Philosophy 1102 Midterm Review

deductive

Deductive or Inductive? Every horse can run a mile in under 3 minutes. Evie has a pet that can run a mile in under 3 minutes. Therefore, Evie's pet is certainly a horse.

inductive

Deductive or Inductive? Most horses can run a mile in under 3 minutes. Evie has a horse. Therefore, Evie's horse probably can run a mile in under 3 minutes.

deductive

Deductive or Inductive? The exam's range of C scores is 70-79. I got a 98 on the exam. Therefore, I did not get a C on the exam.

inductive

Deductive or Inductive? The exam's range of C scores is 70-79. I got a C on the exam. Therefore, maybe I got a 75 on the exam.

ad hominem abusive

What type of fallacy is this? He dresses sloppily. So, he is probably a bad singer.

functional definition

Definition Type? "Generator" means the device that allows your car to convert mechanical energy into electricity.

lexical definition

Definition Type? "Memorize" means the ability to remember and recall different items.

stipulative definition

Definition Type? A score of 90-100 is the A range for this test.

All bananas are fruit

Determine the missing premise that will create a valid argument. I am eating a banana; therefore, I am eating a fruit.

no

Yes or No: Is this an argument? I like candy. I love chocolate. I hate peanuts. Also, I don't care for circus acts or water sports. It's OK if you like that stuff.

yes

Yes or No: Is this an argument? More damage was done last year from hurricanes than earthquakes. There was $100 million damage last year from hurricanes. There was $70 million damage last year from earthquakes.

no

Yes or No: Is this an argument? Most scientists agree that global warming is caused by human activity.

true

T/F: Equivocation is the intentional or unintentional use of different meanings of words or phrases in an argument.

false

T/F: Every explanation is an argument.

true

T/F: Every statement is either true or false; these two possibilities are called truth values.

false

T/F: In the fallacy of composition the premises act together to support the conclusion.

valid

What do we call a deductive argument in which it can never be the case that all of the premises are true and the conclusion is false?

All the premises are true and the conclusion is false.

Which of the following combinations can never occur in a valid argument?

All the premises are true while the conclusion is false

In a valid arguments, what can never occur?

true

T/F: An invalid argument is automatically an unsound argument.

false

T/F: A fallacy of division requires that the premises act independently to support the conclusion.

false

T/F: A functional definition describes how an object looks.

true

T/F: A functional definition of a term specifies the purpose or use of the objects denoted by the term.

true

T/F: A rhetorical question occurs when a statement is disguised in the form of a question.

appeal to force

What type of fallacy is this? You had better get straight A's this year. If you don't, I will take away your car and your allowance.

ad hominem abusive

What type of fallacy is this? Your neighbor wants you to buy stock in his company. Don't you know that he is an atheist? It stands to reason that you can't trust anything he says.

yes

Yes or No: Is this an argument? Newspapers are a good source of in-depth news and they are easily accessible. Weekly magazines are good source of in-depth news and they are easily accessible. PBS, CNN, and CSPAN are good sources of in-depth news and they are easily accessible. There is no reason why anyone should remain ignorant of what's going on in the world.

argument

Argument or Explanation? Computers will soon be in every home because the cost of buying one goes down dramatically every year.

explanation

Argument or Explanation? I have a stomachache. It must be those nachos I ate.

explanation

Argument or Explanation? She quit her job today because she inherited $1 million from a rich relative.

Under no circumstances: "true" only applies to statements, never to arguments.

Under what circumstance can we call an argument "true"?

false

T/F: Tu quoque occurs when a biased sample is used to construct an argument.

true

T/F: A stipulative definition introduces a new meaning to a term or symbol.

false

T/F: A valid argument always has a true conclusion.

true

T/F: Premises are independent when the falsity of either one would not nullify any support the others would give to the conclusion.

true

T/F: Some terms have intension but no extension.

false

T/F: Sometimes we speak or write for dramatic or exaggerated effect. When this occurs, we are using enthymemes.

false

T/F: The extension of a term is specified by listing the properties or attributes that the term connotes.

true

T/F: Language that is used to convey information has cognitive meaning.

false

T/F: Ostensive definitions are used only with children learning new terms.

true

T/F: Premises are dependent when they act together to support a conclusion.

true

T/F: When premises are dependent, the falsity of any one would weaken the support the others give to the conclusion.

word origin definition

Definition Type? The term "misdemeanor" is derived from the root "mis" meaning wrong, and "demeanor" meaning behavior.

deductive

Deductive or Inductive? Every horse can run a mile in under 3 minutes. Evie has a horse. Therefore, Evie's horse can run a mile in under three minutes.

ostensive definition

Definition Type? Here is what an appendix scar looks like.

ostensive definition

Definition Type? Please get my cello. It's that big instrument by the desk

lexical definition

Definition Type? The term "sandwich" typically means a prepared food consisting of two or more slices of bread with meat, cheese, vegetables, and a condiment.

definitions by subclass

Definition Type? "Misdemeanor" means petty theft, prostitution, public intoxication, among other things.

My aunt is an accountant

Determine the missing premise that will create a valid argument. Anyone who is an accountant is good at math; so, my aunt is good at math.

All humans are mammals

Determine the missing premise that will create a valid argument. I am talking to a human; so, I am talking to a mammal.

premise

P or C: Hamburgers are loaded with saturated fat and sodium. Pizza is loaded with saturated fat and sodium. Too much saturated fat and sodium is harmful to your heart. Jim takes in too much saturated fat and sodium. It follows Jim is harming his heart. Hamburgers are loaded with saturated fat and sodium.

conclusion

P or C: Hamburgers are loaded with saturated fat and sodium. Pizza is loaded with saturated fat and sodium. Too much saturated fat and sodium is harmful to your heart. Jim takes in too much saturated fat and sodium. It follows Jim is harming his heart. Jim is harming his heart.

premise

P or C: Hamburgers are loaded with saturated fat and sodium. Pizza is loaded with saturated fat and sodium. Too much saturated fat and sodium is harmful to your heart. Jim takes in too much saturated fat and sodium. It follows Jim is harming his heart. Jim takes in too much saturated fat and sodium.

premise

P or C: Paris is called the "City of Lights." Las Vegas is also called the "City of Lights." So, there must be at least two cities with the same nickname. Las Vegas is also called the "City of Lights."

premise

P or C: Paris is called the "City of Lights." Las Vegas is also called the "City of Lights." So, there must be at least two cities with the same nickname. Paris is called the "City of Lights."

conclusion

P or C: Paris is called the "City of Lights." Las Vegas is also called the "City of Lights." So, there must be at least two cities with the same nickname. There must be at least two cities with the same nickname.

false

T/F: In an appeal to force fallacy the attention is purposely (or accidentally) diverted from the issue at hand.

premise

P or C: We should stop interfering in other countries' affairs. This follows from the fact that we have no moral right to change a country's way of governing itself. Also, interfering often gets us locked into combat; not to mention that the potential for loss of lives on both sides is high. In addition, the cost of waging wars is astronomical. Any engagement means weakening our already shaky economy. Add the fact that interfering makes us have more enemies around the world who feel threatened by us. The potential for loss of lives on both sides is high.

conclusion

P or C: We should stop interfering in other countries' affairs. This follows from the fact that we have no moral right to change a country's way of governing itself. Also, interfering often gets us locked into combat; not to mention that the potential for loss of lives on both sides is high. In addition, the cost of waging wars is astronomical. Any engagement means weakening our already shaky economy. Add the fact that interfering makes us have more enemies around the world who feel threatened by us. We should stop interfering in other countries' affairs.

true

T/F: In an appeal to the people fallacy the avoidance of objective evidence in favor of an emotional response defeats the goal of a rational investigation of truth.

false

T/F: In an invalid argument, at least one of the premises is actually false.

false

T/F: In an invalid argument, at least one of the premises is false.

weak

Strong or Weak? Leo makes only $10 an hour waiting tables part time. He probably is not able to save even $5 a week from his paycheck.

strong

Strong or Weak? Most people over 18 are registered to vote. Lisa is 19 years old. So, Lisa is registered to vote.

weak

Strong or Weak? Only a few people will be chosen for the Olympic team. John will make the Olympic team.

strong

Strong or Weak? Only a few people will be chosen for the Olympic team. Of those receiving phone calls from the selection committee, 80% will make the team. John received a phone call from the selection committee. John will probably make the Olympic team.

strong

Strong or Weak? The vast majority of students who don't have a book for the course, and who don't do the homework, wind up failing the course. I know for a fact that Michael doesn't have a book and he doesn't do the homework. Michael will fail the course.

weak

Strong or Weak? There are thirty students in my class. Two students got a perfect score on the last exam. I am probably one of the students who got a perfect score on the last exam.

false

T/F: A counterexample to an argument is evidence that the conclusion is false.

false

T/F: A deductive argument is one in which it is claimed that the conclusion follows probably from the premises.

false

T/F: A lexical definition provides a theoretical definition.

false

T/F: A red herring fallacy occurs when an argument has at least one false premise.

true

T/F: A single counterexample to a deductive argument is enough to show that an argument is invalid.

true

T/F: A single premise can be used to support independent conclusions.

true

T/F: A slippery slope fallacy attempts to convince you that a final event the inevitable outcome of an initial act, by a kind of "chain reaction".

false

T/F: A sound argument can have false premises.

true

T/F: A valid deductive argument is one where, assuming the premises are true, it is impossible for the conclusion to be false.

true

T/F: An argument against the person ( ad hominem) occurs when a claim is rejected or judged to be false based on alleged character flaws of the person making the claim.

false

T/F: An argument must have at least two premises.

false

T/F: An enumerative definition assigns meaning to a term by naming the subclasses denoted by the term

false

T/F: An inductive argument is cogent when the argument is strong, even if the premises are false.

false

T/F: An inductive argument is one in which it is claimed that the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises.

false

T/F: An operational definition is the study of the history, development, and sources of words.

true

T/F: Appeal to an unqualified authority occurs when an argument that relies on the opinions of people who have no expertise, training, or knowledge relevant to the issue at hand.

false

T/F: Begging the question occurs when an argument uses pity to beg someone to accept the conclusion.

true

T/F: In a cogent argument, all premises are true.

false

T/F: In a valid argument, all premises are true.

complex question

What type of fallacy is this? Are you still taking illegal drugs?

composition

What type of fallacy is this? Every apple in that barrel weighs very little. So, I predict that the barrel of apples weighs very little.

post hoc

What type of fallacy is this? Every time the barometer drops below a certain point, it rains. Then, when it goes back up, the rain stops. The barometer must have the power to start and stop rain.

rigid application of a generalization

What type of fallacy is this? Everyone should eat raw vegetables at least twice a day. Therefore, your 3-day-old baby should start eating raw vegetables.

hasty generalization

What type of fallacy is this? I ate three mangoes from the Philippines, and they were all sweet. I'm sure that every mango from there must be sweet.

hasty generalization

What type of fallacy is this? I had two station wagons and they both were terrible. I'm sure that there is something in the design of station wagons that makes them all awful vehicles.

missing the point

What type of fallacy is this? If you exercise regularly, then you reduce the risk of heart attack. If you take vitamins daily, then you reduce the risk of heart attack. So, you should take a short vacation every once in a while.

slippery slope

What type of fallacy is this? If you start out by drinking only one beer, then pretty soon you will not be satisfied unless you drink two. Then you will need three, and so on. Eventually, you will become an alcoholic.

tu quoque

What type of fallacy is this? My mom told me to start exercising and eating right, so I will live a long and healthy life. But since she has smoked since she was a teenager, I don't need to listen to her advice.

appeal to ignorance

What type of fallacy is this? Science hasn't proven that God doesn't exist. Therefore, God must exist.

begging the question

What type of fallacy is this? She's the best candidate for the job. I know this, because no one is better qualified.

appeal to ignorance

What type of fallacy is this? Since no one has completely proved that ghosts don't exist, it follows that they must exist.

division

What type of fallacy is this? That's a massive building. It follows that the nails in the building are massive, too.