mammals. C. R = dogs, S = mammals, and P = puppies. D. R = dogs, S = puppies, and P = mammals.

B

For the following enthymeme, determine the missing premise so that the argument can be seen to be valid. Reference: Ref 3-2 A. I am talking to a human; so, I am talking to a mammal. Missing premise: All mammals are humans. B. Missing premise: All humans are mammals. C. Missing premise: Most humans are mammals. D. Missing premise: Most mammals are humans.

B

For the following enthymeme, determine the missing premise so that the argument can be seen to be valid. Reference: Ref 3-2 I am eating a banana; therefore, I am eating a fruit. A. Missing premise: All fruit are bananas. B. Missing premise: All bananas are fruit. C. Missing premise: Most fruit are bananas. D. Missing premise: Most bananas are fruit.

B

Which one of the following substitutions shows the argument invalid? A. R = mammals, S = dogs, and P = puppies. B. R = puppies, S = dogs, and P = mammals. C. R = dogs, S = mammals, and P = puppies. D. R = dogs, S = puppies, and P = mammals.

B

Argument 5We should stop interfering in other countries' affairs. This follows from the fact that we have no moral right to change a country's way of governing itself. Also, interfering often gets us locked into combat; not to mention that the potential for loss of lives on both sides is high. In addition, the cost of waging wars is astronomical. Any engagement means weakening our already shaky economy. Add the fact that interfering makes us have more enemies around the world who feel threatened by us. Reference: Ref 1-5 We should stop interfering in other countries' affairs. A. Premise B. Conclusion

B. Conclusion

The exam's range of C scores is 70-79. I got a 98 on the exam. Therefore, I did not get a C on the exam. A. Inductive B. Deductive

B. Deductive

Argument 5We should stop interfering in other countries' affairs. This follows from the fact that we have no moral right to change a country's way of governing itself. Also, interfering often gets us locked into combat; not to mention that the potential for loss of lives on both sides is high. In addition, the cost of waging wars is astronomical. Any engagement means weakening our already shaky economy. Add the fact that interfering makes us have more enemies around the world who feel threatened by us. Reference: Ref 1-5 The potential for loss of lives on both sides is high. A. Conclusion B. Premise

B. Premise

Hamburgers are loaded with saturated fat and sodium. Pizza is loaded with saturated fat and sodium. Too much saturated fat and sodium is harmful to your heart. Jim takes in too much saturated fat and sodium. It follows Jim is harming his heart. Reference: Ref 1-1 Jim takes in too much saturated fat and sodium. A. Conclusion B. Premise

B. Premise

Paris is called the "City of Lights." Las Vegas is also called the "City of Lights." So, there must be at least two cities with the same nickname. Reference: Ref 1-3 Paris is called the "City of Lights." A. Conclusion B. Premise

B. Premise

Pick out the premises and conclusion for each of the following arguments. Hamburgers are loaded with saturated fat and sodium. Pizza is loaded with saturated fat and sodium. Too much saturated fat and sodium is harmful to your heart. Jim takes in too much saturated fat and sodium. It follows Jim is harming his heart. Hamburgers are loaded with saturated fat and sodium. A. Conclusion B. Premise

B. Premise

The vast majority of students who don't have a book for the course, and who don't do the homework, wind up failing the course. I know for a fact that Stan doesn't have a book and he doesn't do the homework. Stan will fail the course. A. Weak B. Strong

B. Strong

What do we call a deductive argument in which it can never be the case that all of the premises are true and the conclusion is false? A. true B. valid C. sound D. cogent

B. Valid

Only a few people will be chosen for the Olympic team. John will make the Olympic team. A. Strong B. Weak

B. Weak

Only a few people will be chosen for the Olympic team. Of those receiving phone calls from the selection committee, 80% will make the team. John received a phone call from the selection committee. John will probably make the Olympic team. A. Strong B. Weak

B. Weak

There are thirty students in my class. Two students got a perfect score on the last exam. I am probably one of the students who got a perfect score on the last exam. A. Strong B. Weak

B. Weak

"Memorize" means the ability to remember and recall different items. A. stipulative B. lexical C. theoretical D. persuasive

B. lexical

The term "sandwich" typically means a prepared food consisting of two or more slices of bread with meat, cheese, vegetables, and a condiment. A. stipulative B. lexical C. theoretical D. functional E. persuasive

B. lexical

All rectangles are squares. All rectangles are parallelograms. Therefore, all parallelograms are squares. Which one of the following correctly expresses the form of the argument? (Let R = rectangles, S = squares, and P = parallelograms.) A All R are S. All R are P.All S are P. B. All R are S. All P are R.All P are S. C. All R are S. All R are P.All P are S. D. All S are R. All R are P.All P are S.

C

For the following enthymeme, determine the missing premise so that the argument can be seen to be valid. Reference: Ref 3-2 Anyone who is an accountant is good at math; so, my aunt is good at math. A. Missing premise: All accountants are good at math. B. Missing premise: Some people who are good at math are accountants. C. Missing premise: My aunt is an accountant. D. Missing premise: Some aunts are accountant.

C

"Gametes", in biology, means an organism's reproductive cells. A. stipulative B. lexical C. theoretical D. functional E. persuasive

C. theoretical

In a valid arguments, what can NEVER occur? A. The conclusion is true while all the premises are false. B. The premises are false. C. The conclusion is false. D. All the premises are true while the conclusion is false.

D. All the premises are true while the conclusion is false.

What do we call an argument in which one or more premises and/or the conclusion are missing? Cogent Meme Enthymeme Etymological Entomological

Enthymeme

T/F In a cogent argument, all premises are true

T

A single counterexample to a deductive argument is enough to show that an argument is invalid

True

T/F A stipulative definition introduces a new meaning to a term or symbol.

True

T/F A valid deductive argument is one where, assuming the missing premises are true, it is possible for the conclusion to be false

True

T/F When we are confronted with an argument we first determine the inferential claim to decide whether the argument is deductive or inductive. Only then do we ask one (and only one) of these questions: If the argument is deductive, we ask: "Is the argument valid?" If the argument is inductive, we ask: "Is the argument strong?" We never ask of an inductive argument whether it is valid, nor of a deductive argument whether it is strong. Doing so would make little sense. Characterizing an argument as deductive does not mean saying that it is valid. Characterizing an argument as deductive only means identifying the inferential claim as such. There are invalid deductive arguments after all. [This is not a trick question. (There aren't any trick questions on homework assignments or exams.)It is included because these points are very important. So, make sure to remember them!]

True